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Salmanipour S, Rezaie A, Alipour N, Ghahremani-Nasab M, Zakerhamidi MS, Akbari-Gharalari N, Mehdipour A, Salehi R, Jarolmasjed S. Development of Polyphosphate/Nanokaolin-Modified Alginate Sponge by Gas-Foaming and Plasma Glow Discharge Methods for Ultrarapid Hemostasis in Noncompressible Bleeding. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:34684-34704. [PMID: 38919152 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Effective bleeding management strategies in uncontrollable and noncompressible massive hemorrhage are becoming important in both clinical and combat situations. Here, a novel approach was developed to create a superporous and highly absorbable hemostatic sponge through a facile chemical gas-foaming method by cross-linking long-chain polyphosphate along with nanokaolin and Ca2+ in an alginate structure to synergistically activate the coagulation pathway. Natural kaolin obtained from the Marand mine in East Azarbaijan was converted into pseudohexagonal-shaped kaolin nanoparticles (30 to 150 nm) using ball milling followed by a newly developed glow discharge plasma treatment method. The obtained ultralight sponges (>90% porosity) exhibit ultrarapid water/blood absorption capacity (∼4000%) and excellent shape memory, which effectively concentrates coagulation factors. The results of in vitro tests demonstrated that the proposed sponges exhibited enhanced blood clotting ability (BCI < 10%) and superior cohesion with red blood cells (∼100) and platelets (∼80%) compared to commercially available hemostatic products. The in vivo host response results exhibited biosafety with no systemic and significant local inflammatory response by hematological, pathological, and biochemical parameter assessments. In a rat femoral artery complete excision model, the application of alginate/k/polyp nanocomposite sponges resulted in a complete hemostasis time of 60 s by significant reduction of hemostasis time (∼6.7-8.3 fold) and blood loss (∼2-2.8-fold) compared to commercially available hemostatic agents (P < 0.001). In conclusion, distinct physical characteristics accompanied by unique chemical composition multifunctional sponges activate hemostasis synergistically by triggering the XII, XI, X, IX, V, and II factors and the contact pathway and have the ability of rapid hemostasis in noncompressible severe bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salar Salmanipour
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166-15731, Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14733, Iran
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 11155-4563, Iran
| | - Ali Rezaie
- School of Process Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-111, Iran
| | - Nastaran Alipour
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166-15731, Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14733, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghahremani-Nasab
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166-15731, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Zakerhamidi
- Research Institute for Applied Physics and Astronomy, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran
- Faculty of Physics, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran
| | - Naeimeh Akbari-Gharalari
- Department of Neurosciences and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166-15731, Iran
| | - Ahmad Mehdipour
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166-15731, Iran
| | - Roya Salehi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14733, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Unite of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-18559, Iran
| | - Seyedhosein Jarolmasjed
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran
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Chen M, Jiang Z, Zhu M, Wang B, Chen J, Wang W. Effect of Secondary Foaming on the Structural Properties of Polyurethane Polishing Pad. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2759. [PMID: 38894023 PMCID: PMC11173749 DOI: 10.3390/ma17112759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Polyurethane polishing pads are important in chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). Thus, understanding how to decrease the density but increase the porosity is a crucial aspect of improving the efficiency of a polyurethane polishing pad. According to the principle of gas generation by thermal decomposition of sodium bicarbonate and ammonium bicarbonate, polyurethane polishing pad was prepared by a secondary foaming method. The influence of adding such an inorganic foaming agent as an auxiliary foaming agent on the structure, physical properties, and mechanical properties of polyurethane polishing pads was discussed. The results showed that compared with the polyurethane polishing pad without an inorganic foaming agent, the open-pore structure increased, the density decreased, and the porosity and water absorption increased significantly. The highest porosity and material removal rate (MRR) with sodium bicarbonate added was 3.3% higher than those without sodium bicarbonate and 33.8% higher than those without sodium bicarbonate. In addition, the highest porosity and MRR with ammonium bicarbonate were 7.2% higher and 47.8% higher than those without ammonium bicarbonate. Therefore, it was finally concluded that the optimum amount of sodium bicarbonate to be added was 3 wt%, and the optimum amount of ammonium bicarbonate to be added was 1 wt%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxuan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Materials Research Center for Nano Manufacturing, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China; (M.C.); (M.Z.); (B.W.); (J.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Zhenlin Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Materials Research Center for Nano Manufacturing, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China; (M.C.); (M.Z.); (B.W.); (J.C.); (W.W.)
