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Kruželák J, Kvasničáková A, Džuganová M, Hanzlik J, Bednarik M, Chodák I, Hudec I. Sulfur and Peroxide Vulcanization of the Blends Based on Styrene-Butadiene Rubber, Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Monomer Rubber and Their Combinations. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2718. [PMID: 38893982 PMCID: PMC11173589 DOI: 10.3390/ma17112718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Rubber blends based on styrene-butadiene rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber and a combination of both rubbers were cured with different sulfur and peroxide curing systems. In sulfur curing systems, two type of accelerators, namely tetramethylthiuram disulfide, N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide, and combinations of both accelerators were used. In peroxide curing systems, dicumyl peroxide, and a combination of dicumyl peroxide with zinc diacrylate or zinc dimethacrylate, respectively, were applied. The work was aimed at investigating the effect of curing systems composition as well as the type of rubber or rubber combinations on the curing process, cross-link density and physical-mechanical properties of vulcanizates. The dynamic mechanical properties of the selected vulcanizates were examined too. The results revealed a correlation between the cross-link density and physical-mechanical properties. Similarly, there was a certain correlation between the cross-linking degree and glass transition temperature. The tensile strength of vulcanizates based on rubber combinations was higher when compared to that based on pure rubbers, which points out the fact that in rubber combinations, not only are the features of both elastomers combined, but improvement in the tensile characteristics can also be achieved. When compared to vulcanizates cured with dicumyl peroxide, materials cured with a sulfur system exhibited higher tensile strength. With the application of co-agents in peroxide vulcanization, the tensile strength overcame the tensile behavior of sulfur-cured vulcanizates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Kruželák
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.K.); (M.D.); (I.H.)
| | - Andrea Kvasničáková
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.K.); (M.D.); (I.H.)
| | - Michaela Džuganová
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.K.); (M.D.); (I.H.)
| | - Jan Hanzlik
- Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 5669, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Martin Bednarik
- Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 5669, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Ivan Chodák
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Ivan Hudec
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.K.); (M.D.); (I.H.)
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Prioglio G, Naddeo S, Giese U, Barbera V, Galimberti M. Bio-Based Pyrrole Compounds Containing Sulfur Atoms as Coupling Agents of Carbon Black with Unsaturated Elastomers. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2761. [PMID: 37887912 PMCID: PMC10608980 DOI: 10.3390/nano13202761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the hysteresis of elastomer composites suitable for tire compounds was reduced by using CB functionalized with pyrrole compounds containing sulfur-based functional groups reactive with the elastomer chains. CB was functionalized with bio-based pyrrole compounds: 2-(2,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)ethane-1-thiol (SHP) and 1,2-bis(2-(2,5-dimethyl-1H-pyr-rol-1-yl)ethyl)disulfide (SSP), bearing an -SH and an -SS- functional group, respectively. SHP and SSP were synthesized via a one-pot two-step synthesis, with yields higher than 70%, starting from biosourced chemicals as follows: 2,5-hexanedione from 2,5-dimethylfuran, cysteine and cysteamine. The functionalization of CB was carried out by mixing the CB with PyC and heating, with quantitative yields ranging from 92 to 97%. Thus, the whole functionalization process was characterized by a high carbon efficiency. The formation of the covalent bond between SHP, SSP and CB, in line with the prior art of such a functionalization technology, was proven by means of extraction and TGA analyses. The reactivity of the sulfur-based functional groups with unsaturated polymer chains was demonstrated by using squalene as the model compound. Poly(styrene-co-butadiene) from solution anionic polymerization and poly(1,4-cis-isoprene) from Hevea Brasiliensis were the elastomers employed for the preparation of the composites, which were crosslinked with a sulfur-based system. Pristine CB was partially replaced with CB/SHP (33%) and CB/SSP (33% and 66%). The PyC resulted in better curing efficiency, an increase in the dynamic rigidity of approximately 20% and a reduction in the hysteresis of approximately 10% at 70 °C, as well as similar/better ultimate tensile properties. The best results were achieved with a 66% replacement of CB with CB/SSP. This new family of reactive carbon blacks paves the way for a new generation of 'green tires', reinforced by a CB reactive with the polymer chains, which provides high mechanical properties and low rolling resistance. Such a reactive CB eliminates the use of silica, and thus the ethanol emission resulting from the condensation of silane is used as a coupling agent. In addition, CB-based tires are characterized by a higher mileage, at a moment in which the reduction in tire wear has become a primary concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gea Prioglio
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy; (G.P.); (S.N.)
