1
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Smook LA, de Beer S. Electrical Chain Rearrangement: What Happens When Polymers in Brushes Have a Charge Gradient? LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:4142-4151. [PMID: 38355408 PMCID: PMC10906002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Under the influence of electric fields, the chains in polyelectrolyte brushes can stretch and collapse, which changes the structure of the brush. Copolymer brushes with charged and uncharged monomers display a similar behavior. For pure polyelectrolyte and random copolymer brushes, the field-induced structure changes only the density of the brush and not its local composition, while the latter could be affected if charges are distributed inhomogeneously along the polymer backbone. Therefore, we systematically study the switching behavior of gradient polyelectrolyte brushes in electric fields for different solvent qualities, grafting densities, and charges per chain via coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. Similar to random copolymers and pure polyelectrolytes, these brushes show a mixed-phase transition: intermediate states between fully stretched and collapsed are characterized by a bimodal chain-end distribution. Additionally, we find that the total charge of the brush plays a key role in the critical field required for a complete transition. Finally, we find that gradient polyelectrolyte brushes are charge-enriched at the brush-solvent interface under stretched conditions and charge-depleted under collapsed conditions, allowing for control over the local composition and thus the surface charge of the brush due to the inhomogeneous charge along the grafted chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon A. Smook
- Department of Molecules and Materials,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Department of Molecules and Materials,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
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2
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Yin R, Zhao Y, Jeong J, Tarnsangpradit J, Liu T, An SY, Zhai Y, Hu X, Bockstaller MR, Matyjaszewski K. Composition-Orientation Induced Mechanical Synergy in Nanoparticle Brushes with Grafted Gradient Copolymers. Macromolecules 2023; 56:9626-9635. [PMID: 38105929 PMCID: PMC10720466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c01799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Gradient poly(methyl methacrylate/n-butyl acrylate) copolymers, P(MMA/BA), with various compositional ratios, were grafted from surface-modified silica nanoparticles (SiO2-g-PMMA-grad-PBA) via complete conversion surface-initiated activator regenerated by electron transfer (SI-ARGET) atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Miniemulsion as the reaction medium effectively confined the interparticle brush coupling within micellar compartments, preventing macroscopic gelation and enabling complete conversion. Isolation of dispersed and gelled fractions revealed dispersed particle brushes to feature a higher Young's modulus, toughness, and ultimate strain compared with those of the "gel" counterparts. Upon purification, brush nanoparticles from the dispersed phase formed uniform microstructures. Uniaxial tension testing revealed a "mechanical synergy" for copolymers with MMA/BA = 3:2 molar ratio to concurrently exhibit higher toughness and stiffness. When compared with linear analogues of similar composition, the brush nanoparticles with gradient copolymers had better mechanical properties, attributed to the synergistic effects of the combination of composition and propagation orientation, highlighting the significance of architectural design for tethered brush layers of such hybrid materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongguan Yin
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yuqi Zhao
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, 5000
Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jaepil Jeong
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jirameth Tarnsangpradit
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, 5000
Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Tong Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - So Young An
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yue Zhai
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, 5000
Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Xiaolei Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Michael R. Bockstaller
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, 5000
Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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3
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Porwal MK, Ellison CJ, Reineke TM. Biobased Copolymers via Cationic Ring-Opening Copolymerization of Levoglucosan Derivatives and ε-Caprolactone. ACS Macro Lett 2023:935-942. [PMID: 37379686 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous ring-opening copolymerization is a powerful strategy for the synthesis of highly functional copolymers from different types of cyclic monomers. Although copolymers are essential to the plastics industry, environmental concerns associated with current fossil-fuel-based synthetic polymers have led to an increasing interest in the use of renewable feedstock for polymer synthesis. Herein, we report a scalable synthetic platform to afford unique polysaccharides with different pendant functional groups from biomass-derived levoglucosan and ε-caprolactone via cationic ring-opening copolymerization (cROCOP). Biocompatible and recyclable bismuth triflate was identified as the optimal catalyst for cROCOP of levoglucosan. Copolymers from tribenzyl levoglucosan and ε-caprolactone, as well as from tribenzyl and triallyl levoglucosan, were successfully synthesized. The tribenzyl levoglucosan monomer composition ranged from 16% to 64% in the copolymers with ε-caprolactone and 22% to 79% in the copolymers with triallyl levoglucosan. The allylic levoglucosan copolymer can be utilized as a renewably derived scaffold to modify copolymer properties and create other polymer architectures via postpolymerization modification. Monomer reactivity ratios were determined to investigate the copolymer microstructure, indicating that levoglucosan-based copolymers have a gradient architecture. Additionally, we demonstrated that the copolymer glass transition temperature (Tg, ranging from -44.3 to 33.8 °C), thermal stability, and crystallization behavior could be tuned based on the copolymer composition. Overall, this work underscores the utility of levoglucosan as a bioderived feedstock for the development of functional sugar-based copolymers with applications ranging from sustainable materials to biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri K Porwal