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Fibers and Products, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Min Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Materials Research Center for Nano Manufacturing, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China; (M.C.); (M.Z.); (B.W.); (J.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Baoxiu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Materials Research Center for Nano Manufacturing, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China; (M.C.); (M.Z.); (B.W.); (J.C.); (W.W.)
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Fibers and Products, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jiapeng Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Materials Research Center for Nano Manufacturing, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China; (M.C.); (M.Z.); (B.W.); (J.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Wenjun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Materials Research Center for Nano Manufacturing, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China; (M.C.); (M.Z.); (B.W.); (J.C.); (W.W.)
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Yousefi Kanani A, Kennedy A. Effect of the Material Extrusion Process Parameters on the Compressive Properties of Additively Manufactured Foamed and Nonfoamed Polylactic Acid Structures. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2024; 11:207-218. [PMID: 38389697 PMCID: PMC10880646 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2022.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
This work evaluates the potential for foamable polymer filaments to be used to make lightweight, energy-absorbing structures using additive manufacturing. To achieve this, a commercial, foamable polylactic acid filament was extruded using a material extrusion process to make parts for compression testing. It was found that a maximum foam expansion could be achieved at an extrusion nozzle temperature of 220°C, but that to achieve dimensional accuracy, the material flow rate through the nozzle had to be adjusted by decreasing the extrusion multiplier value. In a novel approach, accurate and faster builds could be achieved by decreasing the infill instead. When compared with porous structures achieved by using partial infilling instead or as well as foaming, all materials were found to follow the same power-law function of the solid fraction. These trends indicated that the mechanical response was, within experimental scatter, a function of the overall solid fraction and not influenced by whether the porosity was within or between the raster lines. Although there was no apparent benefit to the mechanical performance in introducing porosity into a polymer by foaming, foamable filaments are desirable if stiff, lightweight structures with low fractions of interconnected porosity are required and can be used in combination with infilling to produce low-density structures that would be highly suitable for cores in novel lightweight sandwich structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Yousefi Kanani
- Mechanical Engineering Group, School of Engineering, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
- School of Engineering, Engineering Building, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Kennedy
- School of Engineering, Engineering Building, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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Rebane I, Levin KJ, Mäeorg U, Johanson U, Piirimägi P, Tätte T, Tamm T. Enhanced Low-Density Silicone Foams Blown by Water-Hydroxyl Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4425. [PMID: 38006148 PMCID: PMC10675139 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Water, alcohols, diols, and glycerol are low-cost blowing agents that can be used to create the desired silicone foam structures. Although their combined use can be beneficial, it remains unclear how it affects the physical properties of the resulting materials. We conducted a comparative study of these hydroxyl-bearing blowing agents in fumed silica- and mica-filled polymer composite systems for simultaneous blowing and crosslinking to obtain a low-density, uniform porosity and superior mechanical properties. The foams were optimized for a uniform open-pore structure with densities ranging from 75 to 150 kg‧m-3. Varying the diol chain length (Cn) from one to seven carbons can alter the foam density and structure, thereby enhancing the foam tensile strength while maintaining a low density. Replacing 10 mol% of water with 1,4-butanediol decreased the density by 26%, while increasing the specific strength by 5%. By combining glycerol and water blowing, the resulting foams exhibited a 30% lower apparent density than their water-blown analogs. The results further showed that Cn > 4 alkane chain diols had an odd-even effect on the apparent density and cell wall thickness. All foamable compositions had viscosities of approximately 7000 cSt and curing times below 2 min, allowing for quick dispensing and sufficient time for the foam to cure in semi-industrial volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Rebane
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.J.L.); (U.J.)
| | - Karl Jakob Levin
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.J.L.); (U.J.)
| | - Uno Mäeorg
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Urmas Johanson
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.J.L.); (U.J.)
| | | | - Tauri Tätte
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.J.L.); (U.J.)
| | - Tarmo Tamm
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.J.L.); (U.J.)