| | - Simone Naddeo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy; (G.P.); (S.N.)
| | - Ulrich Giese
- Deutsches Institut für Kautschuktechnologie e. V., Eupener Straße 33, 30519 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Vincenzina Barbera
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy; (G.P.); (S.N.)
| | - Maurizio Galimberti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy; (G.P.); (S.N.)
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Kruželák J, Mikolajová M, Kvasničáková A, Džuganová M, Chodák I, Hronkovič J, Preťo J, Hudec I. Combined Sulfur and Peroxide Vulcanization of Filled and Unfilled EPDM-Based Rubber Compounds. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5596. [PMID: 37629887 PMCID: PMC10456314 DOI: 10.3390/ma16165596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The sulfur curing system, peroxide curing system and their combinations were applied for the cross-linking of unfilled and carbon black-filled rubber formulations based on ethylene-propylenediene-monomer rubber. The results demonstrated that the type of curing system influenced the course and shape of curing isotherms. This resulted in the change of curing kinetics of rubber compounds. The cross-link density of materials cured with combined vulcanization systems was lower than that for vulcanizates cured with the peroxide or sulfur system. Good correlation between the cross-link density as well as the structure of the formed cross-links and physical-mechanical characteristics of the cured materials was established. Both filled and unfilled vulcanizates cured with combined vulcanization systems exhibited a higher tensile strength and elongation at break when compared to their equivalents vulcanized in the presence of the peroxide or sulfur curing system. It can be stated that by proper combination of vulcanization systems, it is possible to modify the tensile behavior of vulcanizates in a targeted manner. On the other side, dynamical-mechanical properties were found not be significantly influenced by the curing system composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Kruželák
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Mária Mikolajová
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Andrea Kvasničáková
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Michaela Džuganová
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Ivan Chodák
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ján Hronkovič
- VIPO a.s., Gen. Svobodu 1069/4, 958 01 Partizánske, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Preťo
- VIPO a.s., Gen. Svobodu 1069/4, 958 01 Partizánske, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Hudec
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (A.K.)
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Hu J, Wu H, Liang S, Tian X, Liu K, Jiang M, Dominic CDM, Zhao H, Duan Y, Zhang J. Effects of the surface chemical groups of cellulose nanocrystals on the vulcanization and mechanical properties of natural rubber/cellulose nanocrystals nanocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123168. [PMID: 36621734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), as the promising reinforcing fillers in the rubber industry, their surface chemical groups have vital effects on the vulcanization kinetics, cross-linking densities, and mechanical properties of rubber composites. Herein, CNCs with acidic carboxyl (CCA) and alkaline amino groups (CCP) were produced by modifying the sulfonic CNCs (CCS) in environment-friendly ways. Studies found the CCS and CCA with acid groups have obvious inhibiting effects on the vulcanization of natural rubber (NR), while CCP with alkaline amino groups accelerates the vulcanization of NR. Differential scanning calorimeter, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Electron paramagnetic resonance, etc. were performed to clarify the effecting mechanisms of CNCs surface groups on NR vulcanization. It was found that NR/CCS and NR/CCA nanocomposites vulcanize through radical reactions, and the surface acidic groups of CCS and CCA, i.e., hydroxyl, sulfonate, and carboxyl groups inactivate the sulfur radicals generated during vulcanization and depress the vulcanization activity. The amino groups of the polyethyleneimine of CCP promote the ring opening of sulfur (S8) or the breaking of polysulfide bonds connected to NR molecular chains to form sulfur anion with a strong nucleophilic ability, which leads to the cross-linking of NR/CCP reacts via ionic reaction mainly. The vulcanization rate and cross-linking density of NR/CCP are improved by the ionic reaction. And benefiting from the higher cross-linking density and the reinforcement of CCP, NR/CCP had the best physical and mechanical properties. Our work elucidates the mechanism of the surface chemical groups of CNCs affecting NR vulcanization and may provide ideas for the preparation of high-performance rubber composites reinforced by CNCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Haipeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Shuai Liang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - C D Midhun Dominic
- Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Kochi, Kerala, India, Pin, 682013
| | - Hongying Zhao
