On the bio-based furanic polyesters: Synthesis and thermal behavior study of poly(octylene furanoate) using fast and temperature modulated scanning calorimetry

Bio-based poly(hexamethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate-co-2,6-naphthalate) copolyesters: a study of thermal, mechanical, and gas-barrier properties

A series of poly(hexamethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate-co-2,6-naphthalate) copolyesters were synthesized using various amounts of poly(hexylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PHF) and poly(hexylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PHN) via melt polymerization. The effects of introducing 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid (NDCA) on the thermal, mechanical, and gas-barrier properties were investigated. When the NDCA content was less than 30 mol%, the temperatures of crystallization (T_c) and melting (T_m) decreased as the amount of NDCA was increased owing to disturbance of the polymer-chain regularity. When the NDCA content was above 50 mol%, the T_c and T_m of the materials increased as the NDCA content was increased, showing that the dominant crystallization behavior varied from 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid to NDCA. Hence, the glass transition temperature (T_g) increased as the NDCA content was increased, which was attributed to the incorporation of NDCA with a more rigid naphthalate structure compared with the furan ring. The gas-barrier properties of the samples were observed to improve with the introduction of NDCA; this tendency could be explained by the β-relaxation behavior and free volume values of the samples in the amorphous state. The activation energy (E_a) of β-relaxation increased with the NDCA content, indicating that higher amounts of energy were needed to trigger the onset of long-range molecular motions. Free-volume calculations of the polymer structure showed that the introduction of NDCA hindered the space for gas penetration. For these reasons, the gas-barrier properties were improved and evaluated.

Tuning the Properties of Furandicarboxylic Acid-Based Polyesters with Copolymerization: A Review

Polyesters based on 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) are a new class of biobased polymers with enormous interest, both from a scientific and industrial perspective. The commercialization of these polymers is imminent as the pressure for a sustainable economy grows, and extensive worldwide research currently takes place on developing cost-competitive, renewable plastics. The most prevalent method for imparting these polymers with new properties is copolymerization, as many studies have been published over the last few years. This present review aims to summarize the trends in the synthesis of FDCA-based copolymers and to investigate the effectiveness of this approach in transforming them to a more versatile class of materials that could potentially be appropriate for a number of high-end and conventional applications.

Synthesis and Characterization of Renewable Polyester Coil Coatings from Biomass-Derived Isosorbide, FDCA, 1,5-Pentanediol, Succinic Acid, and 1,3-Propanediol

Biomass-derived polyester coatings for coil applications have been successfully developed and characterized. The coatings were constituted by carbohydrate-derived monomers, namely 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid, isosorbide, succinic acid, 1,3-propanediol, and 1,5-pentanediol, the latter having previously been used as a plasticizer rather than a structural building unit. The effect of isosorbide on the coatings is widely studied. The inclusion of these monomers diversified the mechanical properties of the coatings, and showed an improved performance against common petrochemical derived coatings. This research study provides a range of fully bio-derived polyester coil coatings with tunable properties of industrial interest, highlighting the importance of renewable polymers towards a successful bioeconomy.

Polyol Structure and Ionic Moieties Influence the Hydrolytic Stability and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Bio-Based 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) Copolyesters

A series of copolyesters based on furanic acid and sulfonated isophthalic acid with various polyols were synthetized and their susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis by cutinase 1 from Thermobifida cellulosilytica (Thc_Cut1) investigated. All copolyesters consisted of 30 mol % 5-sulfoisophthalate units (NaSIP) and 70 mol % 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), while the polyol component was varied, including 1,2-ethanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,8-octanediol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, or tetraethylene glycol. The composition of the copolyesters was confirmed by ¹H-NMR and the number average molecular weight (M_n) was determined by GPC to range from 2630 to 8030 g/mol. A DSC analysis revealed glass-transition temperatures (T_g) from 84 to 6 °C, which were decreasing with increasing diol chain length. The crystallinity was below 1% for all polyesters. The hydrolytic stability increased with the chain length of the alkyl diol unit, while it was generally higher for the ether diol units. Thc_Cut1 was able to hydrolyze all of the copolyesters containing alkyl diols ranging from two to eight carbon chain lengths, while the highest activities were detected for the shorter chain lengths with an amount of 13.6 ± 0.7 mM FDCA released after 72 h of incubation at 50 °C. Faster hydrolysis was observed when replacing an alkyl diol by ether diols, as indicated, e.g., by a fivefold higher release of FDCA for triethylene glycol when compared to 1,8-octanediol. A positive influence of introducing ionic phthalic acid was observed while the enzyme preferentially cleaved ester bonds associated to the non-charged building blocks.

Biobased poly(ethylene furanoate-co-ethylene succinate) copolyesters: solid state structure, melting point depression and biodegradability

Novel, biobased poly(ethylene furanoate-co-ethylene succinate) copolyesters were successfully prepared by melt polycondensation and their solid state structure, melting point depression and biodegradability were evaluated in detail.

Biobased polyesters and other polymers from 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid: a tribute to furan excellency

A tribute to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid excellency and the myriad of novel polyesters, as well as polyamides, among other polycondensates, is comprehensively paid.

Synthesis, properties and thermal behavior of poly(decylene-2,5-furanoate): a biobased polyester from 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid

Poly(decylene-2,5-furandicarboxylate), a new bio-based polyester, was successfully synthesized from 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid and 1,10-decanediol. It has mechanical properties and melting point similar to those of linear low density polyethylene.

Sustainable, eco-friendly polyesters synthesized from renewable resources: preparation and thermal characteristics of poly(dimethyl-propylene furanoate)

A novel, fully bio-based polyester, poly(dimethyl-propylene furanoate), has been synthesized from 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid and its structural and thermal characteristics are presented for the first time.