1
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Hennequin T, van Vlimmeren L, Mostoni S, Pomilla FR, Scotti R, Stauch C, van der Hulst MK, Huijbregts MAJ, van Zelm R. Environmental Impact Prediction of a New Tire Vulcanization Activator. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:6102-6110. [PMID: 38665801 PMCID: PMC11041116 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c06640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is the most common curing activator used to manufacture tires. To minimize environmental impacts by decreasing the zinc content and rolling resistance of tires, ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) anchored on SiO2 NPs (ZnO@SiO2) are currently under development as new activators at the pilot scale. Here, we applied prospective life cycle assessment to predict the impacts on human health, ecosystem quality, and resource scarcity of synthesizing ZnO@SiO2 for the production of passenger car tires at an industrial scale. We found that the life cycle impacts of the synthesis are expected to decrease by 89 to 96% between the pilot and industrial scale. The largest contributors to the synthesis of ZnO@SiO2 were electricity consumption and waste treatment of the solvent. Using the new activator for tire production led to potential reductions of 9 to 12% in life cycle impacts compared to tires that are currently in use. Those reductions were due to the expected decrease in rolling resistance, leading to lower fuel consumption, which outweighed the additional environmental impacts of the synthesis, as well as the potential decrease in lifetime. Our work highlights an opportunity for manufacturers to mitigate their impacts over the full life cycle of the tire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hennequin
- Department
of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental
Sciences, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte van Vlimmeren
- Department
of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental
Sciences, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Mostoni
- Department
of Material Science, INSTM, University of
Milano-Bicocca, Via Roberto Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Rita Pomilla
- Department
of Material Science, INSTM, University of
Milano-Bicocca, Via Roberto Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Scotti
- Department
of Material Science, INSTM, University of
Milano-Bicocca, Via Roberto Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
- Institute
for Photonics and Nanotechnologies-CNR, Via Alla Cascata 56/C, Povo, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Claudia Stauch
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Silicate Research, Neunerpl. 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mitchell K. van der Hulst
- Department
of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental
Sciences, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Expertise
Group Circularity & Sustainability Impact, TNO, P.O. Box 80015, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A. J. Huijbregts
- Department
of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental
Sciences, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalie van Zelm
- Department
of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental
Sciences, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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2
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Wei YC, Zhu D, Zhang J, Wang HR, Zhou MZ, Liao S. Octylamine regulating the mechanical robustness of natural rubber by involving in the construction of crosslinking network. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126202. [PMID: 37573916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The formation of three dimensional network structure is critical in determining mechanical properties of natural rubber (NR). Consequently, it is vital to regulate crosslinking network of NR by controlling vulcanization process. Inspired by our previous studies on contribution of non-rubber components (NRCs) to the excellent properties of NR, we find octylamine in NRCs decreases the activation energy (Ea) of vulcanization from 82.73 kJ/mol to 44.34 kJ/mol, thereby reducing vulcanization time from 18.67 min to 2.71 min. From microscopic perspective, octylamine tends to coordinate with zinc ions to improve dispersion of ZnO in NR. And octylamine promotes ring-opening reaction of S8 to favor formation of polysulfide intermediates. Therefore, the incorporation of octylamine remarkably improves vulcanization efficiency, which contributes to the formation of a more homogeneous network with higher crosslinking density, enhancing remarkably the strength and toughness of NR. As a result, the tensile strength and fracture energy of samples are as high as 31.15 MPa and 68.88 kJ/m2, respectively. In addition, even with a 60 % reduction in ZnO content, the NR samples still maintain high vulcanization efficiency and excellent mechanical properties after the addition of octylamine, which provides a green and feasible way to alleviate the environmental pollution caused by ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Chan Wei
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Ding Zhu
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Hao-Ran Wang
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Meng-Zhen Zhou
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Shuangquan Liao
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China.