- Chinese-German Faculty of Science and Technology, Sino-German Institute for High Performance Materials and Technology, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yongxin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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Lai YS, Liu YL. Reaction between 1,3,5-Triisopropylbenzene and Elemental Sulfur Extending the Scope of Reagents in Inverse Vulcanization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300014. [PMID: 36790071 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Inverse vulcanization utilizes an organic compound as reagent for crosslinking elemental sulfur to result in corresponding polymeric material with a high sulfur content. This work, employing 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene (TIPB) as the reagent, demonstrates the first attempt on extending the scope of crosslinking agents of inverse vulcanization to saturate compounds. Under nuclear magnetic spectroscopic analysis, the reactions between TIPB and elemental sulfur take places through ring-opening reaction of S8 resulting in sulfur radicals at sulfur chain ends, radicals transferring to isopropyl groups of TIPB, and radical coupling reactions between carbon radicals and sulfur radicals. The obtained products are similar to the sulfur polymers from conventional inverse vulcanization processes and show self-healing property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Sheng Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ling Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
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Effect of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on the Cross-Linking Process in Natural Rubber Vulcanization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010126. [PMID: 36616474 PMCID: PMC9824831 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effect of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) on the cross-linking of natural rubber (NR) using organic peroxides was investigated. NR-SWCNTs nanocomposites were prepared in an open two-roller mill followed by vulcanization with the compression molding process. Three different organic peroxides, 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane (T29), dicumyl peroxide (DCP), and 2,5-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethyl-3-hexyne (T145), were used as vulcanizing agents. SWCNTs promote a remarkable reduction in the vulcanization time and increase the degree of cross-linking of vulcanized rubber when compared with neat or natural rubber-carbon-black composites; the same tendency was obtained in the NR-SWCNTs vulcanized with sulfur. Additionally, the mechanical performance of the NR-SWCNTs composites was significantly improved up to 75, 83, 27, and 10% for tensile strength, moduli, tear strength, and hardness. Raman spectroscopy studies evidence the occurrence of reaction between nanotube walls and free radicals generated from using organic peroxides during the vulcanization process. These results demonstrate that the incorporation of SWCNTs in combination with the use of organic peroxides for the NR vulcanization represents a potential alternative for the improvement of the physicochemical properties of NR composites.
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Mousavi M, Zhou T, Dong Z, Fini EH. Turning abundant waste sulfur to polymers for manufacturing: Exploiting role of organic crosslinkers and benign catalysts. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Tayeb KB, Eliard C, Vezin H, Gabrielle B, Delebecq E, Gomez E. In situ EPR investigation of sulfur vulcanization mechanism and ageing process. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Application of Sulfur and Peroxide Curing Systems for Cross-Linking of Rubber Composites Filled with Calcium Lignosulfonate. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091921. [PMID: 35567090 PMCID: PMC9103945 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium lignosulfonate in different loadings was applied to the rubber matrix based on EPDM. A sulfur curing system, organic peroxide, and a combination of organic peroxide with two coagent types were used for cross-linking of rubber compounds. The work was focused on the investigation of filler content and curing system composition in the curing process, cross-link density, morphology, and physical–mechanical properties of composites. The achieved results demonstrated that the curing parameters of rubber compounds cured with the sulfur system were significantly different from those cured with peroxide systems. There was also an observed different influence of curing systems composition on cross link density, though in all cases, the degree of cross-linking showed a decreasing trend with increasing content of lignosulfonate. The tensile strength of the composites cured with sulfur system and organic peroxide was comparable, regardless of lignosulfonate loading. This points to the application of both curing systems in cross-linking of rubber compounds with biopolymer filler. However, the introduction of coagents in peroxide vulcanization led to the improvement of adhesion and compatibility between the rubber and the filler on the filler–rubber interface. This subsequently resulted in the improvement of the tensile characteristics of composites. The introduction of organic peroxide in combination with coagent seems to be a very simple and efficient way for the preparation of biopolymer-filled composites with applicable physical–mechanical properties.