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Abbasoglu T, Ciardi D, Tournilhac F, Irusta L, Sardon H. Exploiting the Use of the Decarboxylative S-Alkylation Reaction to Produce Self-Blowing, Recyclable Polycarbonate Foams. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308339. [PMID: 37599264 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric foams are widely used in many industrial applications due to their light weight and superior thermal, mechanical, and optical properties. Currently, increasing research efforts is being directed towards the development of greener foam formulations that circumvent the use of isocyanates/blowing agents that are commonly used in the production of foam materials. Here, a straightforward, one-pot method is presented to prepare self-blown polycarbonate (PC) foams by exploiting the (decarboxylative) S-alkylation reaction for in situ generation of the blowing agent (CO2 ). The concomitant formation of a reactive alcohol intermediate promotes a cascade ring-opening polymerization of the cyclic carbonates to yield a cross-linked polymer network. It is shown that these hydroxyl-functionalized polycarbonate-based foams can be easily recycled into films through thermal compression molding. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that complete hydrolytic degradation of the foams is possible, thus offering the potential for zero-waste materials. This straightforward and versatile process broadens the scope of isocyanate-free, self-foaming materials, opening a new pathway for next-generation environmentally friendly foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tansu Abbasoglu
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Diego Ciardi
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry,and Materials, CNRS, ESPCI-Paris, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Francois Tournilhac
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry,and Materials, CNRS, ESPCI-Paris, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Lourdes Irusta
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
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Kim S, Li K, Alsbaiee A, Brutman JP, Dichtel WR. Circular Reprocessing of Thermoset Polyurethane Foams. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2305387. [PMID: 37548061 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Thermoset polyurethane (PU) foams are widely used in industrial applications, but they cannot be recycled by conventional melt reprocessing because of their cross-linked structures. The introduction of carbamate exchange catalysts converts thermoset PU into covalent adaptable networks (CANs), which are amenable to reprocessing at elevated temperatures. However, this approach has produced solid PU films, which have fewer uses and lower commercial demand. In this work, simultaneous reprocessing and refoaming of thermoset PU foams is demonstrated by leveraging the melt-processability of PU CANs and allowing cell growth by gas generation in a twin-screw extruder. The optimal operating temperature of the refoaming process is determined through chemical, thermal, and structural analysis of PU foam extrudates. The foam-to-foam extrusion process produces controllable, continuous, and uniform foam structures, as characterized by cell diameter and cell number density. Low-density PU foams are obtained through a process simulating injection molding. The compression properties of reprocessed PU foam are compared with as-synthesized PU foam to demonstrate efficacy of the refoaming processes. These results demonstrate that PU foams can be prepared through recycling while maintaining microstructural and chemical integrity. In the future, this strategy may be applied to thermoset PU foams of various chemical compositions and shows promise for scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subeen Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Kelvin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Alaaeddin Alsbaiee
- Polyurethane Systems Department, Performance Materials Division, BASF Corporation, 1609 Biddle Avenue, Wyandotte, MI, 48192, USA
| | - Jacob P Brutman
- Polyurethane Systems Department, Performance Materials Division, BASF Corporation, 1609 Biddle Avenue, Wyandotte, MI, 48192, USA
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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Ferreres G, Pérez-Rafael S, Morena AG, Tzanov T, Gryshchuk L. Influence of Enzymatically Hydrophobized Hemp Protein on Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Bio-Based Polyurethane and Epoxy Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3608. [PMID: 37688234 PMCID: PMC10490182 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomass fillers offer the possibility to modify the mechanical properties of foams, increasing their cost-effectiveness and reducing their carbon footprint. In this study, bio-based PU (soft, open cells for the automotive sector) and epoxy (EP, hard, closed cells for construction applications) composite foams were prepared by adding pristine and laccase-mediated lauryl gallate-hydrophobized hemp protein