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Márton P, Szolnoki B, Nagy N, Deák A, Zámbó D, Szabó GS, Hórvölgyi Z. Wetting and swelling behaviour of N-acetylated thin chitosan coatings in aqueous media. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23201. [PMID: 38163124 PMCID: PMC10755330 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitosan nanocoatings (thickness range of 120-540 nm) were produced on glass, zinc and silicon substrates with dip-coating and spin coating techniques to study their pH-dependent wetting and swelling behaviour. The coatings were N-acetylated with the methanolic solution of acetic anhydride to increase the degree of acetylation from 36 % to 100 % (according to ATR-FTIR studies). The measured contact angles of Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer solutions (pH 6.0, 7.4 and 9.0) were lower on the acetylated surfaces (ca. 50°), than that of their native counterparts (ca. 70°) and does not depend on the pH. Contrary, contact angles on the native coating deteriorated 10°-15° with increasing the pH. In addition, for native coatings, the decrease of the contact angles over time also showed a pH dependence: at pH 9.0 the contact angle decreased by 7° in 10 min, while at pH 6.0 it decreased by 13° and at a much faster rate. The constraint swelling of the coatings in BR puffer solutions was studied in situ by scanning angle reflectometry. The swelling degree of the native coatings increased significantly with decreasing pH (from 250 % to 500 %) due to the increased number of protonated amino groups, while the swelling degree of acetylated coatings was ca. 160 % regardless of the pH. The barrier properties of the coatings were studied by electrochemical tests on zinc substrates. The analysis of polarization curves showed the more permeable character of the acetylated coatings despite the non-polar character of the bulk coating matrix. It can be concluded that in the case of native coatings, 49 % of the absorbed water is in bound form, which does not assist ion transport, while in the case of acetylated coatings, this value is only 33 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Márton
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Centre for Colloid Chemistry, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Szolnoki
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Norbert Nagy
- Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Deák
- Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel Zámbó
- Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Stefánia Szabó
- Universitatea Babes-Bolyai, Department of Chemistry and chemical engineering of Hungarian Line of study, 11 Arany Janos str., RO-400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Zoltán Hórvölgyi
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Centre for Colloid Chemistry, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
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Klfout HA, Asiri AM, Alamry KA, Hussein MA. Recent advances in bio-based polybenzoxazines as an interesting adhesive coating. RSC Adv 2023; 13:19817-19835. [PMID: 37404316 PMCID: PMC10316119 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03514j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polybenzoxazine (PBz) is an excellent and highly intriguing resin for various sophisticated uses. Benzoxazines have piqued the curiosity of academics worldwide because of their peculiar properties. Nonetheless, most benzoxazine resin manufacturing and processing methods, notably bisphenol A-based benzoxazine, rely on petroleum resources. Because of the environmental consequences, bio-based benzoxazines are being researched as alternatives to petroleum-based benzoxazines. As a result of the environmental implications, bio-based benzoxazines are being developed to replace petroleum-based benzoxazines, and they are gaining traction. Bio-based polybenzoxazine, epoxy, and polysiloxane-based resins have piqued the interest of researchers in coatings, adhesives, and flame-retardant thermosets in recent years due to their anticorrosion, ecologically friendly, affordable, and low water absorption properties. As a result, numerous scientific studies and patents on polybenzoxazine continues to rise in polymer research. Based on its mechanical, thermal, and chemical characteristics, bio-based polybenzoxazine has several applications, including coatings (anticorrosion and antifouling), adhesives (highly crosslinked network, outstanding mechanical and thermal capabilities), and flame retardants (with the high charring capability). This review reports an overview of polybenzoxazine, highlighting the current advances and progress in synthesizing bio-based polybenzoxazine, their properties, and their use in coating applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafsah A Klfout
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University P.O. Box 80203 Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Asiri
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University P.O. Box 80203 Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A Alamry
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University P.O. Box 80203 Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A Hussein
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University P.O. Box 80203 Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University Assiut 71516 Egypt