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3
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Sattar MA, Patnaik A. Phosphonium Ionic Liquid-Activated Sulfur Vulcanization: A Way Forward to Reduce Zinc Oxide Levels in Industrial Rubber Formulations. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202309. [PMID: 36756929 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Extensive use of zinc oxide and accelerators such as diphenyl guanidine (DPG) in the vulcanization of rubber composites entail potential environmental risks. These are pervasive contaminants of roadway runoff originating from tire wear particles (TWPs). Herein, the effect of phosphonium ionic liquids (PILs) in styrene-butadiene rubber compounds was demonstrated with reduced ZnO loading and no DPG to minimize the environmental footprint of the vulcanization process. The structure and chemistry of PILs were found to be the influencing parameters impelling the cross-linking kinetics, enabling shorter induction times. The generation of active Zn2+ sites by PILs was examined through FTIR spectroscopy, calorimetry, and molecular dynamics simulations. From a tire application perspective, the PILs not only enhanced the cure kinetics but also improved the dynamic-mechanical behavior of the rubber composites. Consequently, the harm caused by TWPs to the atmosphere, fuel intake, and CO2 emissions was minimal, thereby confirming the potential use of PILs in the tire industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abdul Sattar
- Colloid and Interface Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
- R&D Centre, MRF Limited, Chennai, 600019, India
| | - Archita Patnaik
- Colloid and Interface Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
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4
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Bragato C, Mostoni S, D’Abramo C, Gualtieri M, Pomilla FR, Scotti R, Mantecca P. On the In Vitro and In Vivo Hazard Assessment of a Novel Nanomaterial to Reduce the Use of Zinc Oxide in the Rubber Vulcanization Process. TOXICS 2022; 10:781. [PMID: 36548614 PMCID: PMC9787408 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is the most efficient curing activator employed in the industrial rubber production. However, ZnO and Zn(II) ions are largely recognized as an environmental hazard being toxic to aquatic organisms, especially considering Zn(II) release during tire lifecycle. In this context, aiming at reducing the amount of microcrystalline ZnO, a novel activator was recently synthetized, constituted by ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) anchored to silica NPs (ZnO-NP@SiO2-NP). The objective of this work is to define the possible hazards deriving from the use of ZnO-NP@SiO2-NP compared to ZnO and SiO2 NPs traditionally used in the tire industry. The safety of the novel activators was assessed by in vitro testing, using human lung epithelial (A549) and immune (THP-1) cells, and by the in vivo model zebrafish (Danio rerio). The novel manufactured nanomaterial was characterized morphologically and structurally, and its effects evaluated in vitro by the measurement of the cell viability and the release of inflammatory mediators, while in vivo by the Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity (FET) test. Resulting data demonstrated that ZnO-NP@SiO2-NP, despite presenting some subtoxic events, exhibits the lack of acute effects both in vitro and in vivo, supporting the safe-by-design development of this novel material for the rubber industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Bragato
- POLARIS Research Center, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Mostoni
- Department of Materials Science (INSTM), University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Christian D’Abramo
- POLARIS Research Center, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Gualtieri
- POLARIS Research Center, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Rita Pomilla
- Department of Materials Science (INSTM), University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Scotti
- Department of Materials Science (INSTM), University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Paride Mantecca
- POLARIS Research Center, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
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5
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Zhong X, Song Y, Zheng Q. Payne effect and Mullins effect of silica filled butadiene rubber nanocomposites vulcanizates and their unextractable gels. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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6
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Crapanzano R, Villa I, Mostoni S, D'Arienzo M, Di Credico B, Fasoli M, Lorenzi R, Scotti R, Vedda A. Photo- and radio-luminescence of porphyrin functionalized ZnO/SiO 2 nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:21198-21209. [PMID: 36040124 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00884j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of hybrid nanoscintillators is hunted for the implementation of modern detection technologies, like in high energy physics, homeland security, radioactive gas sensing, and medical imaging, as well as of the established therapies in radiation oncology, such as in X-ray activated photodynamic therapy. Engineering of the physico-chemical properties of nanoparticles (NPs) enables the manufacture of hybrids in which the conjugation of inorganic/organic components leads to increased multifunctionality and performance. However, the optimization of the properties of nanoparticles in combination with the use of ionizing radiation is not trivial: a complete knowledge on the structure, composition, physico-chemical features, and scintillation property relationships in hybrid nanomaterials is pivotal for any applications exploiting X-rays. In this paper, the design of