particles as filler (HP and HHP, respectively). The fillers were able to modify the density, the mechanical properties and the morphology of the PU and EP foams. The addition of HP filler increases the density of PU foams up to 100% and significantly increases the σ values by 40% and Emod values. On the other hand, the inclusion of the HHP as filler in PU foams mostly results in reduced density, by almost 30%, and reduced σ values in comparison with reference and HP-filled foams. Independently from filler concentration and type, the biomass increased the Emod values for all foams relative to the reference. In the case of the EP foams, the tests were only conducted for the foams filled with HHP due to the poor compatibility of HP with the EP matrix. HHP decreased the density, compressive strength and Emod values of the composites. For both foams, the fillers increased the size of the cells, while reducing the amount of open cells of PU foams and the amount of closed cells for EP foams. Finally, both types of foams filled with HHP reduced the moisture uptake by 80 and 45%, respectively, indicating the successful hydrophobization of the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillem Ferreres
- Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Edifici Gaia, TR14, Rambla Sant Nebridi, 22, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (G.F.); (S.P.-R.); (A.G.M.); (T.T.)
| | - Sílvia Pérez-Rafael
- Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Edifici Gaia, TR14, Rambla Sant Nebridi, 22, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (G.F.); (S.P.-R.); (A.G.M.); (T.T.)
| | - Angela Gala Morena
- Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Edifici Gaia, TR14, Rambla Sant Nebridi, 22, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (G.F.); (S.P.-R.); (A.G.M.); (T.T.)
| | - Tzanko Tzanov
- Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Edifici Gaia, TR14, Rambla Sant Nebridi, 22, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (G.F.); (S.P.-R.); (A.G.M.); (T.T.)
| | - Liudmyla Gryshchuk
- Leibniz-Institut für Verbundwerkstoffe GmbH, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 58, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Velickova Nikova E, Temkov M, Rocha JM. Occurrence of meso/micro/nano plastics and plastic additives in food from food packaging. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2023; 103:41-99. [PMID: 36863841 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the occurrence of plastic constituents in food due to the contact with different types of plastic packaging, films and coatings. The type of mechanisms occurring during the contamination of food by different packaging materials are described, as well as how the type of food and packaging may influences the extent of contamination. The main types of contaminants phenomena are considered and comprehensively discussed, along with the regulations in force for the use of plastic food packaging. In addition, the types of migration phenomena and factors that may influence such migration are comprehensively highlighted. Moreover, migration components related to the packaging polymers (monomers and oligomers) and the packaging additives are individually discussed in terms of chemical structure, adverse effects on foodstuffs, health, migration factors, as well as regulated residual values of such components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Velickova Nikova
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, RN, Macedonia
| | - Mishela Temkov
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, RN, Macedonia
| | - João Miguel Rocha
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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9
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Rostami-Tapeh-Esmaeil E, Rodrigue D. Morphological, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Rubber Foams: A Review Based on Recent Investigations. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1934. [PMID: 36903049 PMCID: PMC10004622 DOI: 10.3390/ma16051934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
During recent decades, rubber foams have found their way into several areas of the modern world because these materials have interesting properties such as high flexibility, elasticity, deformability (especially at low temperature), resistance to abrasion and energy absorption (damping properties). Therefore, they are widely used in automobiles, aeronautics, packaging, medicine, construction, etc. In general, the mechanical, physical and thermal properties are related to the foam's structural features, including porosity, cell size, cell shape and cell density. To control these morphological properties, several parameters related to the formulation and processing conditions are important, including foaming agents, matrix, nanofillers, temperature and pressure. In this review, the morphological, physical and mechanical properties of rubber foams are discussed and compared based on recent studies to present a basic overview of these materials depending on their final application. Openings for future developments are also presented.