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Banda-Villanueva A, González-Zapata JL, Martínez-Cartagena ME, Magaña I, Córdova T, López R, Valencia L, Medina SG, Rodríguez AM, Soriano F, Díaz de León R. Synthesis and Vulcanization of Polymyrcene and Polyfarnesene Bio-Based Rubbers: Influence of the Chemical Structure over the Vulcanization Process and Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1406. [PMID: 35406280 PMCID: PMC9003078 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The overuse of fossil-based resources to produce thermoplastic materials and rubbers is dramatically affecting the environment, reflected in its clearest way as global warming. As a way of reducing this, multiple efforts are being undertaken including the use of more sustainable alternatives, for instance, those of natural origin as the main feedstock alternative, therefore having a lower carbon footprint. Contributing to this goal, the synthesis of bio-based rubbers based on β-myrcene and trans-β-farnesene was addressed in this work. Polymyrcene (PM) and polyfarnesene (PF) were synthesized via coordination polymerization using a neodymium-based catalytic system, and their properties were compared to the conventional polybutadiene (PB) and polyisoprene (PI) also obtained via coordination polymerization. Moreover, different average molecular weights were also tested to elucidate the influence over the materials' properties. The crosslinking of the rubbers was carried out via conventional and efficient vulcanization routes, comparing the final properties of the crosslinking network of bio-based PM and PF with the conventional fossil-based PB and PI. Though the mechanical properties of the crosslinked rubbers improved as a function of molecular weight, the chemical structure of PM and PF (with 2 and 3 unsaturated double bonds, respectively) produced a crosslinking network with lower mechanical properties than those obtained by PB and PI (with 1 unsaturated double bond). The current work contributes to the understanding of improvements (in terms of crosslinking parameters) that are required to produce competitive rubber with good sustainability/performance balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnulfo Banda-Villanueva
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (A.B.-V.); (J.L.G.-Z.); (M.E.M.-C.); (I.M.); (T.C.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - José Luis González-Zapata
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (A.B.-V.); (J.L.G.-Z.); (M.E.M.-C.); (I.M.); (T.C.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Manuel Eduardo Martínez-Cartagena
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (A.B.-V.); (J.L.G.-Z.); (M.E.M.-C.); (I.M.); (T.C.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Ilse Magaña
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (A.B.-V.); (J.L.G.-Z.); (M.E.M.-C.); (I.M.); (T.C.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Teresa Córdova
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (A.B.-V.); (J.L.G.-Z.); (M.E.M.-C.); (I.M.); (T.C.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Ricardo López
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (A.B.-V.); (J.L.G.-Z.); (M.E.M.-C.); (I.M.); (T.C.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Luis Valencia
- Biofiber Tech Sweden AB, Norrsken Hourse, Birger Jarlsgatan 57C, SE11356 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Sergio García Medina
- CIATEC, Omega 1201, Colonia Industrial Delta, Guanjuato 37545, Mexico; (S.G.M.); (A.M.R.)