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher J Ellison
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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4
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Gavrilov AA, Potemkin II. Copolymers with Nonblocky Sequences as Novel Materials with Finely Tuned Properties. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:1479-1489. [PMID: 36790352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c07689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The copolymer sequence can be considered as a new tool to shape the resulting system properties on demand. This perspective is devoted to copolymers with "partially segregated" (or nonblocky) sequences. Such copolymers include gradient copolymers and copolymers with random sequences as well as copolymers with precisely controlled sequences. We overview recent developments in the synthesis of these systems as well as new findings regarding their properties, in particular, self-assembly in solutions and in melts. An emphasis is put on how the microscopic behavior of polymer chains is influenced by the chain sequences. In addition to that, a novel class of approaches allowing one to efficiently tackle the problem of copolymer chain sequence design─data driven methods (artificial intelligence and machine learning)─is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Gavrilov
- Physics Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.,Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Igor I Potemkin
- Physics Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
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5
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Smook LA, de Beer S. Electrostatic Fields Stimulate Absorption of Small Neutral Molecules in Gradient Polyelectrolyte Brushes. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202300003. [PMID: 36811215 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Molecules can partition from a solution into a polymer coating, leading to a local enrichment. If one can control this enrichment via external stimuli, one can implement such coatings in novel separation technologies. Unfortunately, these coatings are often resource intensive as they require stimuli in the form changes of bulk solvent conditions such as acidity, temperature, or ionic strength. Electrically driven separation technology may provide an appealing alternative, as this will allow local, surface-bound stimuli instead of system-wide bulk stimuli to induce responsiveness. Therefore, we investigate via coarse grained molecular dynamics simulations the possibility of using coatings with charged moieties, specifically gradient polyelectrolyte brushes, to control the enrichment of the neutral target molecules near the surface with applied electric fields. We find that targets which interact more strongly with the brush show both more absorption and a larger modulation by electric fields. For the strongest interactions evaluated in this work, we obtained absorption changes of over 300 % between the collapsed and extended state of the coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon A Smook
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
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6
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Synthesis of Superhydrophilic Gradient-Like Copolymers: Kinetics of the RAFT Copolymerization of Methacryloyloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine with PEO Methacrylate. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Datta S, Huntošová V, Jutková A, Seliga R, Kronek J, Tomkova A, Lenkavská L, Máčajová M, Bilčík B, Kundeková B, Čavarga I, Pavlova E, Šlouf M, Miškovský P, Jancura D. Influence of Hydrophobic Side-Chain Length in Amphiphilic Gradient Copoly(2-oxazoline)s on the Therapeutics Loading, Stability, Cellular Uptake and Pharmacokinetics of Nano-Formulation with Curcumin. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122576. [PMID: 36559069 PMCID: PMC9781838 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the simple one-step preparation method and a promising application in biomedical research, amphiphilic gradient copoly(2-oxazoline)s are gaining more and more interest compared to their analogous block copolymers. In this work, the curcumin solubilization ability was tested for a series of amphiphilic gradient copoly(2-oxazoline)s with different lengths of hydrophobic side-chains, consisting of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline as a hydrophilic monomer and 2-(4-alkyloxyphenyl)-2-oxazoline as a hydrophobic monomer. It is shown that the length of the hydrophobic side-chain in the copolymers plays a crucial role in the loading of curcumin onto the self-assembled nanoparticles. The kinetic stability of self-assembled nanoparticles studied using FRET shows a link between their integrity and cellular uptake in human glioblastoma cells. The present study demonstrates how minor changes in the molecular structure of gradient copoly(2-oxazoline)s can lead to significant differences in the loading, stability, cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, and pharmacokinetics of nano-formulations containing curcumin. The obtained results on the behavior of the complex of gradient copoly(2-oxazoline)s and curcumin may contribute to the development of effective next-generation polymeric nanostructures for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhashis Datta
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P. J. Safarik University in Košice, Jesenna 5, 04154 Košice, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (S.D.); (V.H.)
