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Ji E, Zhou H, Xu G, Wang X, Wang L, Gao J, Yan J. Insights into heterogeneous surface induced bubble nucleation mechanisms in cellulose reinforced polylactic acid foams. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131659. [PMID: 38641275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
As the most abundant natural homo-polymer, cellulose has the potential to enhance polymer properties reducing the cost of raw materials. In this work, the carboxylate cellulose nanofiber (CNF-C) was selected to modify polylactic acid (PLA) foams, and the density functional theory was constructed to help analyze the foaming mechanism quantitatively. The theoretical results showed that the ordered structure, the carboxyl and the hydroxyl of CNF-C were more conducive to providing much stronger CO2 adsorption for bubble nucleation, where the predicted critical bubble size decreased and the cell density increased with the addition of CNF-C. The experimental results revealed that the CNF-C promoted the rheological properties and crystallization behaviors of PLA samples, the PLA/CNF-C foams were characterized with uniform structures, the average cell size decreased from 21.39 μm to 0.19 μm, and the cell number density increased from 2.65×1010cell/cm3 to 2.30×1014cell/cm3. Those improvements resulted in an increase of 394.0 % for the compressive strength of the prepared foams. Generally, the high-performance PLA/CNF-C foams were fabricated successfully without compromising the properties of bio-based and biodegradable, the foaming mechanism was analyzed combining theoretical results with experimental data, and it was believed to provide a guide for cellulose reinforcing biodegradable polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enle Ji
- College of Science & Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Huanghua, Hebei 061100, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Processing and Application of Polymeric Foams of China National Light Industry Council, School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guohe Xu
- College of Science & Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Huanghua, Hebei 061100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Processing and Application of Polymeric Foams of China National Light Industry Council, School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Linyan Wang
- College of Science & Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Huanghua, Hebei 061100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianping Gao
- College of Science & Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Huanghua, Hebei 061100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jundian Yan
- College of Science & Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Huanghua, Hebei 061100, People's Republic of China
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Probing into the nucleation and reinforcing effects of poly (vinyl acetate) grafted cellulose nanocrystals in melt-processed poly (lactic acid) nanocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123421. [PMID: 36731697 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Blending poly (lactic acid) (PLA) with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) to fabricate nanocomposites is a valuable strategy to improve the properties of PLA without sacrificing its biodegradability. However, the nucleation and reinforcing mechanisms of CNCs for semi-crystalline PLA matrix are still elusive in melt-processed PLA/CNC nanocomposites. Herein, poly (vinyl acetate) (PVAc) chains were grafted onto the surface of CNCs via an efficient radical polymerization in an aqueous medium, making CNCs suitable for conventional melting processing techniques. It is found that the dispersion state of CNCs in the PLA matrix and the interface interaction between PLA and CNCs can be tailored by varying the PVAc grafting density. Further studies show that well-dispersed CNCs play a positive role in reinforcing PLA. But unexpectedly, the nucleation effect is suppressed even though the homogeneous dispersion of CNCs is achieved with higher PVAc grafting density because the rich PVAc chains at the interface dilute the PLA chains, thus hindering the nucleation and spherulite growth of PLA. This research sheds light on the nucleation and reinforcing mechanisms of polymer grafted CNCs, and will provide theoretical guidance for the industrialization of high-performance bio-based nanocomposites.
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Characterization of active and pH-sensitive poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) films containing essential oils and anthocyanin for food packaging application. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 212:220-231. [PMID: 35597382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Active and pH-sensitive films of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) have been fabricated and tested. The PLA and PLA/NFC films with 1.5% NFC were prepared via solvent casting method, with different loadings of essential oil (EO), including thymol and curry, being added at 5, 10, and 15%. The fixed content of anthocyanin powder (1%) was incorporated into the films as a pH indicator. The active PLA and PLA/NFC films were characterised on their physical, mechanical, thermal, and biodegradation properties. The addition of NFC reduced the tensile strength but increased the flexibility of films due to the plasticizing effect of EOs. The PLA/EO and PLA/NFC/EO films containing curry demonstrated a slightly higher strength than the films with thymol. The flexibility of films was increased at higher loading of EO regardless of the types of EO. The thermal profile demonstrated that the neat PLA film had a higher maximum degradation temperature than the active PLA/EO and PLA/NFC/EO films. The active PLA/EO and PLA/NFC/EO films containing anthocyanin successfully changed its colour in pH 2.0 and 14.0. The PLA/NFC films with thymol and anthocyanin formulation could inhibit fungus growth better in the cherry tomato sample than the PLA/NFC films with curry and anthocyanin.
