1
|
Ovsik M, Stanek M, Bednarik M. Evaluation of Cross-Linked Polyamide 6 Micro-Indentation Properties: TAIC Concentration and Electron Radiation Intensity. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2391. [PMID: 36984271 PMCID: PMC10051243 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, technical practice puts emphasis on improving selected material properties of polymers which could lead to new applications. Material properties can be modified in numerous ways, among which is radiation treatment. This study looks into the influence of beta radiation on several properties of polyamide 6, e.g., indentation hardness, modulus and creep. Main changeable parameters were the concentration of triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC), which promotes cross-linking, and intensity of radiation. The concentration was in the range from 2 to 6 wt.%, while the radiation dose was 0, 66, 99 and 132 kGy. The treated materials were measured for indentation hardness, modulus and creep. Degree of cross-linking was verified by thermo-mechanical analysis (TMA), while degradation processes was investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results indicate that electron radiation positively affects the tested material properties. The best results were seen in polyamide with 6 wt.% of TAIC, which demonstrated a 38% improvement in mechanical properties after exposure to 132 kGy. This improvement in properties affects the final parts and their application (e.g., in the automotive industry-engine parts; in electrical engineering-insulation of wires and cables; and in industry-pipes for underfloor heating, etc.).
Collapse
|
2
|
A sustainable green electron reactive processing for fire safety of polypropylene nanocomposites. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
3
|
Basu D, Banerjee SS, Chandra Debnath S, Malanin M, Amirova L, Dubois P, Heinrich G, Das A. Unusual low temperature relaxation behavior of crosslinked acrylonitrile-butadiene co-polymer. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
4
|
Jiang R, Liu T, Xu Z, Park CB, Zhao L. Improving the Continuous Microcellular Extrusion Foaming Ability with Supercritical CO 2 of Thermoplastic Polyether Ester Elastomer through In-Situ Fibrillation of Polytetrafluoroethylene. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1983. [PMID: 31810168 PMCID: PMC6960977 DOI: 10.3390/polym11121983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In-situ fibrillated polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) enhanced nanocomposites were successfully prepared by mixing thermoplastic polyether ester elastomer (TPEE) and PTFE using a twin-screw extruder. Well-dispersed, long aspect ratio PTFE nanofibrils with a diameter of less than 200 nm were generated and interwoven into networks. Differential scanning calorimetry and in-situ polarized optical microscopy showed that the PTFE nanofibrils can greatly accelerate and promote crystallization of the TPEE matrix and the crystallization temperature can be increased by 6 °C. Both shearing and elongational rheometry results confirmed that the introduction of PTFE nanofibrils can significantly improve the rheological properties. The remarkable changes in the strain-hardening effect and the melt viscoelastic response, as well as the promoted crystallization, led to substantially improved foaming behavior in the continuous extrusion process using supercritical CO2 as the blowing agent. The existing PTFE nanofibrils dramatically decreased the cell diameter and increased cell density, together with a higher expansion ratio and more uniform cell structure. The sample with 5% PTFE fibrils showed the best foaming ability, with an average diameter of 10.4-14.7 μm, an expansion ratio of 9.5-12.3 and a cell density of 6.6 × 107-8.6 × 107 cells/cm3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (R.J.); (T.L.); (Z.X.)
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada;
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (R.J.); (T.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Zhimei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (R.J.); (T.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada;
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (R.J.); (T.L.); (Z.X.)
