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Zając W, Mossety-Leszczak B, Kisiel M, Włodarska M, Szałański P. Investigating Cross-Linking Parameters and Molecular Arrangement in Liquid Crystalline Epoxy Monomer with Aromatic Diamine: DSC-TOPEM ® and WAXS Analysis. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2034. [PMID: 39065352 PMCID: PMC11281225 DOI: 10.3390/polym16142034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study presents the characterization of cross-linking parameters of a liquid crystalline epoxy monomer with an aromatic diamine as a curing agent. The mixture tested consisted of bis [4-(10,11-epoxyundecanoyloxy)benzoate] p-phenylene (LCEM) and 1,3-phenylenediamine (1,3-PDA). This paper focuses on the structural characterization of such systems using X-ray analysis. To investigate this, a comprehensive analysis was conducted using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS). Through DSC analysis, the curing behavior and transition temperature of the liquid crystal epoxy system were established. To fully characterize the cross-linking of the system, a novel technique called DSC-TOPEM® was employed. The use of this technique enabled real-time monitoring of the curing process and provided precise information on the cross-linking energy, which resulted in the finding that the mixture was cross-linking faster than expected. WAXS analysis was performed to assess the structural changes formed during the cross-linking. The results of this analysis confirm that lower cross-linking temperatures of the mixture cause better ordering of mesogens than higher ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Zając
- Doctoral School of the Rzeszow University of Technology, al. Powstańców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Beata Mossety-Leszczak
- Department of Industrial and Materials Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, al. Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Maciej Kisiel
- Department of Industrial and Materials Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, al. Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Włodarska
- Institute of Physics, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 217/221, 93-005 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Piotr Szałański
- Laboratory of Spectrometry, Rzeszow University of Technology, al. Powstańców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
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Zhang J, Dang L, Zhang F, Zhang K, Kong Q, Gu J. Effect of the Structure of Epoxy Monomers and Curing Agents: Toward Making Intrinsically Highly Thermally Conductive and Low-Dielectric Epoxy Resins. JACS AU 2023; 3:3424-3435. [PMID: 38155647 PMCID: PMC10751775 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The low intrinsic thermal conduction and high dielectric properties of epoxy resins have significantly limited their applications in electrical and electronic devices with high integration, high frequency, high power, and miniaturization. Herein, a liquid crystalline epoxy (LCE) monomer with a biphenyl mesogenic unit was first synthesized through an efficient one-step reaction. Subsequently, bisphenol AF (BPAF) containing low-polarizable -CF3 groups and 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) were applied to cure the LCE and commercial diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A-type epoxy (E-51), respectively, to afford four kinds of epoxy resins with various intrinsic thermal conductivity and dielectricity values. Owing to the dual effect of microscopically stacking of mesogens and the contribution of fluorine to the formation of liquid crystallinity, ordered microstructures of the nematic liquid crystal phase were formed within the cross-linking network of LCE as confirmed by polarized optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Consequently, phonon scattering was suppressed, and the intrinsic thermal conductivity was improved considerably to 0.38 W/(m·K), nearly twice as high as that of E-51 cured with DDM (0.20 W/(m·K)). Additionally, the ordered microstructure and ultralow polar -CF3 groups within LCE cured with BPAF enabled the epoxy resin to exhibit a remarkably lower and stable dielectric constant (ε) and dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) over both low and high frequencies compared to E-51 cured with DDM. The ε decreased from 3.40 to 2.72 while the tan δ decreased from 0.044 to 0.038 at 10 GHz. This work presents a scalable and facile strategy for breaking the bottleneck of making epoxy resins simultaneously with high inherent thermal conduction and low dielectric performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junliang Zhang
- Shaanxi
Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern
Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
- Chongqing
Innovation Center, Northwestern Polytechnical
University, Chongqing 401135, P. R. China
| | - Lin Dang
- Shaanxi
Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern
Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
- Chongqing
Innovation Center, Northwestern Polytechnical
University, Chongqing 401135, P. R. China
| | - Fengyuan Zhang
- Shaanxi
Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern
Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
- Chongqing
Innovation Center, Northwestern Polytechnical
University, Chongqing 401135, P. R. China
| | - Kuan Zhang
- Shaanxi
Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern
Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
- Chongqing
Innovation Center, Northwestern Polytechnical
University, Chongqing 401135, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Kong
- Shaanxi
Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern
Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
- Chongqing
Innovation Center, Northwestern Polytechnical
University, Chongqing 401135, P. R. China
| | - Junwei Gu
- Shaanxi
Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern
Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China
- Chongqing
Innovation Center, Northwestern Polytechnical
University, Chongqing 401135, P. R. China