| | | | - Florentino Soriano
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (A.B.-V.); (J.L.G.-Z.); (M.E.M.-C.); (I.M.); (T.C.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Ramón Díaz de León
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (A.B.-V.); (J.L.G.-Z.); (M.E.M.-C.); (I.M.); (T.C.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
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Wu J, Chen W, Chen L, Jiang X. Super-high N-doping promoted formation of sulfur radicals for continuous catalytic oxidation of H 2S over biomass derived activated carbon. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127648. [PMID: 34815125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
N-doped biomass derived activated carbon (NBAC) with superhigh content of surface N atom (17.2 at.%) and microchannel structure was prepared successfully via one-step pyrolysis method using supramolecular melamine cyanurate (MCA) as nitrogen source, and the breakthrough sulfur capacity was very high up to 1872 mg/g for catalytic oxidation of H2S under room temperature. The superhigh content of N atoms (17.2 at.%) provided massive active sites for the catalytic oxidation of H2S and formation of sulfur radicals which further helped the dissociation of H2S and O2, resulting in continuous catalytic oxidation of H2S over NBAC after the coverage of nitrogenous sites by multilayer sulfur. Moreover, the microchannel structure with enhanced mesopore volume promoted the mass transfer of reactants and emigration of product elemental sulfur to form multilayer sulfur. This work could provide an insight into the NBAC with superhigh N-doping content for continuous catalytic oxidation of H2S at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Wu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Wenhua Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Flue Gas Desulfurization, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Xia Jiang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Flue Gas Desulfurization, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
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Yang Y, Huang L, Wu R, Niu Z, Fan W, Dai Q, Cui L, He J, Bai C. Self-Strengthening, Self-Welding, Shape Memory, and Recyclable Polybutadiene-Based Material Driven by Dual-Dynamic Units. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:3344-3355. [PMID: 34989225 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A covalent adaptable network can endow rubber materials with recyclability and reprocessability and is expected to alleviate black pollution caused by end-of-life rubber. However, the loss of traditional vulcanization systems severely sacrifices their strength, and the tensile strength in the current study rarely exceeds 10 MPa unless fillers are added. In this work, we proposed a self-strengthening process based on dual-dynamic units (imine and disulfide), briefly, under heating, phenylsulfur radicals generated from aromatic disulfide bonds can react with double bonds (mostly vinyl) and/or couple with allyl sites, thus reforming a stronger cross-linked network. The neighboring imine unit is not affected and provides excellent thermal reprocessability and chemical recyclability. The result shows that the tensile strength can reach 19.27 MPa via self-strengthening without adding fillers or any other additives, and this ultra-high-strength is much higher than those of all known recyclable polybutadiene-based rubber materials. In addition, the material also has malleability, shape memory, and self-welding properties. By doping carbon nanotubes, a recyclable conductive composite can also be achieved. In general, we envision that this enhanced strategy has great potential to be generalized for all elastomers containing double bonds (such as styrene-butadiene rubber, nitrile rubber, isoprene rubber, and their derivatives). The reprocessability and self-welding are practical for on-site assembly or repair of composite parts and extend the service life of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Lingyun Huang
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ruiyao Wu
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhen Niu
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Weifeng Fan
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Quanquan Dai
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Long Cui
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jianyun He
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Chenxi Bai
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and Its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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13
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Effects of sulfur phase transition on moisture-induced damages in bitumen colloidal structure. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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David A, Tartaglino U, Raos G. Towards realistic simulations of polymer networks: tuning vulcanisation and mechanical properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:3496-3510. [PMID: 33511970 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05124a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Simulations of coarse-grained network models have long been used to test theoretical predictions about rubber elasticity, while atomistic models are still largely unexplored. Here we devise a novel algorithm for the vulcanisation of united-atom poly(cis-1,4-butadiene), characterize the topology of the resulting networks and test their mechanical properties. We observe clear changes in the network structure when using slower vulcanisation, contrary to the traditional view that cross-linking simply freezes the melt configuration. Non-ideality of our networks reverberates on the distribution of strand length and on the strands deformation, which is highly non-affine, especially for short strands. Nevertheless, we do recover some of the trends observed on ideal bead-and-spring networks and controlled laboratory experiments, such as the linear relationships linking the degree of cross-linking and the density. We also compare different deformation methods and find step-equilibrium protocols to be more reliable. Regardless of the adopted method, it is advisable to precede the deformation by a pre-stretching cycle in order to release internal stresses accumulated during the vulcanisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio David
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, 20131 Milan, Italy
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15