hybrid nanoscintillators based on ZnO grown onto porous SiO2 substrates (ZnO/SiO2) has been performed in the view to create nanosystems potentially suitable in X-ray activated photodynamic therapy. Indeed, cytotoxic porphyrin dyes with increasing concentrations have been anchored on ZnO/SiO2 nanoparticles through amino-silane moieties. Chemical and structural analyses correlated with photoluminescence reveal that radiative energy transfer between ZnO and porphyrins is the principal mechanism prompting the excitation of photosensitizers. The use of soft X-ray excitation results in a further sensitization of the porphyrin emission, due to augmented energy deposition promoted by ZnO in the surroundings of the chemically bound porphyrin. This finding unveils the cruciality of the design of hybrid nanoparticles in ruling the efficacy of the interaction between ionizing radiation and inorganic/organic moieties, and thus of the final nanomaterial performances towards the foreseen application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Crapanzano
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Irene Villa
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences (FZU), Cukrovarnická 10/112, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Silvia Mostoni
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milano, Italy.,INSTM, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimiliano D'Arienzo
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milano, Italy.,INSTM, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Barbara Di Credico
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milano, Italy.,INSTM, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Mauro Fasoli
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Lorenzi
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Scotti
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milano, Italy.,INSTM, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Vedda
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milano, Italy
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7
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Fang Z, Tu Q, Chen Z, Shen X, Pan M, Liang K, Yang X. Study on catechol/tetraethylenepentamine and nano zinc oxide
co‐modifying ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene
fiber surface to improve interfacial adhesion. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghang Fang
- College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA Nanjing China
| | - Qunzhang Tu
- College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA Nanjing China
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA Nanjing China
| | - Xinmin Shen
- College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA Nanjing China
| | - Ming Pan
- College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA Nanjing China
| | - Kang Liang
- College of Field Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA Nanjing China
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing of Advanced Construction Machinery, Xuzhou Construction Machinery Group Xuzhou China
| | - Xuan Yang
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center Beijing China
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8
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Ma L, Zhai Y, Wan C, Zhang Z, Zhang C, Wang S. Efficient thermo-oxidative reclamation of green tire rubber and silanized-silica/rubber interface characterization. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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9
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Mostoni S, D’Arienzo M, Di Credico B, Armelao L, Rancan M, Dirè S, Callone E, Donetti R, Susanna A, Scotti R. Design of a Zn Single-Site Curing Activator for a More Sustainable Sulfur Cross-Link Formation in Rubber. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021; 60:10180-10192. [PMID: 34483477 PMCID: PMC8411846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c01580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ZnO is a worldwide used activator for a rubber vulcanization process, which promotes fast curing kinetics and high cross-linking densities of rubber nanocomposites (NCs). However, its extended use together with leaching phenomena occurring during the production and life cycle of rubber products, especially tires, entails potential environmental risks, as ecotoxicity toward aquatic organisms. Pushed by this issue, a novel activator was developed, which introduces highly dispersed and active zinc species in the vulcanization process, reducing the amount of employed ZnO and keeping high the curing efficiency. The activator is constituted by Zn(II) single sites, anchored on the surface of SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) through the coordination with functionalizing amino silane groups. It behaves as a double-function material, acting at the same time as a rubber reinforcing filler and a curing activator. The higher availability and reactivity of the single-site Zn(II) centers toward curative agents impart faster kinetics and higher efficiency to the vulcanization process of silica/isoprene NCs, compared to conventionally used ZnO activators. Moreover, the NCs show a high cross-linking degree and improved dynamic mechanical properties, despite the remarkably lower amount of zinc employed than that normally used for rubber composites in tires. Finally, the structural stability of Zn(II) single sites during the curing reactions and in the final materials may represent a turning point toward the elimination of zinc leaching phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mostoni
- Department
of Materials Science, INSTM, University
of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milano 20125, Italy
| | - Massimiliano D’Arienzo
- Department
of Materials Science, INSTM, University
of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milano 20125, Italy