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Yao Z, Lu Y, Song J, Zhang K. Synthesis of Daidzein and Thiophene Containing Benzoxazine Resin and Its Thermoset and Carbon Material. Molecules 2023; 28:5077. [PMID: 37446739 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, a novel bio-based high-performance bisbenzoxazine resin was synthesized from daidzein, 2-thiophenemethylamine and paraformaldehyde. The chemical structure was confirmed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The polymerization process was systematically studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and in situ FT-IR spectra. It can be polymerized through multiple polymerization behaviors under the synergistic reaction of thiophene rings with benzopyrone rather than a single polymerization mechanism of traditional benzoxazines, as reported. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and a microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC) were used to study the thermal stability and flame retardancy of the resulting polybenzoxazine. The thermosetting material showed a high carbon residue rate of 62.8% and a low heat release capacity (HRC) value of 33 J/gK without adding any flame retardants. Based on its outstanding capability of carbon formation, this newly obtained benzoxazine resin was carbonized and activated to obtain a porous carbon material doped with both sulfur and nitrogen. The CO2 absorption of the carbon material at 0 °C and 25 °C at 1 bar was 3.64 mmol/g and 3.26 mmol/g, respectively. The above excellent comprehensive properties prove its potential applications in many advanced fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhao Yao
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yin Lu
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jianan Song
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Kan Zhang
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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Muthukumar N, Arumugam H, Krishnasamy B, Athianna M, Muthukaruppan A. Synthesis and Characterization of Sustainable Curcumin‐Based Bio‐benzoxazines for Antimicrobial and Anticorrosion Applications. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Fan X, Li S, Wang C, Deng Y, Zhang C, Wang Z. Research on Fluoropyridine-based Benzoxazine with High Thermal Stability and Excellent Flame Retardancy for its Application in Coatings. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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K MM, Arumugam H, Krishnasamy B, Muthukaruppan A. Sesamol-based polybenzoxazines for ultra-low- k, high- k and hydrophobic coating applications. NEW J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d3nj00531c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Sesamol-based polybenzoxazines, their dielectric behavior, and superhydrophobic properties for microelectronic insulation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mydeen K
- Polymer Engineering Laboratory, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Neelambur, Coimbatore 641 062, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hariharan Arumugam
- Polymer Engineering Laboratory, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Neelambur, Coimbatore 641 062, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balaji Krishnasamy
- Polymer Engineering Laboratory, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Neelambur, Coimbatore 641 062, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alagar Muthukaruppan
- Polymer Engineering Laboratory, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Neelambur, Coimbatore 641 062, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ye J, Fan Z, Zhang S, Liu X. Improved curing reactivity, thermal resistance and mechanical properties of furylamine‐based benzoxazine using melamine as an amine source. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Ye
- School of Materials and Energy University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Novel CN Polymeric Materials Chengdu China
| | - Zilin Fan
- School of Materials and Energy University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Novel CN Polymeric Materials Chengdu China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- School of Materials and Energy University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Novel CN Polymeric Materials Chengdu China
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- School of Materials and Energy University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Novel CN Polymeric Materials Chengdu China
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Liu L, Wang F, Zhu Y, Qi H. Preparation and properties of benzoxazine precursors containing siloxane units and their epoxy copolymers. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083221128295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Four siloxane benzoxazines containing different rigid segments were successfully synthesized and characterized herein, including a benzene ring, a biphenyl, a naphthalene ring, and a diphenyl sulfone group. Different rigid segments had different effects on polymer properties. The introduction of the naphthalene ring and sulfone group considerably reduced the curing temperature of benzoxazine. Although the benzoxazine with the naphthalene ring exhibited low heat resistance, all the four samples showed a high char yield at 800°C under nitrogen atmosphere. In addition, during copolymerization with AG-80 epoxy, the introduction of epoxy promoted the curing of the benzoxazines containing the naphthalene ring and sulfone group. The heat resistance of all copolymers was considerably improved, especially for the copolymer containing the naphthalene ring, whose 5% thermal weight loss temperature ( Td5) increased from 248°C to 321°C under nitrogen atmosphere. The copolymer containing the biphenyl structure had the highest glass transition temperature, reaching 259.1°C. Copolymerization with epoxy also considerably improved the tensile strength and elongation at break of the copolymers, which were much higher than those of traditional bisphenol A-aniline based benzoxazine (BA-a). Compared with the neat benzoxazine prepared using siloxane and bisphenol A, the developed copolymers also had better tensile properties, and the copolymer containing the sulfone group showed the greatest improvement (from 49 to 69 MPa, from 3.1% to 9.12%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Liu
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, China
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9
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10
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Yang W, Xie Y, Chen J, Huang C, Xu Y, Lin Y. Metal Ion-Catalyzed Low-Temperature Curing of Urushiol-Based Polybenzoxazine. Front Chem 2022; 10:879605. [PMID: 35572108 PMCID: PMC9096162 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.879605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, urushiol-based polybenzoxazine is cured by the Lewis acid (FeCl3, AlCl3, and CuCl2) at low temperature instead of high thermal curing temperature. The effect of the Lewis acid on structures and properties of the polymers is revealed. The relating urushiol-based benzoxazine monomer (BZ) was synthesized by natural urushiol, formaldehyde, and n-octylamine. The monomer was reacted with the Lewis acid with a molar ratio of 6:1 (Nmonomer: NMetal) at 80°C to obtain films that can be cured at room temperature. The chemical structures of benzoxazine monomers were identified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). The interaction between the metal ion and the polymers is revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and attenuated total reflectance-FTIR (ATR-FTIR). The effect of the Lewis acid on the mechanical properties, wettability, and thermal stability was investigated. The results show that the benzoxazine cured by Cu2+ has a better performance than that cured by Al3+ and Fe3+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yaofeng Xie
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jipeng Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yucai Lin, ; Yanlian Xu, ; Jipeng Chen,
| | - Chunmei Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanlian Xu
- Fujian Engineering Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yucai Lin, ; Yanlian Xu, ; Jipeng Chen,
| | - Yucai Lin
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yucai Lin, ; Yanlian Xu, ; Jipeng Chen,
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11
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Asif AH, Mahajan MS, Sreeharsha N, Gite VV, Al-Dhubiab BE, Kaliyadan F, Nanjappa SH, Meravanige G, Aleyadhy DM. Enhancement of Anticorrosive Performance of Cardanol Based Polyurethane Coatings by Incorporating Magnetic Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15062308. [PMID: 35329759 PMCID: PMC8953906 DOI: 10.3390/ma15062308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation demonstrates renewable cardanol-based polyol for the formulation of nanocomposite polyurethane (PU) coatings. The functional and structural features of cardanol polyol and nanoparticles were studied using FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques. The magnetic hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (MHAPs) were dispersed 1–5% in PU formulations to develop nanocomposite anticorrosive coatings. An increase in the strength of MHAP increased the anticorrosive performance as examined by immersion and electrochemical methods. The nanocomposite PU coatings showed good coating properties, viz., gloss, pencil hardness, flexibility, cross-cut adhesion, and chemical resistance. Additionally, the coatings were also studied for surface morphology, wetting, and thermal properties by scanning electron microscope (SEM), contact angle, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. The hydrophobic nature of PU coatings increased by the addition of MHAP, and an optimum result (105°) was observed in 3% loading. The developed coatings revealed its hydrophobic nature with excellent anticorrosive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afzal Haq Asif
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (A.H.A.); (M.S.M.)
| | - Mahendra S. Mahajan
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon 425001, MS, India;
- Correspondence: (A.H.A.); (M.S.M.)
| | - Nagaraja Sreeharsha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (N.S.); (B.E.A.-D.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vidya Siri College of Pharmacy, Off Sarjapura Road, Bangalore 560035, India
| | - Vikas V. Gite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon 425001, MS, India;
| | - Bandar E. Al-Dhubiab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (N.S.); (B.E.A.-D.)