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Foudazi R, Zowada R, Manas-Zloczower I, Feke DL. Porous Hydrogels: Present Challenges and Future Opportunities. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:2092-2111. [PMID: 36719086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this feature article, we critically review the physical properties of porous hydrogels and their production methods. Our main focus is nondense hydrogels that have physical pores besides the space available between adjacent cross-links in the polymer network. After reviewing theories on the kinetics of swelling, equilibrium swelling, the structure-stiffness relationship, and solute diffusion in dense hydrogels, we propose future directions to develop models for porous hydrogels. The aim is to show how porous hydrogels can be designed and produced for studies leading to the modeling of physical properties. Additionally, different methods that are used for making hydrogels with physically incorporated pores are briefly reviewed while discussing the potentials, challenges, and future directions for each method. Among kinetic methods, we discuss bubble generation approaches including reactions, gas injection, phase separation, electrospinning, and freeze-drying. Templating approaches discussed are solid-phase, self-assembled amphiphiles, emulsion, and foam methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Foudazi
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma73069, United States
| | - Ryan Zowada
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico88003, United States
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11
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Stec J, Xie S, Alshukri L, Kang GJ, Hudson PK, Pecic S. Convenient Synthesis and in Vitro Activity of Oxalyl Bis(benzenesulfonylhydrazides) and Related Compounds. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2023.100860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
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12
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Easley AD, Mangano A, Fors BP. Safer Polyurethane Foams with Cyclic Carbonates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218062. [PMID: 36637901 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethanes (PUs) are a class of materials usually synthesized from isocyanates, diols, and water. Water is essential for producing carbon dioxide (CO2 ) which is used for the self-blowing of the foams. Due to safety concerns with the production of isocyanates, alternative chemistries have been evaluated and cyclic carbonate systems have shown great promise. In a recent advancement by Bourguignon, Grignard, and Detrembleur, a cyclic carbonate and diamine system is capable of generating CO2 for self-blowing through hydrolysis of the carbonate-based monomer. The authors demonstrate that with a simple variation of the diamine monomer a wide range of physical and thermo-mechanical properties were achievable. This work represents a significant step towards safer and more environmentally friendly PUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra D Easley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY-14853, USA
| | - Alison Mangano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY-14853, USA
| | - Brett P Fors
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY-14853, USA
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13
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Production and Application of Polymer Foams Employing Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8905115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric foams have characteristics that make them attractive for different applications. However, some foaming methods rely on chemicals that are not environmentally friendly. One of the possibilities to tackle the environmental issue is to utilize supercritical carbon dioxide ScCO2 since it is a “green” solvent, thus facilitating a sustainable method of producing foams. ScCO2 is nontoxic, chemically inert, and soluble in molten plastic. It can act as a plasticizer, decreasing the viscosity of polymers according to temperature and pressure. Most foam processes can benefit from ScCO2 since the methods rely on nucleation, growth, and expansion mechanisms. Process considerations such as pretreatment, temperature, pressure, pressure drop, and diffusion time are relevant parameters for foaming. Other variables such as additives, fillers, and chain extenders also play a role in the foaming process. This review highlights the morphology, performance, and features of the foam produced with ScCO2, considering relevant aspects of replacing or introducing a novel foam. Recent findings related to foaming assisted by ScCO2 and how processing parameters influence the foam product are addressed. In addition, we discuss possible applications where foams have significant benefits. This review shows the recent progress and possibilities of ScCO2 in processing polymer foams.
