1
|
Bakirov A, Kopishev E, Kadyrzhan K, Donbaeva E, Zhaxybayeva A, Duisembiyev M, Suyundikova F, Suleimenov I. The Method of Direct and Reverse Phase Portraits as a Tool for Systematizing the Results of Studies of Phase Transitions in Solutions of Thermosensitive Polymers. Gels 2024; 10:395. [PMID: 38920941 PMCID: PMC11203281 DOI: 10.3390/gels10060395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
It is shown that a more than significant amount of experimental data obtained in the field of studying systems based on thermosensitive hydrophilic polymers and reflected in the literature over the past decades makes the issue of their systematization and classification relevant. This, in turn, makes relevant the question of choosing the appropriate classification criteria. It is shown that the basic classification feature can be the number of phase transition stages, which can vary from one to four or more depending on the nature of the temperature-sensitive system. In this work, the method of inverse phase portraits is proposed for the first time. It was intended, among other things, to identify the number of phase transition stages. Moreover, the accuracy of this method significantly exceeds the accuracy of the previously used method of direct phase portraits since, for the first time, the operation of numerical differentiation is replaced by the operation of numerical integration. A specific example of the application of the proposed method for the analysis of a previously studied temperature-sensitive system is presented. It is shown that this method also allows for a quantitative comparison between the results obtained by the differential calorimetry method and the turbidimetry method. Issues related to increasing the resolution of the method of direct phase portraits are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akhat Bakirov
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Organic Substances, Natural Compounds and Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
- Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Institute of Communications and Space Engineering, Gumarbek Daukeev Almaty University of Power Engineering and Communications, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
| | - Eldar Kopishev
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (E.D.); (A.Z.); (M.D.); (F.S.)
| | - Kaisarali Kadyrzhan
- Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Institute of Communications and Space Engineering, Gumarbek Daukeev Almaty University of Power Engineering and Communications, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
| | - Elvira Donbaeva
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (E.D.); (A.Z.); (M.D.); (F.S.)
| | - Aigerim Zhaxybayeva
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (E.D.); (A.Z.); (M.D.); (F.S.)
| | - Marat Duisembiyev
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (E.D.); (A.Z.); (M.D.); (F.S.)
| | - Faiziya Suyundikova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (E.D.); (A.Z.); (M.D.); (F.S.)
| | - Ibragim Suleimenov
- National Engineering Academy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rheology Applied to Microgels: Brief (Revision of the) State of the Art. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071279. [PMID: 35406152 PMCID: PMC9003433 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of polymer microgels to rapidly respond to external stimuli is of great interest in sensors, lubricants, and biomedical applications, among others. In most of their uses, microgels are subjected to shear, deformation, and compression forces or a combination of them, leading to variations in their rheological properties. This review article mainly refers to the rheology of microgels, from the hard sphere versus soft particles' model. It clearly describes the scaling theories and fractal structure formation, in particular, the Shih et al. and Wu and Morbidelli models as a tool to determine the interactions among microgel particles and, thus, the viscoelastic properties. Additionally, the most recent advances on the characterization of microgels' single-particle interactions are also described. The review starts with the definition of microgels, and a brief introduction addresses the preparation and applications of microgels and hybrid microgels.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kohestanian M, Pourjavadi A, Keshavarzi N. Facile and tunable method for polymeric surface modification of magnetic nanoparticles via RAFT polymerization: preparation, characterization, and drug release properties. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
4
|
Yang Z, Dai Y, Zhang F, Zhang Y, Zheng H, Zhang P, Zhou C. Synthesis of a hydrosoluble reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer agent and application in the preparation of micro/nano‐polyacrylamide gel dispersions. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziteng Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chongqing University of Science & Technology Chongqing China
| | - Yaxing Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chongqing University of Science & Technology Chongqing China
| | - Fengrunze Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chongqing University of Science & Technology Chongqing China
| | - Yixi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chongqing University of Science & Technology Chongqing China
| | - Hongmei Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chongqing University of Science & Technology Chongqing China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chongqing University of Science & Technology Chongqing China
| | - Chengyu Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chongqing University of Science & Technology Chongqing China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ganguly R, Saha P, Banerjee SL, Pich A, Singha NK. Stimuli-Responsive Block Copolymer Micelles Based on Mussel-Inspired Metal-Coordinated Supramolecular Networks. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100312. [PMID: 34347312 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic diblock copolymers containing dopamine and zwitterions are synthesized via the RAFT polymerization method, which undergo temperature-mediated micellization in aqueous media. The presence of catechol moiety in dopamine is exploited to form pH-responsive cross-links with ferric ions (Fe3+ ) at different pH value. Herein, a comprehensive study of the effect of pH as well as temperature on the size and solution behavior of these cross-linked micelles is presented. These micelles cross-linked via metal-catechol coordination bonds can have several important biomedical applications such as degradable scaffolds for payload delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ritabrata Ganguly