| | - Feroze Kaliyadan
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Girish Meravanige
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Dalal Mishary Aleyadhy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
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Zhang R, Bao F, Weng ZH, Zong LS, Wang JY, Jian XG. A bio-based N-heterocyclic poly(aryl ether ketone) with a high biomass content and superior properties prepared from two derivatives of guaiacol and 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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13
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Van de Velde N, Javornik S, Sever T, Štular D, Šobak M, Štirn Ž, Likozar B, Jerman I. Bio-Based Epoxy Adhesives with Lignin-Based Aromatic Monophenols Replacing Bisphenol A. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13223879. [PMID: 34833178 PMCID: PMC8621590 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A bio-epoxy surface adhesive for adherence of the metal component species to glass substrate with desirable adhesion strength, converted controlled removal upon request, and bio-based resource inclusion was developed. For the development of resin, three different lignin-based aromatic monophenols, guaiacol, cresol, and vanillin, were used in the chemical epoxidation reaction with epichlorohydrin. The forming transformation process was studied by viscoelasticity, in situ FTIR monitoring, and Raman. Unlike other hydroxyl phenyls, guaiacol showed successful epoxide production, and stability at room temperature. Optimization of epoxide synthesis was conducted by varying NaOH concentration or reaction time. The obtained product was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and viscosity measurements. For the production of adhesive, environmentally problematic bisphenol A (BPA) epoxy was partially substituted with the environmentally acceptable, optimized guaiacol-based epoxy at 20, 50, and 80 wt.%. Mechanics, rheological properties, and the possibility of adhered phase de-application were assessed on the bio-substitutes and compared to commercially available polyepoxides or polyurethanes. Considering our aim, the sample composed of 80 wt.% bio-based epoxy/20 wt.% BPA thermoset was demonstrated to be the most suitable among those analyzed, as it was characterized by low BPA, desired boundary area and recoverability using a 10 wt.% acetic acid solution under ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Van de Velde
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.V.d.V.); (S.J.); (D.Š.); (M.Š.); (Ž.Š.); (B.L.)
| | - Saška Javornik
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.V.d.V.); (S.J.); (D.Š.); (M.Š.); (Ž.Š.); (B.L.)
| | - Tilen Sever
- Steklarna Hrastnik, d. o. o., Cesta 1. maja 14, 1430 Hrastnik, Slovenia;
| | - Danaja Štular
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.V.d.V.); (S.J.); (D.Š.); (M.Š.); (Ž.Š.); (B.L.)
| | - Matic Šobak
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.V.d.V.); (S.J.); (D.Š.); (M.Š.); (Ž.Š.); (B.L.)
| | - Žiga Štirn
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.V.d.V.); (S.J.); (D.Š.); (M.Š.); (Ž.Š.); (B.L.)
| | - Blaž Likozar
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.V.d.V.); (S.J.); (D.Š.); (M.Š.); (Ž.Š.); (B.L.)