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14
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Yoo SH, Yoon HS, Han H, Na KH, Choi WY. Fabrications of Electrospun Mesoporous TiO 2 Nanofibers with Various Amounts of PVP and Photocatalytic Properties on Methylene Blue (MB) Photodegradation. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010134. [PMID: 36616487 PMCID: PMC9824412 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The superior chemical and electrical properties of TiO2 are considered to be suitable material for various applications, such as photoelectrodes, photocatalysts, and semiconductor gas sensors; however, it is difficult to commercialize the applications due to their low photoelectric conversion efficiency. Various solutions have been suggested and among them, the increase of active sites through surface modification is one of the most studied methods. A porous nanostructure with a large specific surface area is an attractive solution to increasing active sites, and in the electrospinning process, mesoporous nanofibers can be obtained by controlling the composition of the precursor solution. This study successfully carried out surface modification of TiO2 nanofibers by mixing polyvinylpyrrolidone with different molecular weights and using diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (DIPA). The morphology and crystallographic properties of the TiO2 samples were analyzed using a field emission electron microscope and X-ray diffraction method. The specific surface area and pore properties of the nanofiber samples were compared using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method. The TiO2 nanofibers fabricated by the precursor with K-30 polyvinyl pyrrolidone and diisopropyl azodicarboxylate were more porous than the TiO2 nanofibers without them. The modified nanofibers with K-30 and DIPA had a photocatalytic efficiency of 150% compared to TiO2 nanofibers. Their X-ray diffraction patterns revealed anatase peaks. The average crystallite size of the modified nanofibers was calculated to be 6.27-9.27 nm, and the specific surface area was 23.5-27.4 m2/g, which was more than 150% larger than the 17.2 m2/g of ordinary TiO2 nanofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Ho Yoo
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukheongil, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Sol Yoon
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukheongil, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - HyukSu Han
- Department of Energy Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Han Na
- Research Institute for Dental Engineering, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
- Smart Hydrogen Energy Center, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukheongil, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-H.N.); (W.-Y.C.)
| | - Won-Youl Choi
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukheongil, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Dental Engineering, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
- Smart Hydrogen Energy Center, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukheongil, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-H.N.); (W.-Y.C.)
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15
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Haurat M, Sauceau M, Baillon F, Barbenchon LL, Pedros M, Dumon M. Supercritical
CO
2
‐assisted extrusion foaming: A suitable process to produce very lightweight acrylic polymer micro foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Haurat
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, UMR 5629 PessacCedex France
| | - Martial Sauceau
- Centre RAPSODEE UMR CNRS 5302, IMT Mines Albi, Université de Toulouse Toulouse France
| | - Fabien Baillon
- Centre RAPSODEE UMR CNRS 5302, IMT Mines Albi, Université de Toulouse Toulouse France
| | - Louise Le Barbenchon
- I2M Institut de Mécanique et Ingénierie ‐ UMR CNRS 5295 Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux France
| | - Matthieu Pedros
- Département Science et Génie Matériaux ‐ SGM IUT Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux France
| | - Michel Dumon
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, UMR 5629 PessacCedex France
- Département Science et Génie Matériaux ‐ SGM IUT Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux France
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16
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Rangappa R, Yeh SK. Effect of N2 plasticization on the crystallization of different hardnesses of thermoplastic polyurethanes. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Coste G, Denis M, Sonnier R, Caillol S, Negrell C. Synthesis of reactive phosphorus-based carbonate for flame retardant polyhydroxyurethane foams. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Coste G, Berne D, Ladmiral V, Negrell C, Caillol S. Non-isocyanate polyurethane foams based on six-membered cyclic carbonates. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Moser BR, Cermak SC, Doll KM, Kenar JA, Sharma BK. A review of fatty epoxide ring opening reactions: Chemistry, recent advances, and applications. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan R. Moser
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Bio‐Oils Research Unit National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research Peoria Illinois USA
| | - Steven C. Cermak
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Bio‐Oils Research Unit National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research Peoria Illinois USA
| | - Kenneth M. Doll
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Bio‐Oils Research Unit National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research Peoria Illinois USA
| | - James A. Kenar
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Functional Foods Research Unit National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research Peoria Illinois USA
| | - Brajendra K. Sharma
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Sustainable Biofuels and Co‐Products Research Unit Eastern Regional Research Center Wyndmoor Pennsylvania USA
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20