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Recent Advances in Cellulose Nanofibers Preparation through Energy-Efficient Approaches: A Review. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14206792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and their applications have recently gained significant attention due to the attractive and unique combination of their properties including excellent mechanical properties, surface chemistry, biocompatibility, and most importantly, their abundance from sustainable and renewable resources. Although there are some commercial production plants, mostly in developed countries, the optimum CNF production is still restricted due to the expensive initial investment, high mechanical energy demand, and high relevant production cost. This paper discusses the development of the current trend and most applied methods to introduce energy-efficient approaches for the preparation of CNFs. The production of cost-effective CNFs represents a critical step for introducing bio-based materials to industrial markets and provides a platform for the development of novel high value applications. The key factor remains within the process and feedstock optimization of the production conditions to achieve high yields and quality with consistent production aimed at cost effective CNFs from different feedstock.
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Effects of Acid-Anhydride-Modified Cellulose Nanofiber on Poly(Lactic Acid) Composite Films. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030753. [PMID: 33802905 PMCID: PMC8002836 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of the addition of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) fillers on the performance of poly(lactic acid) (PLA). Modification of the hydroxyl group of cellulose to the acyl group by acid anhydrides changed the compatibility of the CNF with PLA. CNF was modified by acetic anhydride, propionic anhydride, and butyric anhydride to form surface-modified acetylated CNF (CNFa), propionylated CNF (CNFp), and butyrylated CNF (CNFb), respectively, to improve the compatibility with the PLA matrix. The effects of the different acid anhydrides were compared based on their rates of reaction in the acylation process. PLA with modified cellulose nanofiber fillers formed smoother surfaces with better transparency, mechanical, and wettability properties compared with the PLA/CNF composite film. The effects of CNFa, CNFp, and CNFb on the PLA matrix were compared, and it was found that CNFp was the best filler for PLA.
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Shazleen SS, Yasim-Anuar TAT, Ibrahim NA, Hassan MA, Ariffin H. Functionality of Cellulose Nanofiber as Bio-Based Nucleating Agent and Nano-Reinforcement Material to Enhance Crystallization and Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid Nanocomposite. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13030389. [PMID: 33513688 PMCID: PMC7866102 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA), a potential alternative material for single use plastics, generally portrays a slow crystallization rate during melt-processing. The use of a nanomaterial such as cellulose nanofibers (CNF) may affect the crystallization rate by acting as a nucleating agent. CNF at a certain wt.% has been evidenced as a good reinforcement material for PLA; nevertheless, there is a lack of information on the correlation between the amount of CNF in PLA that promotes its functionality as reinforcement material, and its effect on PLA nucleation for improving the crystallization rate. This work investigated the nucleation effect of PLA incorporated with CNF at different fiber loading (1-6 wt.%) through an isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization kinetics study using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. Mechanical properties of the PLA/CNF nanocomposites were also investigated. PLA/CNF3 exhibited the highest crystallization onset temperature and enthalpy among all the PLA/CNF nanocomposites. PLA/CNF3 also had the highest crystallinity of 44.2% with an almost 95% increment compared to neat PLA. The highest crystallization rate of 0.716 min-1 was achieved when PLA/CNF3 was isothermally melt crystallized at 100 °C. The crystallization rate was 65-fold higher as compared to the neat PLA (0.011 min-1). At CNF content higher than 3 wt.%, the crystallization rate decreased, suggesting the occurrence of agglomeration at higher CNF loading as evidenced by the FESEM micrographs. In contrast to the tensile properties, the highest tensile strength and Young's modulus were recorded by PLA/CNF4 at 76.1 MPa and 3.3 GPa, respectively. These values were, however, not much different compared to PLA/CNF3 (74.1 MPa and 3.3 GPa), suggesting that CNF at 3 wt.% can be used to improve both the crystallization rate and the mechanical properties. Results obtained from this study revealed the dual function of CNF in PLA nanocomposite, namely as nucleating agent and reinforcement material. Being an organic and biodegradable material, CNF has an increased advantage for use in PLA as compared to non-biodegradable material and is foreseen to enhance the potential use of PLA in single use plastics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Shazra Shazleen
- Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (T.A.T.Y.-A.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Nor Azowa Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Ali Hassan
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (T.A.T.Y.-A.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Hidayah Ariffin
- Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (T.A.T.Y.-A.); (M.A.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Zaaba NF, Jaafar M, Ismail H. Tensile and morphological properties of nanocrystalline cellulose and nanofibrillated cellulose reinforced