- Pulp and Paper Institute, Bogišićeva 8, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ivan Jerman
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.V.d.V.); (S.J.); (D.Š.); (M.Š.); (Ž.Š.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1-4760-440
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Monisha M, Sahu S, Lochab B. Self-Polymerization Promoting Monomers: In Situ Transformation of Disulfide-Linked Benzoxazines into the Thiazolidine Structure. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4408-4421. [PMID: 34582169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Polybenzoxazines obtained especially from green synthons are facing challenges of the requirement of high ring-opening polymerization (ROP) temperature of the monomer, thus affecting their exploration at the industrial front. This demands effective structural changes in the monomer itself, to mediate catalyst-free polymerization at a low energy via one-step synthesis protocol. In this regard, monomers based on disulfide-linked bisbenzoxazine were successfully synthesized using cystamine (biobased) and cardanol (agro-waste)/phenol. Reduction of the disulfide bridge in the monomer using dithiothreitol under mild conditions in situ transformed the oxazine ring in the monomer, via neighboring group participation of the -SH group in a transient intermediate monomer, into a thiazolidine structure, which is otherwise difficult to synthesize. Structural transformation of ring-opening followed by the ring-closing intramolecular reaction led to an interconversion of O-CH2-N containing a six-membered oxazine ring to S-CH2-N containing a five-membered thiazolidine ring and a phenolic-OH. The structure of the monomer with the oxazine ring and its congener with the thiazolidine ring was characterized by spectroscopic methods and X-ray analysis. Kinetics of structural transformation at a molecular level is studied in detail, and it was found that the reaction proceeded via a transient 2-aminoethanethiol-linked benzoxazine intermediate, as supported by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and density functional theory studies. The thiazolidine-ring-containing monomer promotes ROP at a substantially low temperature than the reported mono-/bisoxazine monomers due to the dual mode of facilitation of the ROP reaction, both by phenolic-OH and by ring strain. Surprisingly, both the monomer structures led to the formation of a similar polymer structure, as supported by thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared study. The current work highlights the benefits of inherent functionalities in naturally sourced feedstocks as biosynthons for the new latest generation of benzoxazine monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monisha Monisha
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Sangeeta Sahu
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Bimlesh Lochab
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
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Synthesis and characterization of polybenzoxazine/clay hybrid nanocomposites for UV light shielding and anti-corrosion coatings on mild steel. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02657-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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16
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Lochab B, Monisha M, Amarnath N, Sharma P, Mukherjee S, Ishida H. Review on the Accelerated and Low-Temperature Polymerization of Benzoxazine Resins: Addition Polymerizable Sustainable Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1260. [PMID: 33924552 PMCID: PMC8069336 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their outstanding and versatile properties, polybenzoxazines have quickly occupied a great niche of applications. Developing the ability to polymerize benzoxazine resin at lower temperatures than the current capability is essential in taking advantage of these exceptional properties and remains to be most challenging subject in the field. The current review is classified into several parts to achieve this goal. In this review, fundamentals on the synthesis and evolution of structure, which led to classification of PBz in different generations, are discussed. Classifications of PBzs are defined depending on building block as well as how structure is evolved and property obtained. Progress on the utility of biobased feedstocks from various bio-/waste-mass is also discussed and compared, wherever possible. The second part of review discusses the probable polymerization mechanism proposed for the ring-opening reactions. This is complementary to the third section, where the effect of catalysts/initiators has on triggering polymerization at low temperature is discussed extensively. The role of additional functionalities in influencing the temperature of polymerization is also discussed. There has been a shift in paradigm beyond the lowering of ring-opening polymerization (ROP) temperature and other areas of interest, such as adaptation of molecular functionality with simultaneous improvement of properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimlesh Lochab
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India; (M.M.); (N.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Monisha Monisha
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India; (M.M.); (N.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Nagarjuna Amarnath
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India; (M.M.); (N.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Pratibha Sharma
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India;
| | - Sourav Mukherjee
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India; (M.M.); (N.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Hatsuo Ishida
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 441067202, USA
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Liu J, Wang S, Peng Y, Zhu J, Zhao W, Liu X. Advances in sustainable thermosetting resins: From renewable feedstock to high performance and recyclability. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Zhang S, Ran Q, Gu Y. Polymerization mechanism of 1,3-benzoxazine catalyzed by PCl5 and rearrangement of chemical structures. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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20
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Corrosion Resistance of Mild Steel Coated with Phthalimide-Functionalized Polybenzoxazines. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10111114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we synthesized two new phthalimide-functionalized benzoxazine monomers, pPP-BZ and oPP-BZ, through Mannich reactions of 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (pPP) and 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (oPP), respectively, with p-toluidine and paraformaldehyde. The structures of these two monomers were confirmed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We used differential scanning calorimetry, FTIR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis to study the polymerization behavior and thermal stability of the monomers and their corresponding polybenzoxazines. Poly(pPP-BZ) and poly(oPP-BZ) were formed on mild steel (MS) through spin-coating and subsequent thermal curing polymerization. We used various corrosion testing methods to examine the effect of the curing temperature on the corrosion resistance of the coated MS samples in 3.5 wt.% aqueous solution of NaCl. Among our tested systems, the corrosion rate reached a low of 2.78 µm·Y−1 for the MS coated with poly(pPP-BZ)180 (i.e., the coating that had been cured at 180 °C); this value is much lower than that (4.8 µm·Y−1) reported for a maleimide-based benzoxazine compound (MI-Bz)/33 wt.% ACAT (amine-capped aniline trimer) blend. Thus, the incorporation of the imide functional group into the PBZ coatings is an effective strategy for affording high-performance corrosion resistance.