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Falua KJ, Pokharel A, Babaei-Ghazvini A, Ai Y, Acharya B. Valorization of Starch to Biobased Materials: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112215. [PMID: 35683888 PMCID: PMC9183024 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many concerns are being expressed about the biodegradability, biocompatibility, and long-term viability of polymer-based substances. This prompted the quest for an alternative source of material that could be utilized for various purposes. Starch is widely used as a thickener, emulsifier, and binder in many food and non-food sectors, but research focuses on increasing its application beyond these areas. Due to its biodegradability, low cost, renewability, and abundance, starch is considered a "green path" raw material for generating porous substances such as aerogels, biofoams, and bioplastics, which have sparked an academic interest. Existing research has focused on strategies for developing biomaterials from organic polymers (e.g., cellulose), but there has been little research on its polysaccharide counterpart (starch). This review paper highlighted the structure of starch, the context of amylose and amylopectin, and the extraction and modification of starch with their processes and limitations. Moreover, this paper describes nanofillers, intelligent pH-sensitive films, biofoams, aerogels of various types, bioplastics, and their precursors, including drying and manufacturing. The perspectives reveal the great potential of starch-based biomaterials in food, pharmaceuticals, biomedicine, and non-food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde James Falua
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
- Department of Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin PMB 1515, Nigeria
| | - Anamol Pokharel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
| | - Amin Babaei-Ghazvini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
| | - Yongfeng Ai
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada;
| | - Bishnu Acharya
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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Ahmad ZR, Mahanwar PA. Synthesis and properties of foams from a blend of vegetable oil based polyhydroxyurethane and epoxy resin. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/02624893221101170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article aims to highlight the synthesis of foams from a blend of hydroxyurethane of castor oil and epoxy resin. An epoxidized castor oil of 4% oxirane oxygen was first converted to cyclic carbonate of castor oil at 120°C, 1 atm CO2 pressure and then it was reacted with three different aliphatic diamines to yield amine terminated Polyhydroxyurethane (PHU). Foams were prepared in a metal mould from the blend of PHU, epoxy resin, epoxy hardener and polymethylhydrogensiloxane blowing agent which releases hydrogen gas upon reaction with amine. FTIR and 1H NMR of cyclic carbonate of castor oil and PHU of castor oil were done to confirm their chemical structures. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of foams was done to assess their cellular morphology along with DSC and TGA to evaluate their thermal properties. Both flexible and rigid type of foams were synthesised in this study. Resilience of flexible foams was inspected using a ball rebound test and compression-recovery test while thermal insulation property was checked by measuring thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and R-values of rigid foams from heat transfer study using a heat transfer apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan R Ahmad
- Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Prakash A Mahanwar
- Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
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22
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Kasi G, Gnanasekar S, Zhang K, Kang ET, Xu LQ. Polyurethane‐based
composites with promising antibacterial properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gopinath Kasi
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies School of Materials and Energy Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Sathishkumar Gnanasekar
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies School of Materials and Energy Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies School of Materials and Energy Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - En Tang Kang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies School of Materials and Energy Southwest University Chongqing China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore Kent Ridge Singapore
| | - Li Qun Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies School of Materials and Energy Southwest University Chongqing China
- Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Hainan Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University Haikou China
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23
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Coste G, Negrell C, Caillol S. Cascade (Dithio)Carbonate Ring Opening Reactions for Self-Blowing Polyhydroxythiourethane Foams. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2100833. [PMID: 35065540 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Polyurethane (PU) foams are very common materials that have found many applications over the years. Their use is constantly improving due to their unique physical properties and easy blowing which does not require the addition of a blowing agent. Greener routes have been explored in the recent years to replace isocyanates. One of the most promising routes is leading to Polyhydroxyurethanes (PHU). However, with PHUs, external blowing agent are usually required to obtain a foam. Thus, our work focuses on PHU foam synthesis using in situ reaction to produce NIPU foam. Hence, the aminolysis of thiocyclic carbonate triggers Pearson reaction between released thiols and cyclic carbonates which serves as a chemical blowing agent. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilhem Coste
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Negrell
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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24
