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Nagy V, Snorradóttir BS, Lauzon HL, Másson M. Optimizing N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan synthesis: A design of experiments (DoE) approach. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 335:122065. [PMID: 38616089 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to optimize the synthesis of trimethyl chitosan (TMC) with a high degree of N,N,N-trimethylation (DTM) through a one-step procedure, minimizing reagent use, reaction time, and avoiding O-methylation, using the Design of Experiments (DoE) approach. Initially, sequential designs were done. Following the determination of the initial conditions a Fractional Factorial Design was used, investigating methyl iodide (MeI) and NaHCO3 molar ratios, temperature, and reaction time on DTM. MeI and NaHCO3 molar ratios were found to be significant (p-values equal to 0.02 and 0.02, respectively), the reaction temperature (p = 0.04) displayed a non-linear effect, while the reaction time was found to be non-significant (p = 0.93). Finally, a Full Factorial Design was done to optimize temperature and base addition methods. Incremental addition of the base was determined to be feasible without affecting the DTM, thereby preventing any viscosity-related problems. DTM was achieved up to 72 % in a one-step procedure, with no O-methylation. These optimized conditions offer a cost-effective, one-step synthesis method for TMC production, holding significant promise for industrial applications by avoiding multistep reactions, ensuring minimal reagent use, and preventing O-methylation. The findings mark a substantial advancement in TMC synthesis, presenting a streamlined and efficient approach with substantial practical implications for process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Nagy
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Bergthóra S Snorradóttir
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Már Másson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavík, Iceland.
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2
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Mawazi SM, Kumar M, Ahmad N, Ge Y, Mahmood S. Recent Applications of Chitosan and Its Derivatives in Antibacterial, Anticancer, Wound Healing, and Tissue Engineering Fields. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1351. [PMID: 38794545 PMCID: PMC11125164 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitosan, a versatile biopolymer derived from chitin, has garnered significant attention in various biomedical applications due to its unique properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mucoadhesiveness. This review provides an overview of the diverse applications of chitosan and its derivatives in the antibacterial, anticancer, wound healing, and tissue engineering fields. In antibacterial applications, chitosan exhibits potent antimicrobial properties by disrupting microbial membranes and DNA, making it a promising natural preservative and agent against bacterial infections. Its role in cancer therapy involves the development of chitosan-based nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery, enhancing therapeutic efficacy while minimising side effects. Chitosan also plays a crucial role in wound healing by promoting cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and regulating inflammatory responses. Additionally, chitosan serves as a multifunctional scaffold in tissue engineering, facilitating the regeneration of diverse tissues such as cartilage, bone, and neural tissue by promoting cell adhesion and proliferation. The extensive range of applications for chitosan in pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences is not only highlighted by the comprehensive scope of this review, but it also establishes it as a fundamental component for forthcoming research in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Mezail Mawazi
- School of Pharmacy, Management and Science University, Shah Alam 40100, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India;
| | - Noraini Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Yi Ge
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Syed Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Lavanya M, Namasivayam SKR, John A. Developmental Formulation Principles of Food Preservatives by Nanoencapsulation-Fundamentals, Application, and Challenges. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-024-04943-1. [PMID: 38713338 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04943-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The role of food additives is to preserve food by extending shelf life and limiting harmful microorganism proliferation. They prevent spoilage by enhancing the taste and safety of food by utilizing beneficial microorganisms and their antimicrobial metabolites. Current advances in food preservation and processing utilize green technology principles for green preservative formulation, enhancing nutrition and supplying essential micronutrients safely, while also improving quality, packaging, and food safety. Encapsulation is gaining attention for its potential to protect delicate materials from oxidative degradation and extend their shelf life, thereby ensuring optimal nutrient uptake. Nanoencapsulation of bioactive compounds has significantly improved the food, pharmaceutical, agriculture, and nutraceutical industries by protecting antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, and essential fatty acids by controlling release and ensuring delivery to specific sites in the human body. This emerging area is crucial for future industrial production, improving the sensory properties of foods like color, taste, and texture. Research on encapsulated bioactive compounds like bacteriocins, LAB, natamycin, polylysine, and bacteriophage is crucial for their potential antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in food applications and the food industry. This paper reviews nanomaterials used as food antimicrobial carriers, including nanoemulsions, nanoliposomes, nanoparticles, and nanofibers, to protect natural food antimicrobials from degradation and improve antimicrobial activity. This review discusses nanoencapsulation techniques for biopreservative agents like nisin, poly lysine, and natamycin, focusing on biologically-derived polymeric nanofibers, nanocarriers, nanoliposomes, and polymer-stabilized metallic nanoparticles. Nanomaterials, in general, improve the dispersibility, stability, and availability of bioactive substances, and this study discusses the controlled release of nanoencapsulated biopreservative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lavanya
- Centre for Applied Research, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Applied Research (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India
| | - S Karthick Raja Namasivayam
- Centre for Applied Research, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Applied Research (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India.