| | - Veronika Huntošová
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P. J. Safarik University in Košice, Jesenna 5, 04154 Košice, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (S.D.); (V.H.)
| | - Annamária Jutková
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University in Košice, Jesenna 5, 04154 Košice, Slovakia
- SAFTRA Photonics s.r.o., Moldavska Cesta 51, 04011 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Róbert Seliga
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P. J. Safarik University in Košice, Jesenna 5, 04154 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Kronek
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Adriána Tomkova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University in Košice, Jesenna 5, 04154 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Lenkavská
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University in Košice, Jesenna 5, 04154 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Mariana Máčajová
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Bilčík
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbora Kundeková
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Čavarga
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ewa Pavlova
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovskeho Nam. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Šlouf
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovskeho Nam. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavol Miškovský
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P. J. Safarik University in Košice, Jesenna 5, 04154 Košice, Slovakia
- SAFTRA Photonics s.r.o., Moldavska Cesta 51, 04011 Košice, Slovakia
- Cassovia New Industry Cluster, Tr. SNP 1, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Daniel Jancura
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University in Košice, Jesenna 5, 04154 Košice, Slovakia
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8
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Chernikova EV, Mineeva KO. Reversible Deactivation Radical Copolymerization: Synthesis of Copolymers with Controlled Unit Sequence. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES C 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1811238222200024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Fang X, Shi Y, Yan C, Wang H, Hui J. Polycarboxylate ether superplasticizer with gradient structure: excellent dispersion capability and sulfate resistance. Colloid Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-022-04994-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Zheng C. Unexpected toroidal micelles formed from St/MMA gradient copolymers. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:5706-5713. [PMID: 35876330 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00619g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Toroidal micelles are of great interest and rarely observed in gradient copolymer systems. Herein, we report massive toroidal micelles formed from styrene (St)/methyl methacrylate (MMA) gradient copolymers using a common solvent mixing method followed by a cooling-heating procedure. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the obtained toroidal morphology is sensitively dependent on a heat treatment procedure. Solely spherical micelles are obtained by a common solvent mixing method. These spherical micelles could be transformed into toroidal micelles via vesicles during a cooling-heating process. When a reverse heating-cooling process is adopted, no toroidal micelles formed. Thus, these results add new members to the family of toroidal micelles and reveal pathway dominating morphologies in gradient copolymer micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, P. R. China.
