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Araki T, Li K, Suzuki D, Abe T, Kawabata R, Uemura T, Izumi S, Tsuruta S, Terasaki N, Kawano Y, Sekitani T. Broadband Photodetectors and Imagers in Stretchable Electronics Packaging. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2304048. [PMID: 37403808 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
The integration of flexible electronics with optics can help realize a powerful tool that facilitates the creation of a smart society wherein internal evaluations can be easily performed nondestructively from the surface of various objects that is used or encountered in daily lives. Here, organic-material-based stretchable optical sensors and imagers that possess both bending capability and rubber-like elasticity are reviewed. The latest trends in nondestructive evaluation equipment that enable simple on-site evaluations of health conditions and abnormalities are discussed without subjecting the targeted living bodies and various objects to mechanical stress. Real-time performance under real-life conditions is becoming increasingly important for creating smart societies interwoven with optical technologies. In particular, the terahertz (THz)-wave region offers a substance- and state-specific fingerprint spectrum that enables instantaneous analyses. However, to make THz sensors accessible, the following issues must be addressed: broadband and high-sensitivity at room temperature, stretchability to follow the surface movements of targets, and digital transformation compatibility. The materials, electronics packaging, and remote imaging systems used to overcome these issues are discussed in detail. Ultimately, stretchable optical sensors and imagers with highly sensitive and broadband THz sensors can facilitate the multifaceted on-site evaluation of solids, liquids, and gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Araki
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, 567-0047, Osaka, Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kou Li
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, 112-8551, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daichi Suzuki
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 807-1, Shuku-machi, Tosu, 841-0052, Saga, Japan
| | - Takaaki Abe
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, 567-0047, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rei Kawabata
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, 567-0047, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Uemura
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, 567-0047, Osaka, Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shintaro Izumi
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, 567-0047, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, 657-8501, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shuichi Tsuruta
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, 567-0047, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nao Terasaki
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 807-1, Shuku-machi, Tosu, 841-0052, Saga, Japan
| | - Yukio Kawano
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, 112-8551, Tokyo, Japan
- National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, 101-8430, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekitani
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, 567-0047, Osaka, Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
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Hoshina H, Kanemura T, Ruggiero MT. Exploring the Dynamics of Bound Water in Nylon Polymers with Terahertz Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2019; 124:422-429. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b10058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Hoshina
- RIKEN, Center for Advanced Photonics, 519-1399 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 9800845 Japan
| | - Takuro Kanemura
- RIKEN, Center for Advanced Photonics, 519-1399 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 9800845 Japan
| | - Michael T. Ruggiero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, Vermont 05405 United States
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Yamamoto S, Ohnishi E, Sato H, Hoshina H, Ishikawa D, Ozaki Y. Low-Frequency Vibrational Modes of Nylon 6 Studied by Using Infrared and Raman Spectroscopies and Density Functional Theory Calculations. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:5368-5376. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b04347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Erika Ohnishi
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Harumi Sato
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Higashinada-Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Hoshina
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Aramaki-Aoba,
Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan
| | - Daitaro Ishikawa
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Ozaki
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
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Okano M, Watanabe S. Internal Status of Visibly Opaque Black Rubbers Investigated by Terahertz Polarization Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 11:E9. [PMID: 30959993 PMCID: PMC6401994 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We discuss the internal status of rubber composites consisting of an insulating rubber matrix and conductive carbon black (CB) fillers ("black rubber") using polarization-sensitive terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). The black rubber composites under stretched conditions exhibit a large optical anisotropy or birefringence in the terahertz regime. From systematic studies, it is revealed that the large birefringence of black rubbers is due to the orientation distribution of anisotropically shaped CB aggregates in the rubber matrix and the orientation distribution is strongly linked to the mechanical deformation of the black rubber. A model simulation based on this relation between deformation and reorientation allows conversion of the birefringence (optical) information into strain (mechanical) information. In addition, the spectroscopic information obtained using the THz-TDS technique is useful to evaluate the changes in the internal conductive filler network caused by the mechanical deformation. Our findings demonstrate that the terahertz polarization spectroscopy is a promising nondestructive inspection method for contactless investigation of the internal condition of black rubber composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Okano
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Watanabe
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
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Sommer S, Koch M, Adams A. Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy of Plasticized Poly(vinyl chloride). Anal Chem 2018; 90:2409-2413. [PMID: 29397690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is today one of the most important commodity polymers. Its broad range of applications is due to the presence of plasticizers whose concentration largely impacts the microscopic and the macroscopic properties. Quantifying the concentration of plasticizer in PVC products is therefore of fundamental importance. Thus, in this paper, the applicability of terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopy for the characterization of plasticized PVC is for the first time evaluated in a systematic way. It could be demonstrated that the method is able to distinguish between PVC samples with different types and concentrations of plasticizers. Furthermore, a simple, fast, and efficient method is introduced to quantify the concentration of plasticizer in PVC samples of known plasticizer type but different thermal histories. The presented results are of key importance due to the need of reliable noninvasive and nondestructive analytical methods which can deliver onsite information about the remaining plasticizer concentration inside PVC products. Furthermore, it is expected that the proposed approach can be easily extended to other plasticized polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Sommer
- Faculty of Physics and Material Sciences Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin Koch
- Faculty of Physics and Material Sciences Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Alina Adams
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University , Templergraben 55, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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Anisotropic optical response of optically opaque elastomers with conductive fillers as revealed by terahertz polarization spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39079. [PMID: 28008942 PMCID: PMC5180234 DOI: 10.1038/srep39079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastomers are one of the most important materials in modern society because of the inherent viscoelastic properties due to their cross-linked polymer chains. Their vibration-absorbing and adhesive properties are especially useful and thus utilized in various applications, for example, tires in automobiles and bicycles, seismic dampers in buildings, and seals in a space shuttle. Thus, the nondestructive inspection of their internal states such as the internal deformation is essential in safety. Generally, industrial elastomers include various kinds of additives, such as carbon blacks for reinforcing them. The additives make most of them opaque in a wide spectral range from visible to mid-infrared, resulting in that the nondestructive inspection of the internal deformation is quite difficult. Here, we demonstrate transmission terahertz polarization spectroscopy as a powerful technique for investigating the internal optical anisotropy in optically opaque elastomers with conductive additives, which are transparent only in the terahertz frequency region. The internal deformation can be probed through the polarization changes inside the material due to the anisotropic dielectric response of the conductive additives. Our study about the polarization-dependent terahertz response of elastomers with conductive additives provides novel knowledge for in situ, nondestructive evaluation of their internal deformation.
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