| | - Arun John
- Department of Computational Biology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India
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4
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Raj S, Mahanty B, Hait S. Coagulative removal of polystyrene microplastics from aqueous matrices using FeCl 3-chitosan system: Experimental and artificial neural network modeling. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 468:133818. [PMID: 38377913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Effluent from sewage treatment plants (STPs) is a significant source of microplastics (MPs) re-entry into the environment. Coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation (CFS) process as an initial tertiary treatment step requires investigation for coagulative MPs removal from secondary-treated sewage effluents. In this study, experiments were conducted on synthetic water containing 25 mg/L polystyrene (PS) MPs using varying dosages of FeCl3 (1-10 mg/L) and chitosan (0.25-9 mg/L) to assess the effect of process parameters, such as pH (4-8), stirring speed (0-200 rpm), and settling time (10-40 min). Results revealed that ∼89.3% and 21.4% of PS removal were achieved by FeCl3 and chitosan, respectively. Further, their combination resulted in a maximum of 99.8% removal at favorable conditions: FeCl3: 2 mg/L, chitosan: 7 mg/L, pH: 6.3, stirring speed: 100 rpm, and settling time: 30 min, with a statistically significant (p < 0.05) effect. Artificial neural network (ANN) validated the experimental results with RMSE = 1.0643 and R2 = 0.9997. Charge neutralization, confirmed by zeta potential, and adsorption, ascertained by field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), were primary mechanisms for efficient PS removal. For practical considerations, the application of the FeCl3-chitosan system on the effluents from moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) and sequencing batch reactor (SBR)-based STPs, spiked with PS microbeads, showed > 98% removal at favorable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Raj
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar 801 106, India
| | - Byomkesh Mahanty
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar 801 106, India
| | - Subrata Hait
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar 801 106, India.
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Elmoghayer ME, Saleh NM, Abu Hashim II. Enhanced oral delivery of hesperidin-loaded sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin/chitosan nanoparticles for augmenting its hypoglycemic activity: in vitro-in vivo assessment study. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024; 14:895-917. [PMID: 37843733 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Hesperidin (Hsd), a bioactive phytomedicine, experienced an antidiabetic activity versus both Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes mellitus. However, its intrinsic poor solubility and bioavailability is a key challenging obstacle reflecting its oral delivery. From such perspective, the purpose of the current study was to prepare and evaluate Hsd-loaded sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin/chitosan nanoparticles (Hsd/CD/CS NPs) for improving the hypoglycemic activity of the orally administered Hsd. Hsd was first complexed with sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) and the complex (CX) was found to be formed with percent complexation efficiency and percent process efficiency of 50.53 ± 1.46 and 84.52 ± 3.16%, respectively. Also, solid state characterization of the complex ensured the inclusion of Hsd inside the cavity of SBE-β-CD. Then, Hsd/CD/CS NPs were prepared using the ionic gelation technique. The prepared NPs were fully characterized to select the most promising one (F1) with a homogenous particle size of 455.7 ± 9.04 nm, a positive zeta potential of + 32.28 ± 1.12 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of 77.46 ± 0.39%. The optimal formula (F1) was subjected to further investigation of in vitro release, ex vivo intestinal permeation, stability, cytotoxicity, and in vivo hypoglycemic activity. The results of the release and permeation studies of F1 manifested a modulated pattern between Hsd and CX. The preferential stability of F1 was observed at 4 ± 1 °C. Also, the biocompatibility of F1 with oral epithelial cell line (OEC) was retained up to a concentration of 100 µg/mL. After oral administration of F1, a noteworthy synergistic hypoglycemic effect was recorded with decreased blood glucose level until the end of the experiment. In conclusion, Hsd/CD/CS NPs could be regarded as a hopeful oral delivery system of Hsd with enhanced antidiabetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Ebrahim Elmoghayer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Noha Mohamed Saleh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