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Djuandhi L, Sharma N, Cowie BCC, Nguyen TV, Rawal A. Mechanistic implications of Li-S cell function through modification of organo-sulfur cathode architectures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:14075-14092. [PMID: 34160000 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01838h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Copolymeric organo-sulfur based electrodes provide a unique framework to explore and subsequently improve lithium-sulfur (Li-S) cells. There is a general difference in the way copolymers trap lithium during cell function compared to inorganic carbon-sulfur composites. Using a chain-like polyterpene copolymeric architecture involving the copolymerization of squalene monomer with sulfur (poly(S-r-squalene)), the first evidence for distinguishable differences in the entrapment of lithiated species, when using different copolymeric architectures, is provided. Investigation of poly(S-r-squalene) as an active cathode material via X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES) spectroscopy and high-resolution solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) reveal notable differences compared to previously studied poly(S-r-DIB) (proposed to have a less branched architecture) between the lithium environments present during electrochemistry that can be directly linked to the copolymeric structural features. Subtle but pertinent effects based on the copolymeric architecture related to the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed from the electrolytic components are also uncovered through these techniques. This work offers a comprehensive study on poly(S-r-squalene) and reveals that foundational inverse vulcanisation conditions such as choice of crosslinking monomer can dramatically impact lithium transport and SEI formation for the copolymeric electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Djuandhi
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Neeraj Sharma
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | | | | | - Aditya Rawal
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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16
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Kruželák J, Kvasničáková A, Plavec R, Ušák E, Ušáková M, Dosoudil R, Hudec I. Low frequency electromagnetic shielding efficiency of composites based on ethylene propylene diene monomer
and
multi‐walled carbon nanotubes. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ján Kruželák
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Andrea Kvasničáková
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Roderik Plavec
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Elemír Ušák
- Department of Electromagnetic Theory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Mariana Ušáková
- Department of Electromagnetic Theory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Rastislav Dosoudil
- Department of Electromagnetic Theory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Ivan Hudec
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia
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17
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Kruželák J, Kvasničáková A, Ušák E, Ušáková M, Dosoudil R, Hudec I. Rubber magnets based on NBR and lithium ferrite with the ability to absorb electromagnetic radiation. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ján Kruželák
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food TechnologySlovak University of Technology in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Andrea Kvasničáková
- Department of Electromagnetic Theory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information TechnologySlovak University of Technology in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Elemír Ušák
- Department of Electromagnetic Theory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information TechnologySlovak University of Technology in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Mariana Ušáková
- Department of Electromagnetic Theory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information TechnologySlovak University of Technology in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Rastislav Dosoudil
- Department of Electromagnetic Theory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information TechnologySlovak University of Technology in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Ivan Hudec
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food TechnologySlovak University of Technology in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia
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18
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Wu X, Smith JA, Petcher S, Zhang B, Parker DJ, Griffin JM, Hasell T. Catalytic inverse vulcanization. Nat Commun 2019; 10:647. [PMID: 30733431 PMCID: PMC6367372 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of inverse vulcanization has allowed stable polymers to be made from elemental sulfur, an unwanted by-product of the petrochemicals industry. However, further development of both the chemistry and applications is handicapped by the restricted choice of cross-linkers and the elevated temperatures required for polymerisation. Here we report the catalysis of inverse vulcanization reactions. This catalytic method is effective for a wide range of crosslinkers reduces the required reaction temperature and reaction time, prevents harmful H2S production, increases yield, improves properties, and allows crosslinkers that would be otherwise unreactive to be used. Thus, inverse vulcanization becomes more widely applicable, efficient, eco-friendly and productive than the previous routes, not only broadening the fundamental chemistry itself, but also opening the door for the industrialization and broad application of these fascinating materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Jessica A Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Samuel Petcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Douglas J Parker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - John M Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Tom Hasell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
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19
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Reinforcement of Rubber Magnetic Composites with Zinc Salts of Acrylic and Methacrylic Acids. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11112161. [PMID: 30388875 PMCID: PMC6267348 DOI: 10.3390/ma11112161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Strontium ferrite was compounded with acrylonitrile butadiene rubber to prepare rubber magnetic composites. For cross-linking of the prepared materials, peroxide curing systems consisting of dicumyl peroxide as curing agent and zinc salts of acrylic and methacrylic acids as co-agents were used. The amount of strontium ferrite was kept constant in all experiments, while the main objective of the work was to investigate the composition of curing system and both types of co-agents on the cross-linking, physical-mechanical, dynamic and magnetic properties of the rubber magnets. The results showed that the change in composition of curing system has significant influence on cross-link density and properties of the tested composite materials. With an increasing amount of zinc based co-agents, significant improvement of tensile strength was achieved. The application of zinc based co-agents in peroxide vulcanization of rubber magnetic composites leads to the preparation of rubber magnets with not only good magnetic properties, but also with improved physical-mechanical characteristics.