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21
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Polymers Decorated with Functional Motifs for Mitigation of Steel Corrosion: An Overview. INT J POLYM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/9512680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Corrosion is a hazardous phenomenon having a devastating impact on technological and industrial applications, particularly in the oil and gas industries. Therefore, controlling the corrosion of metals is an important activity of technical, economical, environmental, and aesthetical importance in order to save huge expenses in materials, equipment, and structure. The use of corrosion inhibitors is one of the best options for controlling the metallic corrosion in various corrosive media. Numerous problems aroused with the use of inorganic and small molecule organic corrosion inhibitors, and the use of polymeric corrosion inhibitors came into limelight. This review article provides an overview of the recent development of different classes of corrosion inhibitors with special emphasis on different functional motifs of natural, synthetically modified natural, and synthetic polymeric materials. The significance, mechanism, and challenges of using polymeric materials as corrosion inhibitors are also highlighted in the review.
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22
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Lyu Y, Ishida H. Natural-sourced benzoxazine resins, homopolymers, blends and composites: A review of their synthesis, manufacturing and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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23
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Zhao Z, Guo L, Feng L, Lu H, Xu Y, Wang J, Xiang B, Zou X. Polydopamine functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposites reinforced the corrosion protection and adhesion properties of waterborne polyurethane coatings. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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24
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Szőke ÁF, Szabó G, Simó Z, Hórvölgyi Z, Albert E, Végh AG, Zimányi L, Muresan LM. Chitosan coatings ionically cross-linked with ammonium paratungstate as anticorrosive coatings for zinc. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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25
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Zhang C, Lei Z, Zhang J, Jing X, Wang Y, Liu Y. A dense hybrid network of epoxide hyperbranched polyurethane and benzoxazine with improved thermomechanical properties via tuning its curing reaction and physical state. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Thirukumaran P, Manoharan RK, Parveen AS, Atchudan R, Kim SC. Sustainability and antimicrobial assessments of apigenin based polybenzoxazine film. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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27
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Dogan YE, Satilmis B, Uyar T. Synthesis and characterization of bio-based benzoxazines derived from thymol. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yelda Ertas Dogan
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology; UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University; Ankara 06800 Turkey
| | - Bekir Satilmis
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology; UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University; Ankara 06800 Turkey
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Arts, Ahi Evran University; Kirsehir 40100 Turkey
| | - Tamer Uyar
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology; UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University; Ankara 06800 Turkey
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28
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Dai J, Teng N, Peng Y, Liu Y, Cao L, Zhu J, Liu X. Biobased Benzoxazine Derived from Daidzein and Furfurylamine: Microwave-Assisted Synthesis and Thermal Properties Investigation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:3175-3183. [PMID: 30102450 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201801404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A biobased benzoxazine resin (Dz-f) demonstrating excellent thermal properties was synthesized from daidzein and furfurylamine by using a microwave heating method. The chemical structure of synthesized benzoxazine monomer was identified by FTIR and NMR (1 H and 13 C NMR) before it was cured and its thermal properties evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), TGA, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The cured resin p(Dz-f) exhibited a glass transition temperature (Tg ) of 391 °C, a very high char yield of 68.7 %, and outstanding thermal stability; the Tg value obtained was the highest thermal stability value ever reported for polybenzoxazine with a high biobased content. Moreover, Dz-f demonstrated a satisfying processability, which was rare for the high-performance thermosetting resins. This work provided us with a new strategy for the preparation of high biocontent resins with excellent thermal properties. In addition, the combination of biobased feedstocks with a microwave-assisted heating method as well as the potential application of this approach in high-end fields might perpetuate remarkable progress towards the sustainable development of the polymeric industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyue Dai