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Ortega F, Versino F, López OV, García MA. Biobased composites from agro-industrial wastes and by-products. EMERGENT MATERIALS 2022; 5:873-921. [PMID: 34849454 PMCID: PMC8614084 DOI: 10.1007/s42247-021-00319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The greater awareness of non-renewable natural resources preservation needs has led to the development of more ecological high-performance polymeric materials with new functionalities. In this regard, biobased composites are considered interesting options, especially those obtained from agro-industrial wastes and by-products. These are low-cost raw materials derived from renewable sources, which are mostly biodegradable and would otherwise typically be discarded. In this review, recent and innovative academic studies on composites obtained from biopolymers, natural fillers and active agents, as well as green-synthesized nanoparticles are presented. An in-depth discussion of biobased composites structures, properties, manufacture, and life-cycle assessment (LCA) is provided along with a wide up-to-date overview of the most recent works in the field with appropriate references. Potential uses of biobased composites from agri-food residues such as active and intelligent food packaging, agricultural inputs, tissue engineering, among others are described, considering that the specific characteristics of these materials should match the proposed application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Ortega
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), UNLP-CONICET-CICPBA, 47 y 116 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Florencia Versino
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), UNLP-CONICET-CICPBA, 47 y 116 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Olivia Valeria López
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química (PLAPIQUI), UNS-CONICET, Camino La Carrindanga km.7 (8000), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - María Alejandra García
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), UNLP-CONICET-CICPBA, 47 y 116 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
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25
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Chen Q, Wu W, Wang Y, Liu C, Liu X, Cui S. Polyurethane-templated 3D BN network for enhanced thermally conductive property of epoxy composites. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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Bethke C, Kaysser ST, Uy Lan DN, Goller SM, van der Zwan KP, Senker J, Ruckdäschel H, Altstädt V. Synthesis and Characterization of Dual-Functional Carbamates as Blowing and Curing Agents for Epoxy Foam. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bethke
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, FAN A, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Simon T. Kaysser
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, FAN A, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Du Ngoc Uy Lan
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, FAN A, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sebastian M. Goller
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, FAN A, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Kasper P. van der Zwan
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry III and North Bavarian NMR Center, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jürgen Senker
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry III and North Bavarian NMR Center, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Holger Ruckdäschel
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, FAN A, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, FAN A, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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27
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Rostami-Tapeh-Esmaeil E, Vahidifar A, Esmizadeh E, Rodrigue D. Chemistry, Processing, Properties, and Applications of Rubber Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1565. [PMID: 34068238 PMCID: PMC8153173 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
With the ever-increasing development in science and technology, as well as social awareness, more requirements are imposed on the production and property of all materials, especially polymeric foams. In particular, rubber foams, compared to thermoplastic foams in general, have higher flexibility, resistance to abrasion, energy absorption capabilities, strength-to-weight ratio and tensile strength leading to their widespread use in several applications such as thermal insulation, energy absorption, pressure sensors, absorbents, etc. To control the rubber foams microstructure leading to excellent physical and mechanical properties, two types of parameters play important roles. The first category is related to formulation including the rubber (type and grade), as well as the type and content of accelerators, fillers, and foaming agents. The second category is associated to processing parameters such as the processing method (injection, extrusion, compression, etc.), as well as different conditions related to foaming (temperature, pressure and number of stage) and curing (temperature, time and precuring time). This review presents the different parameters involved and discusses their effect on the morphological, physical, and mechanical properties of rubber foams. Although several studies have been published on rubber foams, very few papers reviewed the subject and compared the results available. In this review, the most recent works on rubber foams have been collected to provide a general overview on different types of rubber foams from their preparation to their final application. Detailed information on formulation, curing and foaming chemistry, production methods, morphology, properties, and applications is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Vahidifar
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Bonab, Bonab 5551761167, Iran;
| | - Elnaz Esmizadeh
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Bonab, Bonab 5551761167, Iran;
| | - Denis Rodrigue
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
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28
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Nguyen QB, Rios de Anda A, Versace DL, Langlois V, Perrot C, Nguyen VH, Naili S, Renard E. Design of macroporous photo-cationically cured resorcinol-based epoxy resins coupled to a solid template technique. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02517-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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