| | - Barbara Di Credico
- Department
of Materials Science, INSTM, University
of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milano 20125, Italy
| | - Lidia Armelao
- Institute
of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy, National Research Council of Italy, ICMATE-CNR, via Marzolo 1, Padua 35131, Italy
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 1, Padua 35131, Italy
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Materials Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, DSCTM-CNR, Piazzale A. Moro 7, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Marzio Rancan
- Institute
of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy, National Research Council of Italy, ICMATE-CNR, via Marzolo 1, Padua 35131, Italy
| | - Sandra Dirè
- “Klaus
Müller” Magnetic Resonance Lab., Dept. of Industrial
Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Emanuela Callone
- “Klaus
Müller” Magnetic Resonance Lab., Dept. of Industrial
Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Trento 38123, Italy
| | | | | | - Roberto Scotti
- Department
of Materials Science, INSTM, University
of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milano 20125, Italy
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10
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Mirizzi L, Carnevale M, D’Arienzo M, Milanese C, Di Credico B, Mostoni S, Scotti R. Tailoring the Thermal Conductivity of Rubber Nanocomposites by Inorganic Systems: Opportunities and Challenges for Their Application in Tires Formulation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123555. [PMID: 34200899 PMCID: PMC8230438 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of effective thermally conductive rubber nanocomposites for heat management represents a tricky point for several modern technologies, ranging from electronic devices to the tire industry. Since rubber materials generally exhibit poor thermal transfer, the addition of high loadings of different carbon-based or inorganic thermally conductive fillers is mandatory to achieve satisfactory heat dissipation performance. However, this dramatically alters the mechanical behavior of the final materials, representing a real limitation to their application. Moreover, upon fillers’ incorporation into the polymer matrix, interfacial thermal resistance arises due to differences between the phonon spectra and scattering at the hybrid interface between the phases. Thus, a suitable filler functionalization is required to avoid discontinuities in the thermal transfer. In this challenging scenario, the present review aims at summarizing the most recent efforts to improve the thermal conductivity of rubber nanocomposites by exploiting, in particular, inorganic and hybrid filler systems, focusing on those that may guarantee a viable transfer of lab-scale formulations to technological applicable solutions. The intrinsic relationship among the filler’s loading, structure, morphology, and interfacial features and the heat transfer in the rubber matrix will be explored in depth, with the ambition of providing some methodological tools for a more profitable design of thermally conductive rubber nanocomposites, especially those for the formulation of tires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Mirizzi
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, INSTM, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy; (L.M.); (M.C.); (B.D.C.); (S.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Mattia Carnevale
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, INSTM, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy; (L.M.); (M.C.); (B.D.C.); (S.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Massimiliano D’Arienzo
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, INSTM, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy; (L.M.); (M.C.); (B.D.C.); (S.M.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-026-448-5023
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Barbara Di Credico
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, INSTM, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy; (L.M.); (M.C.); (B.D.C.); (S.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Silvia Mostoni
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, INSTM, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy; (L.M.); (M.C.); (B.D.C.); (S.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Roberto Scotti
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, INSTM, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy; (L.M.); (M.C.); (B.D.C.); (S.M.); (R.S.)
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11
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Effect of crosslinked structure on the chemical degradation of EPDM rubber in an acidic environment. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Yang Z, Huang Y, Xiong Y. A functional modified graphene oxide/nanodiamond/nano zinc oxide composite for excellent vulcanization properties of natural rubber. RSC Adv 2020; 10:41857-41870. [PMID: 35516552 PMCID: PMC9057914 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07404g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A modified graphene oxide/nanodiamond/nanozinc oxide (MGO/ND/nanoZnO) functional hybrid filler is designed and prepared to improve the vulcanization efficiency of a rubber composite and to reduce the use of ZnO. ND was grafted onto graphite oxide with the aid of 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). NanoZnO, with high surface activity, was then loaded onto the MGO/ND complex through the wet chemical method, in order to synthesize the MGO/ND/nanoZnO functional hybrid filler. Rubber composites were prepared using the rubber latex composite method and their vulcanization behaviors were investigated. Our results show that the MGO/ND/nanoZnO functional hybrid filler can remarkably improve the vulcanization behaviors of the rubber composite. Compared with that of pure natural rubber (NR), the vulcanization activation energy of the rubber composite was reduced by approximately 16%. Moreover, the vulcanization efficiency can be improved by 63% (i.e., the optimum cure time is shortened from the original 405 s to 150 s) after the same amount of traditional ZnO was replaced by the functional hybrid filler loaded with 1 wt% nanoZnO. The prepared MGO/ND/nanoZnO functional hybrid filler thus provides a promising alternative to improve the vulcanization efficiency of rubber composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Yan Huang