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11
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Zdovc B, Li H, Zhao J, Pahovnik D, Žagar E. Influence of Microstructure on the Elution Behavior of Gradient Copolymers in Different Modes of Liquid Interaction Chromatography. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7844-7852. [PMID: 35604324 PMCID: PMC9178556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We studied the influence of microstructure on the chromatographic behavior of gradient copolymers with different gradient strengths and block copolymer with completely segregated blocks by using gradient liquid adsorption chromatography (gLAC) and liquid chromatography at critical conditions (LCCC) for one of the copolymer constituents. The copolymers consist of repeating units of poly(propylene oxide) and poly(propylene phthalate) and have comparable average chemical composition and molar mass, and a narrow molar mass distribution to avoid as much as possible the influence of these parameters on the elution behavior of the copolymers. On both reversed stationary phases, the elution volume of gradient copolymers increases with the increasing strength of the gradient. The results indicate that for both modes of liquid interaction chromatography, it is important to consider the effect of microstructure on the elution behavior of the gradient copolymers in addition to the copolymer chemical composition and molar mass in the case of gLAC and the length of the chromatographically visible copolymer constituent in the case of LCCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaž Zdovc
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Heng Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Junpeng Zhao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - David Pahovnik
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
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12
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Precision Polymer Synthesis by Controlled Radical Polymerization: Fusing the progress from Polymer Chemistry and Reaction Engineering. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Daniels GC, Hinnant KM, Brown LC, Weise NK, Aukerman MC, Giordano BC. Copolymer Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Synthesis of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Functionalized with Hydrophobic Acrylates: A Study of Surface and Foam Properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:4547-4554. [PMID: 35384673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of amphiphilic statistical copolymers involving poly(ethylene glycol) monomethacrylate (PEGMA, -OH terminated, average Mn 200 molecular weight) and various hydrophobic acrylates were synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The gradient copolymers were characterized by gel-permeation chromatography (GPC), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR). Solution properties of the copolymers were investigated utilizing surface tension measurement, dynamic light-scattering (DLS), as well as foam analysis using a dynamic foam analyzer (DFA). The PEG-functionalized copolymers showed a systematic trend depending on the hydrophobic moiety in properties including surface tension, critical micelle concentration (CMC), foam lifetime, and liquid drainage from the foam. Copolymers with alkyl-acrylates exhibited the best foam lifetime, demonstrating that the choice of hydrophobic moiety is crucial for foam stability. The PEG-functionalized materials described are considered promising additives for foam-stability purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant C Daniels
- Chemistry Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Katherine M Hinnant
- Chemistry Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Loren C Brown
- Chemistry Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- ASEE Post-Doctoral Fellow, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Nickolaus K Weise
- Chemistry Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Mark C Aukerman
- Chemistry Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Braden C Giordano
- Chemistry Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
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14
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Sedlacek O, Bardoula V, Vuorimaa-Laukkanen E, Gedda L, Edwards K, Radulescu A, Mun GA, Guo Y, Zhou J, Zhang H, Nardello-Rataj V, Filippov S, Hoogenboom R. Influence of Chain Length of Gradient and Block Copoly(2-oxazoline)s on Self-Assembly and Drug Encapsulation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106251. [PMID: 35212458 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic gradient copolymers represent a promising alternative to extensively used block copolymers due to their facile one-step synthesis by statistical copolymerization of monomers of different reactivity. Herein, an in-depth analysis is provided of micelles based on amphiphilic gradient poly(2-oxazoline)s with different chain lengths to evaluate their potential for micellar drug delivery systems and compare them to the analogous diblock copolymer micelles. Size, morphology, and stability of self-assembled nanoparticles, loading of hydrophobic drug curcumin, as well as cytotoxicities of the prepared nanoformulations are examined using copoly(2-oxazoline)s with varying chain lengths and comonomer ratios. In addition to several interesting differences between the two copolymer architecture classes, such as more compact self-assembled structures with faster exchange dynamics for the gradient copolymers, it is concluded that gradient copolymers provide stable curcumin nanoformulations with comparable drug loadings to block copolymer systems and benefit from more straightforward copolymer synthesis. The study demonstrates the potential of amphiphilic gradient copolymers as a versatile platform for the synthesis of new polymer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Sedlacek
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova, 2030, Prague 2, 128 40, Czech Republic
| | - Valentin Bardoula
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
- Centrale Lille, Université de Lille, CNRS, Université Artois, UMR 8181-UCCS-Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, Lille, F-59000, France
| | | | - Lars Gedda
- Department of Chemistry -Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katarina Edwards
- Department of Chemistry -Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aurel Radulescu
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Grigoriy A Mun
