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Puertas-Bartolomé M, Mora-Boza A, García-Fernández L. Emerging Biofabrication Techniques: A Review on Natural Polymers for Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1209. [PMID: 33918049 PMCID: PMC8069319 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural polymers have been widely used for biomedical applications in recent decades. They offer the advantages of resembling the extracellular matrix of native tissues and retaining biochemical cues and properties necessary to enhance their biocompatibility, so they usually improve the cellular attachment and behavior and avoid immunological reactions. Moreover, they offer a rapid degradability through natural enzymatic or chemical processes. However, natural polymers present poor mechanical strength, which frequently makes the manipulation processes difficult. Recent advances in biofabrication, 3D printing, microfluidics, and cell-electrospinning allow the manufacturing of complex natural polymer matrixes with biophysical and structural properties similar to those of the extracellular matrix. In addition, these techniques offer the possibility of incorporating different cell lines into the fabrication process, a revolutionary strategy broadly explored in recent years to produce cell-laden scaffolds that can better mimic the properties of functional tissues. In this review, the use of 3D printing, microfluidics, and electrospinning approaches has been extensively investigated for the biofabrication of naturally derived polymer scaffolds with encapsulated cells intended for biomedical applications (e.g., cell therapies, bone and dental grafts, cardiovascular or musculoskeletal tissue regeneration, and wound healing).
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Affiliation(s)
- María Puertas-Bartolomé
- INM—Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ana Mora-Boza
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, 2310 IBB Building, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363, USA
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis García-Fernández
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Biomedical Research Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Ma J, Cai H, Long X, Cheng K, Xu X, Zhang D, Li J. Hyaluronic acid bioinspired polymers for the regulation of cell chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:1011-1020. [PMID: 32531368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
As the simplest glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in extracellular matrix, hyaluronic acid (HA) takes part in several important biological processes, such as regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration. In this work, a series of HA-inspired polymers with different saccharide and carboxylate units (HA-analogue polymers) are synthesized by free radical polymerization, and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (NMR), Moreover, cell experiments demonstrate that HA-analogue polymers with a certain proportion of saccharide and carboxylate (PM1G1) units shows a positive effect on the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Furthermore, HA-analogue polymers have prominent cartilage inductive capacity in chondrogenic induction medium (CIM) and brilliant bone inductive capacity in osteogenic induction medium (OIM) toward BMSCs. Therefore, it is confirmed that the HA-analogue polymers can effectively mimic the functions of HA and have broad potential application prospects in the biomedical and clinical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayun Ma
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Huijuan Cai
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiaoling Long
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Kai Cheng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xinyuan Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Dongyue Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Jianshu Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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Puertas-Bartolomé M, Włodarczyk-Biegun MK, del Campo A, Vázquez-Lasa B, San Román J. 3D Printing of a Reactive Hydrogel Bio-Ink Using a Static Mixing Tool. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1986. [PMID: 32878273 PMCID: PMC7564821 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogel-based bio-inks have recently attracted more attention for 3D printing applications in tissue engineering due to their remarkable intrinsic properties, such as a cell supporting environment. However, their usually weak mechanical properties lead to poor printability and low stability of the obtained structures. To obtain good shape fidelity, current approaches based on extrusion printing use high viscosity solutions, which can compromise cell viability. This paper presents a novel bio-printing methodology based on a dual-syringe system with a static mixing tool that allows in situ crosslinking of a two-component hydrogel-based ink in the presence of living cells. The reactive hydrogel system consists of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh) and partially oxidized hyaluronic acid (HAox) that undergo fast self-covalent crosslinking via Schiff base formation. This new approach allows us to use low viscosity solutions since in situ gelation provides the appropriate structural integrity to maintain the printed shape. The proposed bio-ink formulation was optimized to match crosslinking kinetics with the printing process and multi-layered 3D bio-printed scaffolds were successfully obtained. Printed scaffolds showed moderate swelling, good biocompatibility with embedded cells, and were mechanically stable after 14 days of the cell culture. We envision that this straightforward, powerful, and generalizable printing approach can be used for a wide range of materials, growth factors, or cell types, to be employed for soft tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Puertas-Bartolomé
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, ICTP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.-B.); (J.S.R.)
- CIBER’s Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, Health Institute Carlos III, Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Aránzazu del Campo
- INM—Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (M.K.W.-B.); (A.d.C.)
- Chemistry Department, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Blanca Vázquez-Lasa
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, ICTP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.-B.); (J.S.R.)
- CIBER’s Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, Health Institute Carlos III, Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio San Román
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, ICTP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.-B.); (J.S.R.)