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Yuzhu Xiong
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China .,Guizhou Provincial Rubber Composite Material Engineering Laboratory China
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13
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Qin X, Xu H, Zhang G, Wang J, Wang Z, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Tan T, Bockstaller MR, Zhang L, Matyjaszewski K. Enhancing the Performance of Rubber with Nano ZnO as Activators. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:48007-48015. [PMID: 33040537 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The vulcanization of rubber is a chemical process to improve the mechanical properties by cross-linking unsaturated polymer chains. Zinc oxide (ZnO) acts as an activator, boosting the rubbers' sulfur vulcanization. Maintaining the level of ZnO content in the rubber compounds as low as possible is desirable, not only for economic reasons but also to reduce the environmental footprint of the process. In this contribution, octylamine (OA) capped ZnO nanoparticles (5 nm diameter), prepared through a thermal decomposition method, were demonstrated to be efficient activators for the sulfur vulcanization of natural rubber, enabling the reduction of the required amount of ZnO as compared to commercial systems. The effect of different ZnO activators (OA capped ZnO/commercial indirect process ZnO) on the curing characteristics, cross-linking densities, and mechanical performance, as well as the thermal behavior of rubber compounds, were investigated. Compared to the commercial indirect process ZnO, OA capped ZnO nanoparticles not only effectively enhanced the curing efficiency of natural rubber but also improved the mechanical performance of the composites after vulcanization. This was interpreted as, by applying the OA capped ZnO nanoparticles, the ZnO levels in rubber compounding were significantly reduced under the industrial vulcanization condition (151 °C, 30 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Haoshu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ganggang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiadong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuqi Zhao
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Zongyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Tianwei Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Michael R Bockstaller
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City for Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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14
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Crapanzano R, Villa I, Mostoni S, D’Arienzo M, Di Credico B, Fasoli M, Scotti R, Vedda A. Morphology Related Defectiveness in ZnO Luminescence: From Bulk to Nano-Size. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10101983. [PMID: 33036427 PMCID: PMC7601266 DOI: 10.3390/nano10101983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This study addresses the relationship between material morphology (size, growth parameters and interfaces) and optical emissions in ZnO through an experimental approach, including the effect of different material dimensions from bulk to nano-size, and different excitations, from optical sources to ionizing radiation. Silica supported ZnO nanoparticles and ligand capped ZnO nanoparticles are synthesized through a sol–gel process and hot injection method, respectively. Their optical properties are investigated by radioluminescence, steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence, and compared to those of commercial micrometric powders and of a bulk single crystal. The Gaussian spectral reconstruction of all emission spectra highlights the occurrence of the same emission bands for all samples, comprising one ultraviolet excitonic peak and four visible defect-related components, whose relative intensities and time dynamics vary with the material parameters and the measurement conditions. The results demonstrate that a wide range of color outputs can be obtained by tuning synthesis conditions and size of pure ZnO nanoparticles, with favorable consequences for the engineering of optical devices based on this material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Crapanzano
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (R.C.); (M.F.); (A.V.)
| | - Irene Villa
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (R.C.); (M.F.); (A.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-6448-5169
| | - Silvia Mostoni
- Department of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (S.M.); (M.D.); (B.D.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Massimiliano D’Arienzo
- Department of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (S.M.); (M.D.); (B.D.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Barbara Di Credico
- Department of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (S.M.); (M.D.); (B.D.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Mauro Fasoli
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (R.C.); (M.F.); (A.V.)
| | - Roberto Scotti
- Department of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (S.M.); (M.D.); (B.D.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Anna Vedda
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (R.C.); (M.F.); (A.V.)