- Department of Chemistry & Technology of Organic Materials, Polymers and Natural Compounds, al Faraby Kazakh National University, 71, al-Faraby av., Almaty, 050040, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Yong Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of National Health & Family Planning Commission for Male Reproductive Health, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, 100081, China
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory and Turku Bioscience Center, of Åbo Akademi University and Turku Bioscience, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Junnian Zhou
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory and Turku Bioscience Center, of Åbo Akademi University and Turku Bioscience, Turku, 20520, Finland
- Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry Lab, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory and Turku Bioscience Center, of Åbo Akademi University and Turku Bioscience, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Véronique Nardello-Rataj
- Centrale Lille, Université de Lille, CNRS, Université Artois, UMR 8181-UCCS-Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Sergey Filippov
- Department of Chemistry & Technology of Organic Materials, Polymers and Natural Compounds, al Faraby Kazakh National University, 71, al-Faraby av., Almaty, 050040, Republic of Kazakhstan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6DX, UK
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
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15
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Hernández Becerra E, Quinchia J, Castro C, Orozco J. Light-Triggered Polymersome-Based Anticancer Therapeutics Delivery. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12050836. [PMID: 35269324 PMCID: PMC8912464 DOI: 10.3390/nano12050836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Polymersomes are biomimetic cell membrane-like model structures that are self-assembled stepwise from amphiphilic copolymers. These polymeric (nano)carriers have gained the scientific community’s attention due to their biocompatibility, versatility, and higher stability than liposomes. Their tunable properties, such as composition, size, shape, and surface functional groups, extend encapsulation possibilities to either hydrophilic or hydrophobic cargoes (or both) and their site-specific delivery. Besides, polymersomes can disassemble in response to different stimuli, including light, for controlling the “on-demand” release of cargo that may also respond to light as photosensitizers and plasmonic nanostructures. Thus, polymersomes can be spatiotemporally stimulated by light of a wide wavelength range, whose exogenous response may activate light-stimulable moieties, enhance the drug efficacy, decrease side effects, and, thus, be broadly employed in photoinduced therapy. This review describes current light-responsive polymersomes evaluated for anticancer therapy. It includes light-activable moieties’ features and polymersomes’ composition and release behavior, focusing on recent advances and applications in cancer therapy, current trends, and photosensitive polymersomes’ perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Hernández Becerra
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Antioquia, Complejo Ruta N, Calle 67 No. 52-20, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (E.H.B.); (J.Q.)
| | - Jennifer Quinchia
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Antioquia, Complejo Ruta N, Calle 67 No. 52-20, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (E.H.B.); (J.Q.)
| | - Cristina Castro
- Engineering School, Pontificia Bolivariana University, Bloque 11, Cq. 1 No. 70-01, Medellín 050004, Colombia;
| | - Jahir Orozco
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Antioquia, Complejo Ruta N, Calle 67 No. 52-20, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (E.H.B.); (J.Q.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Alshehri IH, Pahovnik D, Žagar E, Shipp DA. Stepwise Gradient Copolymers of n-Butyl Acrylate and Isobornyl Acrylate by Emulsion RAFT Copolymerizations. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ishah H. Alshehri
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, and Center for Advanced Materials Processing, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5665, United States
| | - David Pahovnik
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Devon A. Shipp
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, and Center for Advanced Materials Processing, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5665, United States
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17
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Cassin SR, Flynn S, Chambon P, Rannard SP. Accessing new and scalable high molecular weight branched copolymer structures using transfer-dominated branching radical telomerisation (TBRT). Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00174h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Three new synthesis strategies for branched statistical copolymers containing analogues of step-growth backbones are shown using free radical chemistries and transfer-dominated branching radical polymerisation (TBRT) conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah R. Cassin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD, UK
- Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Sean Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD, UK
- Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Pierre Chambon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD, UK
- Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Steve P. Rannard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD, UK
- Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD, UK
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18
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Ma Q, Zhang X, Jiang Y, Lin J, Graff B, Hu S, Lalevée J, Liao S. Organocatalytic PET-RAFT polymerization with a low ppm of organic photocatalyst under visible light. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01431e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of light-mediated controlled radical polymerization has benefited from the discovery of novel photocatalysts, which could allow precise light control over the polymerization process and the production of well-defined polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
| | - Xun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Junqiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Bernadette Graff
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Siping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Saihu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Beijing 100190, China
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19