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Zhou MH, Yin GZ, Prolongo SG, Wang DY. Recent Progress on Multifunctional Thermally Conductive Epoxy Composite. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2818. [PMID: 37447467 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In last years, the requirements for materials and devices have increased exponentially. Greater competitiveness; cost and weight reduction for structural materials; greater power density for electronic devices; higher design versatility; materials customizing and tailoring; lower energy consumption during the manufacturing, transport, and use; among others, are some of the most common market demands. A higher operational efficiency together with long service life claimed. Particularly, high thermally conductive in epoxy resins is an important requirement for numerous applications, including energy and electrical and electronic industry. Over time, these materials have evolved from traditional single-function to multifunctional materials to satisfy the increasing demands of applications. Considering the complex application contexts, this review aims to provide insight into the present state of the art and future challenges of thermally conductive epoxy composites with various functionalities. Firstly, the basic theory of thermally conductive epoxy composites is summarized. Secondly, the review provides a comprehensive description of five types of multifunctional thermally conductive epoxy composites, including their fabrication methods and specific behavior. Furthermore, the key technical problems are proposed, and the major challenges to developing multifunctional thermally conductive epoxy composites are presented. Ultimately, the purpose of this review is to provide guidance and inspiration for the development of multifunctional thermally conductive epoxy composites to meet the increasing demands of the next generation of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hui Zhou
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guang-Zhong Yin
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda Km 1, 800, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia González Prolongo
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - De-Yi Wang
- IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel 2, Getafe, 28906 Madrid, Spain
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Savotchenko S, Kovaleva E. Experimental study of the influence of the epoxy resin modification with additives on the contact angle. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2022.2164826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Lazareva N, Gostevskii B, Albanov A, Molokeev M, Vashchenko A. N,N‐Bis(Silylmethyl)anilines: Synthesis and structure. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Iliyasu I, Bello JB, Dibal MN, Oyedeji AN, Salami KA, Oyedeji EO. Response surface methodology for the optimization of the effect of fibre parameters on the physical and mechanical properties of deleb palm fibre reinforced epoxy composites. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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The improvement of mechanical properties of repair and construction compositions based on epoxy resin with mineral fillers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03138-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kovaleva EG, Savotchenko SE. Kinetic features of polymerization of epoxy resin modified by silicon‐containing additives and mineral fillers. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina G. Kovaleva
- Chemical Department Belgorod State Technological University named after V. G. Shukhov Belgorod Russia
| | - Sergey E. Savotchenko
- Chemical Department Belgorod State Technological University named after V. G. Shukhov Belgorod Russia
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Savotchenko S, Kovaleva E. The equation of glass transition of epoxy diane resin modified with the nanoparticle fillers. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03844-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Exploring the chemical structure of polydapsone. Colloid Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-021-04829-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Dobrosielska M, Dobrucka R, Gloc M, Brząkalski D, Szymański M, Kurzydłowski KJ, Przekop RE. A New Method of Diatomaceous Earth Fractionation-A Bio-Raw Material Source for Epoxy-Based Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1663. [PMID: 33800695 PMCID: PMC8037462 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The authors of this paper use an original method of diatomaceous earth fractionation, which allows for obtaining a filler with a specific particle size distribution. The method makes it possible to separate small, disintegrated and broken diatom frustules from those which maintained their original form in diatomaceous earth. The study covers a range of tests conducted to prove that such a separated diatomic fraction (3-30 µm) shows features different from the base diatomite (from 1 to above 40 µm) used as an epoxy resin filler. We have examined the mechanical properties of a series of diatomite/resin composites, considering the weight fraction of diatoms and the parameters of the composite production process. The studied composites of Epidian 601 epoxy resin cross-linked with amine-based curing agent Z-1 contained 0 to 70% vol. of diatoms or diatomaceous earth. Samples were produced by being casted into silicone molds in vacuum degassing conditions and, alternatively, without degassing. The results have shown that the size and morphology of the filler based on diatomaceous earth affects mechanical and rheological properties of systems based on epoxy resin. Elongation at rupture and flexural stress at rupture were both raised by up to 35%, and impact strength by up to 25%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Dobrosielska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (M.D.); (M.G.); (K.J.K.)
| | - Renata Dobrucka
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (M.D.); (M.G.); (K.J.K.)
- Department of Non-Food Products Quality and Packaging Development, Institute of Quality Science, Poznań University of Economics and Business, al. Niepodległości 10, 61-875 Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Gloc
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (M.D.); (M.G.); (K.J.K.)
| | - Dariusz Brząkalski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 8 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Marcin Szymański
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof J. Kurzydłowski
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (M.D.); (M.G.); (K.J.K.)
| | - Robert E. Przekop
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
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Deberdeev TR, Akhmetshina AI, Karimova LK, Ignat’eva EK, Deberdeev RY, Berlin AA. Heat-Resistant Polymer Materials Based on Liquid Crystal Compounds. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES C 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1811238220020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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