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Tang Q, Jiang J, Li J, Zhao L, Xi Z. Effects of Chemical Composition and Cross-Linking Degree on the Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Bio-Based Thermosetting Resins: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1229. [PMID: 38732698 PMCID: PMC11085128 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Bio-based epoxy resins have received significant attention in terms of concerns regarding carbon emission. Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) derived from sustainable feedstock has been widely used to blend with traditional diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) to replace some of the petroleum-based components. In this work, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were applied to track the network formation and predict the performance of methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHHPA)-cured ESO/DGEBA blend systems. The effects of ESO content and cross-linking degree on the mass density, volumetric shrinkage, glass transition temperature (Tg), coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), Young's modulus, yield strength, and Poisson's ratio of the epoxy resin were systematically investigated. The results show that systems with high ESO content achieve gelation at low cross-linking degree. The Tg value, Young's modulus, and yield strength increase with the increase in cross-linking degree, but the CTE at the glassy state and Poisson's ratio decrease. The comparison results between the simulated and experimental data demonstrated that the MD simulations can accurately predict the thermal and mechanical properties of ESO-based thermosets. This study gains insight into the variation in thermo-mechanical properties of anhydride-cured ESO/DGEBA-based epoxy resins during the cross-linking process and provides a rational strategy for optimizing bio-based epoxy resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Q.T.); (J.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Q.T.); (J.L.); (L.Z.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jinjin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Q.T.); (J.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Q.T.); (J.L.); (L.Z.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhenhao Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Q.T.); (J.L.); (L.Z.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Zhen X, Cui X, Al-Haimi AANM, Wang X, Liang H, Xu Z, Wang Z. Fully bio-based epoxy resins from lignin and epoxidized soybean oil: Rigid-flexible, tunable properties and high lignin content. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127760. [PMID: 37926316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The application of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) in thermosetting polymers is impeded by its unsatisfactory thermomechanical properties. Here, in order to address the limitation, technical lignin was modified by tung oil anhydride and then used as the hardener to compensate for the inherent flexibility defects of ESO thermosets (TLs). As the lignin content increased, a notable improvement in the activation energy of TLs was observed, attributed to the restraining effect of lignin's rigid structure on segmental relaxation. Concurrently, the tensile strength of TLs increased from 2.8 MPa to 34.0 MPa, concomitant with a decrease in elongation at break from 32.9 % to 8.0 %. Comparative analysis with TL-0 (devoid of lignin) demonstrated substantial enhancements in glass transition temperature, shape fixation ratio, and shape recovery ratio for TL-50 (comprising 50 wt% of lignin), elevating from 16.9 °C, 89.1 %, and 89.5 % to 118.6 °C, 94.0 %, and 99.3 %, respectively. These results unequivocally highlight the favorable dynamic mechanical and shape memory properties conferred upon TLs by lignin addition. While the introduction of lignin adversely affected thermal stability, a notable improvement in char yield (800 °C) was observed. Collectively, these findings underscore the potential of technical lignin as a promising bio-based curing agent for ESO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China; Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| | - Xuelu Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Akram Ali Nasser Mansoor Al-Haimi
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Huijun Liang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, PR China
| | - Zhongbin Xu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Zhongming Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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Activation of Vegetable Oils by Reaction with Maleic Anhydride as a Renewable Source in Chemical Processes: New Experimental and Computational NMR Evidence. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238142. [PMID: 36500234 PMCID: PMC9741123 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vegetable oils are bio-based and sustainable starting materials that can be used to develop chemicals for industrial processes. In this study, the functionalization of three vegetable oils (grape, hemp, and linseed) with maleic anhydride was carried out either by conventional heating or microwave activation to obtain products that, after further reactions, can enhance the water dispersion of oils for industrial applications. To identify the most abundant derivatives formed, trans-3-octene, methyl oleate, and ethyl linoleate were reacted as reference systems. A detailed NMR study, supported by computational evidence, allowed for the identification of the species formed in the reaction of trans-3-octene with maleic anhydride. The signals in the 1H NMR spectra of the alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) moieties bound to the organic chains were clearly identified. The reactions achieved by conventional heating were carried out for 5 h at 200 °C, resulting in similar or lower amounts of ASA units/g of oil with respect to the reactions performed by microwave activation, which, however, induced a higher viscosity of the samples.