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15
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Dong H, Luo Y, Lin J, Bai J, Chen Y, Zhong B, Jia D. Effects of modified silica on the co‐vulcanization kinetics and mechanical performances of natural rubber/styrene–butadiene rubber blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Dong
- Key Lab of Guangdong for High Property and Functional Polymer MaterialsSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Yuanfang Luo
- Key Lab of Guangdong for High Property and Functional Polymer MaterialsSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Jing Lin
- Key Lab of Guangdong for High Property and Functional Polymer MaterialsSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Jie Bai
- Key Lab of Guangdong for High Property and Functional Polymer MaterialsSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Yongjun Chen
- Key Lab of Guangdong for High Property and Functional Polymer MaterialsSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Bangchao Zhong
- Key Lab of Guangdong for High Property and Functional Polymer MaterialsSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Demin Jia
- Key Lab of Guangdong for High Property and Functional Polymer MaterialsSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
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16
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Zhu K, Pan Y, Wu J, Li K, Guo X, Liu Y, Wang Z, Zhang Y. FUNCTIONALIZED SILICA AS AN ECO-FRIENDLY VULCANIZATION ACCELERATOR TO ENHANCE THE INTERFACIAL INTERACTION IN NR/SILICA COMPOSITES. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.20.80386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Xanthate is a class of non-toxic, rapid, and eco-friendly rubber vulcanization accelerator, but it is seldom used in the rubber industry because of its poor thermostability and ease of decomposition. To overcome these drawbacks, silica supported sodium isobutyl xanthate (silica-s-SIBX) was prepared by chemically bonding SIBX onto the silica surface. After loading, the initial degradation temperature (T0), maximum degradation temperature (Tp), and final decomposition temperature (Tf) of silica-s-SIBX were increased by 85.8, 118.9, and 146.9 °C, respectively. Meanwhile, silica-s-SIBX could not only improve the dispersion of fillers in the rubber but also enhance the interfacial interaction between silica and the rubber matrix. Therefore, it may offer new scientific and technological opportunities for preparation of green additives in the rubber industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaizheng Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yang Pan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jie Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Kuncai Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiwei Guo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhifen Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yucang Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of the Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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17
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Li Y, Wu J, Zhang Q, Dong F, Xiong Y. Novel Architecture of ZnO Nanobundles Grown on Porous Silica as High Performance Vulcanization Accelerators that Reinforce Rubber Composites. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yihang Li
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jiangbing Wu
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qingpo Zhang
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Fuping Dong
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yuzhu Xiong
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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18
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Zinc-Based Curing Activators: New Trends for Reducing Zinc Content in Rubber Vulcanization Process. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9080664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of sulfur vulcanization reaction in rubber industry is generally improved thanks to the combined use of accelerators (as sulphenamides), activators (inorganic oxides), and co-activators (fatty acids). The interaction among these species is responsible for the formation of intermediate metal complexes, which are able to increase the reactivity of sulfur towards the polymer and to promote the chemical cross-links between the rubber chains. The high number of species and reactions that are involved contemporarily in the process hinders the complete understanding of its mechanism despite the long history of vulcanization. In this process, ZnO is considered to be the most efficient and major employed activator and zinc-based complexes that formed during the first steps of the reaction are recognized to play a main role in determining both the kinetic and the nature of the cross-linked products. However, the low affinity of ZnO towards the rubber entails its high consumption (3–5 parts per hundred, phr) to achieve a good distribution in the matrix, leading to a possible zinc leaching in the environment during the life cycle of rubber products (i.e., tires). Thanks to the recent recognition of ZnO ecotoxicity, especially towards the aquatic environment, these aspects gain a critical importance in view of the urgent need to reduce or possibly substitute the ZnO employed in rubber vulcanization. In this review, the reactivity of ZnO as curing activator and its role in the vulcanization mechanism are highlighted and deeply discussed. A complete overview of the recent strategies that have been proposed in the literature to improve the vulcanization efficiency by reducing the amount of zinc that is used in the process is also reported.