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Pabitra Saha
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, 52074, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Germany
| | - Sovan Lal Banerjee
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, 52074, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Germany.,Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, 6167, The Netherlands
| | - Nikhil K Singha
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, 721302, India.,School of Nanosciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, 721302, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Saha P, Ganguly R, Li X, Das R, Singha NK, Pich A. Zwitterionic Nanogels and Microgels: An Overview on Their Synthesis and Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100112. [PMID: 34021658 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Zwitterionic polymers by virtue of their unique chemical and physical attributes have attracted researchers in recent years. The simultaneous presence of positive and negative charges in the same repeat unit renders them of various interesting properties such as superhydrophilicity, which has significantly broadened their scope for being used in different applications. Among polyzwitterions of different architectures, micro- and/or nano-gels have started receiving attention only until recently. These 3D cross-linked colloidal structures show peculiar characteristics in context to their solution properties, which are attributable either to the comonomers present or the presence of different electrolytes and biological specimens. In this review, a concise yet detailed account is provided of the different synthetic techniques and application domains of zwitterion-based micro- and/or nanogels that have been explored in recent years. Here, the focus is kept solely on the "polybetaines," which have garnered maximum research interest and remain the extensively studied polyzwitterions in literature. While their vast application potential in the biomedical sector is being detailed here, some other areas of scope such as using them as microreactors for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles or making smart membranes for water-treatment are discussed in this minireview as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pabitra Saha
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ritabrata Ganguly
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Xin Li
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rohan Das
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, 4362, Luxembourg
| | - Nikhil K Singha
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52062, Aachen, Germany.,Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Geleen, 6167, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Banerjee SL, Saha P, Ganguly R, Bhattacharya K, Kalita U, Pich A, Singha NK. A dual thermoresponsive and antifouling zwitterionic microgel with pH triggered fluorescent “on-off” core. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 589:110-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
8
|
Saha P, Palanisamy AR, Santi M, Ganguly R, Mondal S, Singha NK, Pich A. Thermoresponsive zwitterionic poly(phosphobetaine) microgels: Effect of
macro‐RAFT
chain length and cross‐linker molecular weight on their antifouling properties. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pabitra Saha
- DWI – Leibniz‐Institute for Interactive Materials e.V Aachen Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Anand Raj Palanisamy
- DWI – Leibniz‐Institute for Interactive Materials e.V Aachen Germany
- Rubber Technology Centre Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur India
| | - Marta Santi
- DWI – Leibniz‐Institute for Interactive Materials e.V Aachen Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Ritabrata Ganguly
- Rubber Technology Centre Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur India
| | - Somashree Mondal
- DWI – Leibniz‐Institute for Interactive Materials e.V Aachen Germany
- Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati India
| | - Nikhil K. Singha
- Rubber Technology Centre Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur India
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI – Leibniz‐Institute for Interactive Materials e.V Aachen Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM) Maastricht University Geleen the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schmitt CW, Walden SL, Delafresnaye L, Houck HA, Barner L, Barner-Kowollik C. The bright and the dark side of the sphere: light-stabilized microparticles. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01456g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We introduce degradable microparticles, synthesized from prepolymers in a precipitation-like polymerization. The narrow disperse particles are stabilized with continuous irradiation of green light and can be spontaneously degraded in the dark.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian W. Schmitt
- Centre for Materials Science
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics
| | - Sarah L. Walden
- Centre for Materials Science
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics
| | - Laura Delafresnaye
- Centre for Materials Science
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics
| | - Hannes A. Houck
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Ghent University
- Ghent 9000
| | - Leonie Barner
- Centre for Materials Science
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Institute for Future Environments