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Aldeghi M, Coley CW. A graph representation of molecular ensembles for polymer property prediction. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10486-10498. [PMID: 36277616 PMCID: PMC9473492 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02839e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic polymers are versatile and widely used materials. Similar to small organic molecules, a large chemical space of such materials is hypothetically accessible. Computational property prediction and virtual screening can accelerate polymer design by prioritizing candidates expected to have favorable properties. However, in contrast to organic molecules, polymers are often not well-defined single structures but an ensemble of similar molecules, which poses unique challenges to traditional chemical representations and machine learning approaches. Here, we introduce a graph representation of molecular ensembles and an associated graph neural network architecture that is tailored to polymer property prediction. We demonstrate that this approach captures critical features of polymeric materials, like chain architecture, monomer stoichiometry, and degree of polymerization, and achieves superior accuracy to off-the-shelf cheminformatics methodologies. While doing so, we built a dataset of simulated electron affinity and ionization potential values for >40k polymers with varying monomer composition, stoichiometry, and chain architecture, which may be used in the development of other tailored machine learning approaches. The dataset and machine learning models presented in this work pave the path toward new classes of algorithms for polymer informatics and, more broadly, introduce a framework for the modeling of molecular ensembles. A graph representation that captures critical features of polymeric materials and an associated graph neural network achieve superior accuracy to off-the-shelf cheminformatics methodologies.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Aldeghi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Connor W. Coley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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20
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Zhang Y, Tang Y, Zhang J, Harrisson S. Amphiphilic Asymmetric Diblock Copolymer with pH-Responsive Fluorescent Properties. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1346-1352. [PMID: 35549021 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive polymers with changeable fluorescent properties have numerous applications in sensing, bioimaging, and detection. Here we describe the facile synthesis of a pH-responsive amphiphilic asymmetric diblock copolymer of acrylic acid and butyl acrylate that incorporates a polarity-sensitive fluorophore. The asymmetric structure enhances the stimuli-responsive behavior: as the environmental pH decreases, the fluorescent intensity of the asymmetric diblock copolymer gradually increases, whereas its symmetric block counterpart shows limited and stepwise change. Besides, this remarkable difference was demonstrated to be concentration-independent, as similar emission behavior was found for both polymers at lower concentrations. These results indicate that the fluorescence properties of the copolymer can be adjusted by rationally designing the copolymer structure. This work provides a novel and general strategy for the design and synthesis of polymeric materials with encapsulated structures showing stimuli-responsive fluorescent properties to be applied as fluorescent probes with a smoothly varying response curve rather than the simple on-off switch that is typical of block copolymer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyao Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yusheng Tang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Simon Harrisson
- LCPO UMR 5629, Université Bordeaux/CNRS/Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, de Biologie and de Physique, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yves Gnanou
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaoshuang Feng
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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22
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Playing construction with the monomer toy box for the synthesis of multi‐stimuli responsive copolymers by reversible deactivation radical polymerization protocols. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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23
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Loukotová L, Švec P, Groborz O, Heizer T, Beneš H, Raabová H, Bělinová T, Herynek V, Hrubý M. Direct Comparison of Analogous Amphiphilic Gradient and Block Polyoxazolines. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Loukotová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Heyrovsky sq. 2, Prague 162 00, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Švec
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Heyrovsky sq. 2, Prague 162 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, Prague 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Groborz
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Heyrovsky sq. 2, Prague 162 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, Prague 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Heizer
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Imaging, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Salmovska 3, Prague 120 00, Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Beneš
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Heyrovsky sq. 2, Prague 162 00, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Raabová
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility of the Microscopy Centre, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Bělinová
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, alej Svobody 1655/76, Pilsen 323 00, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Herynek
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Imaging, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Salmovska 3, Prague 120 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hrubý
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Heyrovsky sq. 2, Prague 162 00, Czech Republic
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24
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Rivera-Gálvez FJ, López-Manchado MÁ, González-Ortiz LJ, Jasso-Gastinel CF. Interrelationship between feeding profiles and chains composition-morphology-mechanical properties for forced composition copolymers synthesized by redox initiation. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Zaremski MY, Kozhunova EY, Abramchuk SS, Glavatskaya ME, Chertovich AV. Polymerization-induced phase separation in gradient copolymers. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Zahoranová A, Luxenhofer R. Poly(2-oxazoline)- and Poly(2-oxazine)-Based Self-Assemblies, Polyplexes, and Drug Nanoformulations-An Update. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001382. [PMID: 33448122 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