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Na Teng
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yunyan Peng
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Cao
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
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Bîru EI, Gârea SA, Nicolescu A, Vasile E, Iovu H. Advanced Polybenzoxazine Structures Based on Modified Reduced Graphene Oxide. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E941. [PMID: 30960866 PMCID: PMC6403772 DOI: 10.3390/polym10090941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new polybenzoxazine products based on a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were synthesized. The synthesis process started with an rGO with amino functionalities. Benzoxazine structures were synthesized with oxazine rings attached to the surface of rGO and were fully characterized by FT-IR, ¹H⁻NMR, XPS and XRD. The presence of polybenzoxazine chains was pointed out by ¹H⁻NMR and it correlated with XRD data which show a partial exfoliation of the graphene oxide layers. The degree of polymerization plays a significant role against the exfoliation process. A higher yield of the ring-opening process for benzoxazine rings leads to a low degree of exfoliation, as the inner covalent bonds within the polybenzoxazine chains keep the graphene oxide sheets together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Iuliana Bîru
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Sorina Alexandra Gârea
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Alina Nicolescu
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Eugeniu Vasile
- Department of Oxide Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Horia Iovu
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050094 Bucharest, Romania.
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30
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Thermosetting Polymers from Lignin Model Compounds and Depolymerized Lignins. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 376:32. [PMID: 29992468 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is the most abundant source of renewable ready-made aromatic chemicals for making sustainable polymers. However, the structural heterogeneity, high polydispersity, limited chemical functionality and solubility of most technical lignins makes them challenging to use in developing new bio-based polymers. Recently, greater focus has been given to developing polymers from low molecular weight lignin-based building blocks such as lignin monomers or lignin-derived bio-oils that can be obtained by chemical depolymerization of lignins. Lignin monomers or bio-oils have additional hydroxyl functionality, are more homogeneous and can lead to higher levels of lignin substitution for non-renewables in polymer formulations. These potential polymer feed stocks, however, present their own challenges in terms of production (i.e., yields and separation), pre-polymerization reactions and processability. This review provides an overview of recent developments on polymeric materials produced from lignin-based model compounds and depolymerized lignin bio-oils with a focus on thermosetting materials. Particular emphasis is given to epoxy resins, polyurethanes and phenol-formaldehyde resins as this is where the research shows the greatest overlap between the model compounds and bio-oils. The common goal of the research is the development of new economically viable strategies for using lignin as a replacement for petroleum-derived chemicals in aromatic-based polymers.
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31
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He X, Xu X, Wan Q, Bo G, Yan Y. Synthesis and Characterization of Dimmer-Acid-Based Nonisocyanate Polyurethane and Epoxy Resin Composite. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E649. [PMID: 30965951 PMCID: PMC6418959 DOI: 10.3390/polym9120649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, dimmer-acid-based hybrid nonisocyanate polyurethanes (HNIPUs) were synthesized by the one-step method without catalyst. Three polyamines and two epoxy resins were selected as raw materials for HNIPU, and cyclic carbonate was synthesized based on our previous work. All of the products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Then, HNIPU coatings were prepared and determined by swelling, water absorption, and water contact angle. The results showed that the HNIPU-4551 have the best mechanical and thermal properties because of its high crosslinking density. Among the different amines, it was confirmed that tetraethylenepentamine was the best amine curing agent for HNIPU coating. Meanwhile, the epoxy resin with a higher epoxy value would also form a higher crosslinking density. Those coatings showed an excellent impact strength, adhesion, flexibility, pencil hardness, hydrophilic, and appropriate crosslinking density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and echnology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and echnology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Qian Wan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and echnology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Guangxu Bo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and echnology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Yunjun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and echnology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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