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Zhai J, Zhang C, Zhao C, Yang W. Preparation of Slow-Release Coated Urea Based on C8-Maleic Anhydride Copolymer-Cured Epoxidized Soybean Oil. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Changwen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules, Ministry of Education Beijing, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Wantai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules, Ministry of Education Beijing, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
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Zhou C, Zhang L, Yang Z, Pan Q, He Z, Wang C, Liu Y, Song S, Yang Z, Chen Y, Li P. Synthesis and characterization of carboxymethyl chitosan/epoxidized soybean oil based conjugate catalyed by UV light, and its application as drug carrier for fusarium wilt. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 212:11-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Coltelli MB, Bertolini A, Aliotta L, Gigante V, Vannozzi A, Lazzeri A. Chain Extension of Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA)-Based Blends and Composites Containing Bran with Biobased Compounds for Controlling Their Processability and Recyclability. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3050. [PMID: 34577949 PMCID: PMC8472942 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work focused on the research, design, and study of innovative chain extender systems of renewable origin for PLA-based biocomposites, reinforced with wheat bran as filler. The majority of employed chain extender compounds belongs to fossil world, affecting the biodegradability property which characterizes biopolymers. The aim of this work was thus to find promising biobased and sustainable alternatives to provide the same enhancements. According to this objective, epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) was chosen as principal component of the chain extender systems, together with a dicarboxylic acid, malic acid (MA), or succinic acid (SA). The reactivity of the modifier systems was previously studied through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and IR spectroscopy, to hypothesize the reaction mechanism in bran-filled blends. Hence, small-scale extrusion was carried out to investigate the effects of ESO/MA and ESO/SA on formulations of different composition (both pure PLA blends and composites). The variation of melt fluidity parameters was analyzed to define the optimized concentration of modifier systems. A comparison between the effects on blends of designed biobased systems and the action of fossil-based Joncryl was performed, to understand if the developed green solutions could represent competitive and efficient substitutes. The modified composites were characterized in terms of mechanical tests, degradation and thermal studies (TGA and DSC), and morphological analysis (SEM), to figure out their main features and to understand their potential in possible industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Beatrice Coltelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (L.A.); (V.G.); (A.L.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy;
| | - Alice Bertolini
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (L.A.); (V.G.); (A.L.)
| | - Laura Aliotta
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (L.A.); (V.G.); (A.L.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy;
| | - Vito Gigante
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (L.A.); (V.G.); (A.L.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Vannozzi
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy;
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (L.A.); (V.G.); (A.L.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy;
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Park JH, Kim HJ, Kim TH, Kim HG, Seo B, Lim CS, Ko WB. Synthesis of a zeolitic imidazolate hybrid nanocomposite and its effects on the physical property changes in the cured epoxy compositions. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-01803-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nicolas S, Richard T, Dourdan J, Lemiègre L, Audic J. Shape memory epoxy vitrimers based on waste frying sunflower oil. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Nicolas
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR – UMR6226, F‐35000 Rennes France
| | - Tiphaine Richard
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR – UMR6226, F‐35000 Rennes France
| | - Juliette Dourdan
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR – UMR6226, F‐35000 Rennes France
| | - Loïc Lemiègre
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR – UMR6226, F‐35000 Rennes France
| | - Jean‐Luc Audic
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR – UMR6226, F‐35000 Rennes France
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Mai AQ, Davies J, Nguyen D, Carranza A, Vincent M, Pojman JA. Microparticles and latexes prepared via suspension polymerization of a biobased vegetable oil and renewable carboxylic acid. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Q. Mai
- Department of Chemistry Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Jackie Davies
- Department of Chemistry Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Dan Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Arturo Carranza
- Department of Chemistry Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Michael Vincent
- Department of Chemistry Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department of Chemistry Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
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10
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Richaud E, Guinault A, Baiz S, Nizeyimana F. Epoxidized linseed oils based networks. Case of thermal degradation. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Salam H, Dong Y, Davies IJ, Pramanik A. Optimization of material formulation and processing parameters in relation to mechanical properties of bioepoxy/clay nanocomposites using Taguchi design of experiments. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Salam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering; Curtin University; Perth Western Australia 6845 Australia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Education; Indonesia University of Education; Bandung West Java 40153 Indonesia
| | - Y. Dong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering; Curtin University; Perth Western Australia 6845 Australia
| | - I. J. Davies
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering; Curtin University; Perth Western Australia 6845 Australia
| | - A. Pramanik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering; Curtin University; Perth Western Australia 6845 Australia
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