For many decades, poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s, two closely related families of polymers, have led the life of a rather obscure research topic with only a few research groups world-wide working with them. This has changed in the last five to ten years, presumably triggered significantly by very promising clinical trials of the first poly(2-oxazoline)-based drug conjugate. The huge chemical and structural toolbox poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s has been extended very significantly in the last few years, but their potential still remains largely untapped. Here, specifically, the developments in macromolecular self-assemblies and non-covalent drug delivery systems such as polyplexes and drug nanoformulations based on poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s are reviewed. This highly dynamic field benefits particularly from the extensive synthetic toolbox poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s offer and also may have the largest potential for a further development. It is expected that the research dynamics will remain high in the next few years, particularly as more about the safety and therapeutic potential of poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s is learned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zahoranová
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Vienna University of Technology Getreidemarkt 9/163MC Vienna 1060 Austria
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer Materials Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis Institute for Functional Materials and Biofabrication Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität Würzburg Röntgenring 11 Würzburg 97070 Germany
- Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Chemistry Helsinki University Helsinki 00014 Finland
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27
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Beránek P, Posocco P, Posel Z. Phase Behavior of Gradient Copolymer Melts with Different Gradient Strengths Revealed by Mesoscale Simulations. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2462. [PMID: 33114271 PMCID: PMC7690882 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Design and preparation of functional nanomaterials with specific properties requires precise control over their microscopic structure. A prototypical example is the self-assembly of diblock copolymers, which generate highly ordered structures controlled by three parameters: the chemical incompatibility between blocks, block size ratio and chain length. Recent advances in polymer synthesis have allowed for the preparation of gradient copolymers with controlled sequence chemistry, thus providing additional parameters to tailor their assembly. These are polydisperse monomer sequence, block size distribution and gradient strength. Here, we employ dissipative particle dynamics to describe the self-assembly of gradient copolymer melts with strong, intermediate, and weak gradient strength and compare their phase behavior to that of corresponding diblock copolymers. Gradient melts behave similarly when copolymers with a strong gradient are considered. Decreasing the gradient strength leads to the widening of the gyroid phase window, at the expense of cylindrical domains, and a remarkable extension of the lamellar phase. Finally, we show that weak gradient strength enhances chain packing in gyroid structures much more than in lamellar and cylindrical morphologies. Importantly, this work also provides a link between gradient copolymers morphology and parameters such as chemical incompatibility, chain length and monomer sequence as support for the rational design of these nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Beránek
- Department of Informatics, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, 40096 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic;
| | - Paola Posocco
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Zbyšek Posel
- Department of Informatics, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, 40096 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic;
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
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28
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Tran TV, Karas LJ, Wu JI, Do LH. Elucidating Secondary Metal Cation Effects on Nickel Olefin Polymerization Catalysts. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thi V. Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Lucas J. Karas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Judy I. Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Loi H. Do
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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29
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Polymerization with Borane Chemistry. Tributylborane/p-Quinone System as a New Method of Reversible-Deactivation Radical Copolymerization for Styrene and Methyl Acrylate. Macromol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-020-8111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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30
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Sedlacek O, Hoogenboom R. Drug Delivery Systems Based on Poly(2‐Oxazoline)s and Poly(2‐Oxazine)s. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Sedlacek
- Supramolecular Chemistry GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent University Krijgslaan 281 S4 B‐9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent University Krijgslaan 281 S4 B‐9000 Ghent Belgium
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31
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Gleede T, Markwart JC, Huber N, Rieger E, Wurm FR. Competitive Copolymerization: Access to Aziridine Copolymers with Adjustable Gradient Strengths. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tassilo Gleede
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung (MPI-P), Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens C. Markwart
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung (MPI-P), Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Niklas Huber
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung (MPI-P), Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Rieger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung (MPI-P), Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung (MPI-P), Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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