PLA
bionanocomposites: A review. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nor Fasihah Zaaba
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Malaysia
| | - Mariatti Jaafar
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Malaysia
| | - Hanafi Ismail
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Malaysia
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Yetiş F, Liu X, Sampson WW, Gong RH. Acetylation of lignin containing microfibrillated cellulose and its reinforcing effect for polylactic acid. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Improved impact strength of poly(lactic acid) by incorporating poly(butylene succinate) and silicon dioxide nanoparticles. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-020-0488-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Moradi M, Karami Moghadam M, Shamsborhan M, Bodaghi M, Falavandi H. Post-Processing of FDM 3D-Printed Polylactic Acid Parts by Laser Beam Cutting. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030550. [PMID: 32138209 PMCID: PMC7182925 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the post-processing of 3D-printed poly lactic acid (PLA) parts is investigated. Workpieces are manufactured by fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing, while they may have defects in some areas such as edges. A post-processing is introduced here for 3D-printed samples by low power CO2 laser. The thickness of the FDM samples are 3.2 mm and printed by optimum conditions. Effects of process parameters such as focal plane position (-3.2-3.2 mm), laser power (20-40 W), and laser cutting speed (1-13 mm/s) are examined based on the design of experiments (DOE). Geometrical features of the kerf; top and bottom kerf; taper; ratio of top to the bottom kerf are considered as output responses. An analysis of the experimental results by statistical software is conducted to survey the effects of process parameters and to obtain regression equations. By optimizing of the laser cutting process; an appropriate kerf quality is obtained and also optimum input parameters are suggested. Experimental verification tests show a good agreement between empirical results and statistical predictions. The best optimum sample with 1.19 mm/s cutting speed, 36.49 W power and 0.53 mm focal plane position shows excellent physical features after the laser cutting process when 276.9 μm top and 261.5 μm bottom kerf width is cut by laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Moradi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Malayer University, Malayer P.O. Box 65719-95863, Iran; (M.M.); (M.K.M.)
- Laser Materials Processing Research Centre, Malayer University, Malayer P.O. Box 65719-95863, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Karami Moghadam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Malayer University, Malayer P.O. Box 65719-95863, Iran; (M.M.); (M.K.M.)
- Laser Materials Processing Research Centre, Malayer University, Malayer P.O. Box 65719-95863, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Shamsborhan
- Department of Engineering, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad P.O. Box 59135-433, Iran;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zakho, Zakho P.O. Box 12, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Mahdi Bodaghi
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-115-84-83470
| | - Hamid Falavandi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Malayer University, Malayer P.O. Box 65719-95863, Iran; (M.M.); (M.K.M.)
- Laser Materials Processing Research Centre, Malayer University, Malayer P.O. Box 65719-95863, Iran
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Kamelnia E, Divsalar A, Darroudi M, Yaghmaei P, Sadri K. Synthesis, 99mTc-radiolabeling, and biodistribution of new cellulose nanocrystals from Dorema kopetdaghens. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 146:299-310. [PMID: 31881307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are known as nano-biomaterials that can be achieved from the different sources. The designated CNCs have been successfully fabricated from the roots of Dorema kopetdaghens (Dk) plant by sulphuric acid hydrolysis method. Structural analysis has been carried out by the means of XRD, FTIR, and TGA/DTG procedures. The XRD results have indicated that the crystalline structure of CNCs had been cellulose I with the crystallinity index of 83.20% and size of 4.95 nm. The FTIR spectra have shown that the resulting samples have been related to the cellulose species. The thermal properties of CNCs have exhibited a lower thermal stability in comparison to the untreated roots. It has been indicated by the morphological analyses of FESEM, TEM, and AFM that the nanoparticles had contained a spherical shape. Also, the cytotoxicity of CNCs against A549 cell line has not exhibited any cytotoxic effects. The analysis of labeling efficiency in regards to 99mTc-CNCs has been observed to be above 98%, while the biodistribution of radioactivity has displayed a high uptake by the kidneys and blood circulation. Therefore, it is possible to transform the low-cost by-product into a beneficial substance such as CNCs that can be utilized in bioimaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Kamelnia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adeleh Divsalar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Darroudi
- Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Parichehr Yaghmaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kayvan Sadri
- Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Jin XZ, Yu X, Yang C, Qi XD, Lei YZ, Wang Y. Crystallization and hydrolytic degradation behaviors of poly(l-lactide) induced by carbon nanofibers with different surface modifications. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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