- CIBER’s Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, Health Institute Carlos III, Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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4
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Zhu H, Yang H, Ma Y, Lu TJ, Xu F, Genin GM, Lin M. Spatiotemporally Controlled Photoresponsive Hydrogels: Design and Predictive Modeling from Processing through Application. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:2000639. [PMID: 32802013 PMCID: PMC7418561 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Photoresponsive hydrogels (PRHs) are soft materials whose mechanical and chemical properties can be tuned spatially and temporally with relative ease. Both photo-crosslinkable and photodegradable hydrogels find utility in a range of biomedical applications that require tissue-like properties or programmable responses. Progress in engineering with PRHs is facilitated by the development of theoretical tools that enable optimization of their photochemistry, polymer matrices, nanofillers, and architecture. This review brings together models and design principles that enable key applications of PRHs in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and soft robotics, and highlights ongoing challenges in both modeling and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Haiqian Yang
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Yufei Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical StructuresNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing210016P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials and StructuresXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Guy M. Genin
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials ScienceWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMO63130USA
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering MechanobiologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMO63130USA
| | - Min Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
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A Novel Composite Hydrogel Composed of Formic Acid-Decellularized Pepsin-Soluble Extracellular Matrix Hydrogel and Sacchachitin Hydrogel as Wound Dressing to Synergistically Accelerate Diabetic Wound Healing. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060538. [PMID: 32545186 PMCID: PMC7357096 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogel can create a favorable regenerative microenvironment and act as a promising dressing for accelerating the healing of diabetic wound. In this study, a simple and effective decellularization technique was developed and optimized to obtain acellular extracellular matrix (aECM) from porcine skin. It was found that decellularization at 30% formic acid for 72 h effectively decellularized porcine skin while retaining >75% collagen and ~37% GAG in the aECM with no presence of nuclei of cellular remnants. aECM hydrogel was fabricated by digesting aECM with pepsin in various acidic solutions (0.1 N HCl, glycolic acid (GA) and 2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid (PCA)) and then treated with a pH-controlled neutralization and temperature-controlled gelation procedure. Based on physical characterizations, including SDS-PAGE, rheological analysis and SEM analysis, aECMHCl hydrogels fabricated at 25 mg/mL in 0.1 N HCl were selected. Four polymeric ECM-mimic hydrogels, including sacchachitin (SC), hyaluronic acid (HA) and chitosan (CS) and three composite hydrogels of combining SC either with aECMHCl,25 (aECMHCl/SC), HA (HA/SC) or CS (SC/CS) were prepared and evaluated for WS-1 cell viability and wound-healing effectiveness. Cell viability study confirmed that no hydrogel dressings possessed any toxicity at all concentrations examined and ECMHCl, HA and ECMHCl/SC at higher concentrations (>0.05%) induced statistically significant proliferation. Diabetic wound healing study and histological examinations revealed that ECMHCl/SC hydrogel was observed to synergistically accelerate wound healing and ultimately stimulated the growth of hair follicles and sweat glands in the healing wound indicating the wound had healed as functional tissues. The results support the great potential of this newly produced ECMHCl/SC composite hydrogel for healing and regeneration of diabetic wounds.
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García-Fernández L, Olmeda-Lozano M, Benito-Garzón L, Pérez-Caballer A, San Román J, Vázquez-Lasa B. Injectable hydrogel-based drug delivery system for cartilage regeneration. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 110:110702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Zerobin E, Markovic M, Tomášiková Z, Qin X, Ret D, Steinbauer P, Kitzmüller J, Steiger W, Gruber P, Ovsianikov A, Liska R, Baudis S. Hyaluronic acid vinyl esters: A toolbox toward controlling mechanical properties of hydrogels for 3D microfabrication. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Zerobin
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU Wien Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Marica Markovic
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology TU Wien, Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Zuzana Tomášiková
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU Wien Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Xiao‐Hua Qin
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU Wien Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Davide Ret
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU Wien Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Patrick Steinbauer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU Wien Vienna Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Advanced Polymers for Biomaterials and 3D Printing TU Wien, Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Jakob Kitzmüller
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU Wien Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Wolfgang Steiger
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology TU Wien, Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Peter Gruber
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology TU Wien, Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Aleksandr Ovsianikov
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology TU Wien, Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU Wien Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Stefan Baudis
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU Wien Vienna Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Advanced Polymers for Biomaterials and 3D Printing TU Wien, Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
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8
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Li L, Wang Q, Li Z, Guo S, Sun G. Non-Volatile Glycerin Gel Enhanced by Sub-5 nm Particles with Super Elasticity, Recoverability, and High Temperature Resistance. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lefan Li
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education; Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering; University of MacauAvenida da Universidade; Taipa 999078 Macau, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education; Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering; University of MacauAvenida da Universidade; Taipa 999078 Macau, China
| | - Zongjin Li
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education; Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering; University of MacauAvenida da Universidade; Taipa 999078 Macau, China
| | - Siyao Guo
- School of Civil EngineeringQingdao Technological University; Qingdao 266033 China
| | - Guoxing Sun
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education; Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering; University of MacauAvenida da Universidade; Taipa 999078 Macau, China
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Bas O, Catelas I, De-Juan-Pardo EM, Hutmacher DW. The quest for mechanically and biologically functional soft biomaterials via soft network composites. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 132:214-234. [PMID: 30048654 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Developing multifunctional soft biomaterials capable of addressing all the requirements of the complex tissue regeneration process is a multifaceted problem. In order to tackle the current challenges, recent research efforts are increasingly being directed towards biomimetic design concepts that can be translated into soft biomaterials via advanced manufacturing technologies. Among those, soft network composites consisting of a continuous hydrogel matrix and a reinforcing fibrous network closely resemble native soft biological materials in terms of design and composition as well as physicochemical properties. This article reviews soft network composite systems with a particular emphasis on the design, biomaterial and fabrication aspects within the context of soft tissue engineering and drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Bas
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre in Additive Biomanufacturing, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty (SEF), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Isabelle Catelas
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty (SEF), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Elena M De-Juan-Pardo
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre in Additive Biomanufacturing, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty (SEF), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Dietmar W Hutmacher
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre in Additive Biomanufacturing, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty (SEF), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia; Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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Dang X, Chen H, Dai R, Wang Y, Shan Z. Electrochemical-Assisted Synthesis, Spray Granulation and Characterization of Oxidized Corn Starch–Gelatin. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xugang Dang
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hui Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Rui Dai
- Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yajuan Wang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, China
| | - Zhihua Shan
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Puertas-Bartolomé M, Benito-Garzón L, Olmeda-Lozano M. In Situ Cross-Linkable Polymer Systems and Composites for Osteochondral Regeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1058:327-355. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-76711-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Rojo L. Combination of Polymeric Supports and Drug Delivery Systems for Osteochondral Regeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1059:301-313. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-76735-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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