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20
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Sulfur Radicals and Their Application. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 376:22. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Santana MH, Grande AM, van der Zwaag S, García SJ. Response to Comment on "Turning Vulcanized Natural Rubber into a Self-Healing Polymer: Effect of the Disulfide/Polysulfide Ratio". ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2017. [PMID: 29355241 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b01760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianella Hernández Santana
- Novel Aerospace Materials Group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio M Grande
- Novel Aerospace Materials Group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sybrand van der Zwaag
- Novel Aerospace Materials Group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Santiago J García
- Novel Aerospace Materials Group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands
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22
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Santana M, Grande AM, van der Zwaag S, García SJ. Response to Comment on "Turning Vulcanized Natural Rubber into a Self-Healing Polymer: Effect of the Disulfide/Polysulfide Ratio". ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2017; 5:11127-11129. [PMID: 29355241 PMCID: PMC5771664 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianella
Hernández Santana
- Novel Aerospace Materials Group, Faculty of Aerospace
Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629
HS Delft, The Netherlands
- Institute of Polymer Science and
Technology (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid,
Spain
- E-mail:
| | - Antonio M. Grande
- Novel Aerospace Materials Group, Faculty of Aerospace
Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629
HS Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sybrand van der Zwaag
- Novel Aerospace Materials Group, Faculty of Aerospace
Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629
HS Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Santiago J. García
- Novel Aerospace Materials Group, Faculty of Aerospace
Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629
HS Delft, The Netherlands
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23
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Kruželák J, Chodák I, Mošková DJ, Dosoudil R, Hudec I. Cross-linking and properties of rubber magnetic composites cured with different curing systems. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ján Kruželák
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology; Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Ivan Chodák
- Slovak Academy of Sciences; Polymer Institute; Bratislava Slovakia
| | | | - Rastislav Dosoudil
- Department of Electromagnetic Theory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology; Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Ivan Hudec
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology; Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava; Bratislava Slovakia
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24
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Separation of tetrahydrofuran using RSM optimized accelerator-sulfur-filler of rubber membranes: Systematic optimization and comprehensive mechanistic study. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-017-0021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Lian Q, Li Y, Li K, Cheng J, Zhang J. Insights into the Vulcanization Mechanism through a Simple and Facile Approach to the Sulfur Cleavage Behavior. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Lian
- Beijing Advanced
Innovation
Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing Advanced
Innovation
Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Li
- Beijing Advanced
Innovation
Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jue Cheng
- Beijing Advanced
Innovation
Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junying Zhang
- Beijing Advanced
Innovation
Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
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26
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Kruželák J, Sýkora R, Hudec I. Sulphur and peroxide vulcanisation of rubber compounds – overview. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/chempap-2016-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractVulcanisation is a process of transforming a plastic rubber compound into a highly elastic product by forming a three-dimensional cross-linked network structure in the rubber matrix. Many systems have been developed to vulcanise rubber compounds, among which sulphur and peroxide curing systems remain the most desirable. The application of sulphur systems leads to the forming of sulphidic cross-links between elastomer chains, while carbon–carbon bonds are formed in peroxide-curing. Both vulcanisation systems provide certain benefits to the cross-linked rubber articles, but also some disadvantages. The present work seeks to provide an overview on both vulcanisation systems; their composition, possibilities of their application, reaction mechanisms, structure of the cross-links formed and the main feature of the final cross-linked materials – vulcanisates.
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27
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Mahapatra M, Karmakar M, Mondal B, Singha NR. Role of ZDC/S ratio for pervaporative separation of organic liquids through modified EPDM membranes: rational mechanistic study of vulcanization. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra10104f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in crosslink densities and crystallinity due to mono-, di- and poly-sulphide linkages in EPDM vulcanization are achieved using different sulfur/accelerator weight ratios and therefore the separation factor and membrane selectivity of toluene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Mahapatra
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology
- Government College of Engineering and Leather Technology
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology
- Kolkata – 700106
- India
| | - Mrinmoy Karmakar
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology
- Government College of Engineering and Leather Technology
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology
- Kolkata – 700106
- India
| | - Biplab Mondal
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology
- Government College of Engineering and Leather Technology
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology
- Kolkata – 700106
- India
| | - Nayan Ranjan Singha
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology
- Government College of Engineering and Leather Technology
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology
- Kolkata – 700106
- India
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