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19
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Ikeda Y, Sakaki Y, Yasuda Y, Junkong P, Ohashi T, Miyaji K, Kobayashi H. Roles of Dinuclear Bridging Bidentate Zinc/Stearate Complexes in Sulfur Cross-Linking of Isoprene Rubber. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ikeda
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yuta Sakaki
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yoritaka Yasuda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Preeyanuch Junkong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchthewee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Research Strategy Promotion Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Takumi Ohashi
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kosuke Miyaji
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Kobayashi
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Professor Emeritus, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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20
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Lin J, Hu D, Luo Y, Zhong B, Chen Y, Jia Z, Jia D. Functionalized Halloysite Nanotubes⁻Silica Hybrid for Enhanced Curing and Mechanical Properties of Elastomers. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11050883. [PMID: 31091841 PMCID: PMC6572056 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulcanization and reinforcement are critical factors in governing the ultimate practical applications of elastomer composites. Here we achieved a simultaneous improvement of curing and mechanical properties of elastomer composites by the incorporation of a functionalized halloysite nanotubes–silica hybrid (HS-s-M). Typically, HS-s-M was synthesized by 2-mercapto benzothiazole (M) immobilized on the surface of halloysite nanotubes–silica hybrid (HS). It was found that the HS-s-M uniformly dispersed in the styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) matrix, offering more opportunity for M molecules to communicate with rubber. In addition, the physical loss of accelerator M from migration and volatilization was efficiently suspended. Therefore, SBR/HS-s-M composites showed a lower curing activation energy and a higher crosslinking density than SBR/HS composites. Moreover, a stronger interfacial interaction between HS-s-M and SBR was formed by the cross-linking reaction, giving a positive contribution to the eventual mechanical properties. The possible vulcanization and reinforcement mechanisms of SBR/HS-s-M composites were also analyzed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lin
- Key Lab of Guangdong High Property and Functional Macromolecular Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Dechao Hu
- Key Lab of Guangdong High Property and Functional Macromolecular Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yuanfang Luo
- Key Lab of Guangdong High Property and Functional Macromolecular Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Bangchao Zhong
- Key Lab of Guangdong High Property and Functional Macromolecular Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yongjun Chen
- Key Lab of Guangdong High Property and Functional Macromolecular Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Zhixin Jia
- Key Lab of Guangdong High Property and Functional Macromolecular Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Demin Jia
- Key Lab of Guangdong High Property and Functional Macromolecular Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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21
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Cobani E, Tagliaro I, Geppi M, Giannini L, Leclère P, Martini F, Nguyen TC, Lazzaroni R, Scotti R, Tadiello L, Di Credico B. Hybrid Interface in Sepiolite Rubber Nanocomposites: Role of Self-Assembled Nanostructure in Controlling Dissipative Phenomena. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E486. [PMID: 30934729 PMCID: PMC6523625 DOI: 10.3390/nano9040486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sepiolite (Sep)⁻styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) nanocomposites were prepared by using nano-sized sepiolite (NS-SepS9) fibers, obtained by applying a controlled surface acid treatment, also in the presence of a silane coupling agent (NS-SilSepS9). Sep/SBR nanocomposites were used as a model to study the influence of the modified sepiolite filler on the formation of immobilized rubber at the clay-rubber interface and the role of a self-assembled nanostructure in tuning the mechanical properties. A detailed investigation at the macro and nanoscale of such self-assembled structures was performed in terms of the organization and networking of Sep fibers in the rubber matrix, the nature of both the filler⁻filler and filler⁻rubber interactions, and the impact of these features on the reduced dissipative phenomena. An integrated multi-technique approach, based on dynamic measurements, nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, and morphological investigation, assessed that the macroscopic mechanical properties of clay nanocomposites can be remarkably enhanced by self-assembled filler structures, whose formation can be favored by manipulating the chemistry at the hybrid interfaces between the clay particles and the polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elkid Cobani
- Department of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
| | - Irene Tagliaro
- Department of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
| | - Marco Geppi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | | | - Philippe Leclère
- Service de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Centre d'Innovation et de Recherche en MAtériaux Polymères (CIRMAP), Université de Mons-UMONS, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Francesca Martini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Thai Cuong Nguyen
- Service de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Centre d'Innovation et de Recherche en MAtériaux Polymères (CIRMAP), Université de Mons-UMONS, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Roberto Lazzaroni
- Service de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Centre d'Innovation et de Recherche en MAtériaux Polymères (CIRMAP), Université de Mons-UMONS, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Roberto Scotti
- Department of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
| | | | - Barbara Di Credico
- Department of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
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22
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Effects of two nano-ZnO processing technologies on the properties of rubber. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-018-0871-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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