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Saha P, Santi M, Emondts M, Roth H, Rahimi K, Großkurth J, Ganguly R, Wessling M, Singha NK, Pich A. Stimuli-Responsive Zwitterionic Core-Shell Microgels for Antifouling Surface Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:58223-58238. [PMID: 33331763 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fouling on filtration membranes is induced by the nonspecific interactions between the membrane surface and the foulants, and effectively hinders their efficient use in various applications. Here, we established a facile method for the coating of membrane surface with a dual stimuli-responsive antifouling microgel system enriched with a high polyzwitterion content. Different poly(sulfobetaine) (PSB) zwitterionic polymers with defined molecular weights and narrow dispersities were synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and integrated onto poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCL) microgels via a controlled dosage of a cross-linker, adapting a precipitation polymerization technique to obtain a core-shell microstructure. Increasing the PSB macro-RAFT concentration resulted in a shift of both upper critical solution temperature and lower critical solution temperature toward higher temperatures. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy at different temperatures suggested the formation of a core-shell morphology with a PVCL-rich core and a PSB-rich shell. On the other hand, the significant variations of different characteristic proton signals and reversible phase transitions of the microgel constituents were confirmed by temperature-dependent 1H NMR studies. Utilizing a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring, we have been able to observe and quantitatively describe the antipolyelectrolyte behavior of the zwitterionic microgels. The oscillation frequency of the sensor proved to change reversibly according to the variations of the NaCl concentration, showing, in fact, the effect of the interaction between the salt and the opposite charges present in the microgel deposited on the sensor. Poly(ethersulfone) membranes, chosen as the model surface, when functionalized with zwitterionic microgel coatings, displayed protein-repelling property, stimulated by different transition temperatures, and showed even better performances at increasing NaCl concentration. These kinds of stimuli-responsive zwitterionic microgel can act as temperature-triggered drug delivery systems and as potential coating materials to prevent bioadhesion and biofouling as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pabitra Saha
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen 52056, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Marta Santi
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen 52056, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Meike Emondts
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen 52056, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Hannah Roth
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen 52056, Germany
- Chemical Process Engineering AVT.CVT, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Khosrow Rahimi
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen 52056, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | | | - Ritabrata Ganguly
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Matthias Wessling
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen 52056, Germany
- Chemical Process Engineering AVT.CVT, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Nikhil K Singha
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen 52056, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229 GT, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Saha P, Santi M, Frenken M, Palanisamy AR, Ganguly R, Singha NK, Pich A. Dual-Temperature-Responsive Microgels from a Zwitterionic Functional Graft Copolymer with Superior Protein Repelling Property. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:895-901. [PMID: 35648523 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we developed a synthetic strategy to synthesize dual-temperature-responsive low surface fouling zwitterionic microgels. Statistical poly(N-vinylcaprolactam-co-glycidyl methacrylate) copolymers were synthesized by RAFT polymerization and post-modified by thiol-epoxy click reaction with thiol end-group-modified poly(sulfobetaine) macro-RAFT (PSB-SH) to obtain poly(N-vinylcaprolactam-co-glycidyl methacrylate)-graft-poly(sulfobetaine) (PVCL-co-PGMA-g-PSB) graft copolymers. Synthesized graft copolymers were cross-linked by diamine cross-linker in water-in-oil (w/o) inverse mini-emulsion to obtain zwitterionic microgels. Using this approach, we synthesized microgels with unique microstructure, high loading and uniform distribution of poly(sulfobetaine) chains, which exhibits tunable dual-volume phase transition temperatures. The microgels also showed excellent antifouling property reflected in strongly reduced protein absorption on a microgel-coated surface observed in real time by a Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (QCM-D) monitoring experiment with continuous flow of protein solution. Therefore, this kind of zwitterionic microgel can be potentially used for temperature-triggered drug delivery and anti-bioadhesion coating material as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pabitra Saha
- DWI − Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marta Santi
- DWI − Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Frenken
- DWI − Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anand Raj Palanisamy
- DWI − Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Ritabrata Ganguly
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Nikhil K. Singha
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI − Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li Z, Hao B, Tang Y, Li H, Lee TC, Feng A, Zhang L, Thang SH. Effect of end-groups on sulfobetaine homopolymers with the tunable upper critical solution temperature (UCST). Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
13
|
Pal S, Kather M, Banerjee SL, Saha P, Pich A, Singha NK. Dual Stimuli‐Responsive Self‐Assembly Behavior of a Tailor‐Made ABC‐Type Amphiphilic Tri‐Block Copolymer. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20190200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Pal
- Rubber Technology CentreIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur 721302 India
| | - Michael Kather
- DWI‐Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsRWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
| | - Sovan Lal Banerjee
- Rubber Technology CentreIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur 721302 India
| | - Pabitra Saha
- DWI‐Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsRWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI‐Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsRWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany
| | - Nikhil K. Singha
- Rubber Technology CentreIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur 721302 India
| |
Collapse
|