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Drzeżdżon J, Jacewicz D, Sielicka A, Chmurzyński L. A review of new approaches to analytical methods to determine the structure and morphology of polymers. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
6
|
|
7
|
Facile performance enhancement of reverse osmosis membranes via solvent activation with benzyl alcohol. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
8
|
Towards High-performance Materials Based on Carbohydrate-Derived Polyamide Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11030413. [PMID: 30960397 PMCID: PMC6473389 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A bio-derived monomer called 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-galactarate acid/ester (GalXMe) has great potential in polymer production. The unique properties of this molecule, such as its rigidity and bulkiness, contribute to the good thermal properties and appealing transparency of the material. The main problem, however, is that like other biobased materials, the polymers derived thereof are very brittle. In this study, we report on the melt blending of GalXMe polyamides (PAs) with different commercial PA grades using extrusion as well as blend characterization. Biobased PA blends showed limited to no miscibility with other polyamides. However, their incorporation resulted in strong materials with high Young moduli. The increase in modulus of the prepared GalXMe blends with commercial PAs ranged from up to 75% for blends with aliphatic polyamide composed of 1,6-diaminohexane and 1,12-dodecanedioic acid PA(6,12) to up to 82% for blends with cycloaliphatic polyamide composed of 4,4′-methylenebis(cyclohexylamine) and 1,12-dodecanedioic acid PA(PACM,12). Investigation into the mechanism of blending revealed that for some polyamides a transamidation reaction improved the blend compatibility. The thermal stability of the biobased PAs depended on which diamine was used. Polymers with aliphatic/aromatic or alicyclic diamines showed no degradation, whereas with fully aromatic diamines such as p-phenylenediamine, some degradation processes were observed under extrusion conditions (260/270 °C).
Collapse
|
9
|
High electrochemical stability of meso-Ni-salen based conducting polymer manifested by potential-driven reversible changes in viscoelastic and nanomechanical properties. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.11.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
10
|
Sokolova MP, Smirnov MA, Samarov AA, Bobrova NV, Vorobiov VK, Popova EN, Filippova E, Geydt P, Lahderanta E, Toikka AM. Plasticizing of chitosan films with deep eutectic mixture of malonic acid and choline chloride. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 197:548-557. [PMID: 30007646 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan (CS) films containing deep eutectic solvent (DES) based on malonic acid (MA) and choline chloride (ChCl) were successfully prepared by solution casting method by using DES content ranging from 0 to 82 wt%. A strong interaction of CS with the components of DES was demonstrated by analyses of water sorption isotherms, atomic force microscopy and FTIR results. The plasticizing effect of the MA and ChCl mixture on the CS matrix was shown by static bulk mechanical measurements, thermal analysis and quantitative nanomechanical mapping (QNM). Elongation at break increased from 3 to 62% at increase of DES content from 0 to 67 wt%, while further increase of DES content led to the decreasing of maximal elongation. Introduction of DES into CS films led to the appearance of glass transition temperature in the region +2 - -2.3 °C. QNM results indicated homogeneity of the films containing up to 75 wt% of DES.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Sokolova
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky pr. 26, Peterhof, Saint Petersburg, 198504, Russia; Lappeenranta University of Technology, Department of Physics, Skinnarilankatu 34, Lappeenranta, 53850, Finland.
| | - Michael A Smirnov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, Saint Petersburg, 199004, Russia; ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia.
| | - Artemiy A Samarov
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky pr. 26, Peterhof, Saint Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
| | - Natalya V Bobrova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, Saint Petersburg, 199004, Russia.
| | | | - Elena N Popova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, Saint Petersburg, 199004, Russia.
| | - Elizaveta Filippova
- Lappeenranta University of Technology, Department of Physics, Skinnarilankatu 34, Lappeenranta, 53850, Finland.
| | - Pavel Geydt
- Lappeenranta University of Technology, Department of Physics, Skinnarilankatu 34, Lappeenranta, 53850, Finland.
| | - Erkki Lahderanta
- Lappeenranta University of Technology, Department of Physics, Skinnarilankatu 34, Lappeenranta, 53850, Finland.
| | - Alexander M Toikka
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky pr. 26, Peterhof, Saint Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Influence of electron-induced reactive processing on structure, morphology and nano-mechanical properties of polyamide 6/fluoroelastomer blends. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
12
|
Banerjee SS, Janke A, Gohs U, Heinrich G. Electron-induced reactive processing of polyamide 6/polypropylene blends: Morphology and properties. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|