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Jamshidnejad-Tosaramandani T, Kashanian S, Karimi I, Schiöth HB. Synthesis of a Rivastigmine and Insulin Combinational Mucoadhesive Nanoparticle for Intranasal Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:510. [PMID: 38399888 PMCID: PMC10891873 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficient drug delivery remains a critical challenge for treating neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using innovative nanomaterials, delivering current medications like acetylcholinesterase inhibitors to the brain through the intranasal route is a promising strategy for managing AD. Here, we developed a unique combinational drug delivery system based on N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles (NPs). These NPs encapsulate rivastigmine, the most potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, along with insulin, a complementary therapeutic agent. The spherical NPs exhibited a zeta potential of 17.6 mV, a size of 187.00 nm, and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.29. Our findings demonstrate significantly improved drug transport efficiency through sheep nasal mucosa using the NPs compared to drug solutions. The NPs exhibited transport efficiencies of 73.3% for rivastigmine and 96.9% for insulin, surpassing the efficiencies of the drug solutions, which showed transport efficiencies of 52% for rivastigmine and 21% for insulin ex vivo. These results highlight the potential of a new drug delivery system as a promising approach for enhancing nasal transport efficiency. These combinational mucoadhesive NPs offer a novel strategy for the simultaneous cerebral delivery of rivastigmine and insulin, which could prove helpful in developing effective treatments of AD and other neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Jamshidnejad-Tosaramandani
- Nanobiotechnology Department, Faculty of Innovative Science and Technology, Razi University, Kermanshah 6714414971, Iran;
- Laboratory for Computational Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah 6714414971, Iran;
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 62167 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Soheila Kashanian
- Nanobiotechnology Department, Faculty of Innovative Science and Technology, Razi University, Kermanshah 6714414971, Iran;
- Faculty of Chemistry, Sensor and Biosensor Research Center (SBRC), Razi University, Kermanshah 6714414971, Iran
| | - Isaac Karimi
- Laboratory for Computational Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah 6714414971, Iran;
| | - Helgi B. Schiöth
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 62167 Uppsala, Sweden
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El-Araby A, Janati W, Ullah R, Ercisli S, Errachidi F. Chitosan, chitosan derivatives, and chitosan-based nanocomposites: eco-friendly materials for advanced applications (a review). Front Chem 2024; 11:1327426. [PMID: 38239928 PMCID: PMC10794439 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1327426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
For many years, chitosan has been widely regarded as a promising eco-friendly polymer thanks to its renewability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and ease of modification, giving it enormous potential for future development. As a cationic polysaccharide, chitosan exhibits specific physicochemical, biological, and mechanical properties that depend on factors such as its molecular weight and degree of deacetylation. Recently, there has been renewed interest surrounding chitosan derivatives and chitosan-based nanocomposites. This heightened attention is driven by the pursuit of enhancing efficiency and expanding the spectrum of chitosan applications. Chitosan's adaptability and unique properties make it a game-changer, promising significant contributions to industries ranging from healthcare to environmental remediation. This review presents an up-to-date overview of chitosan production sources and extraction methods, focusing on chitosan's physicochemical properties, including molecular weight, degree of deacetylation and solubility, as well as its antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities. In addition, we highlight the advantages of chitosan derivatives and biopolymer modification methods, with recent advances in the preparation of chitosan-based nanocomposites. Finally, the versatile applications of chitosan, whether in its native state, derived or incorporated into nanocomposites in various fields, such as the food industry, agriculture, the cosmetics industry, the pharmaceutical industry, medicine, and wastewater treatment, were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir El-Araby
- Functional Ecology and Environment Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Walid Janati
- Functional Ecology and Environment Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Medicinal Aromatic and Poisonous Plants Research Centre, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sezai Ercisli
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye
- HGF Agro, Ata Teknokent, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Faouzi Errachidi
- Functional Ecology and Environment Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
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Ma B, Shi J, Zhang Y, Li Z, Yong H, Zhou YN, Liu S, A S, Zhou D. Enzymatically Activatable Polymers for Disease Diagnosis and Treatment. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2306358. [PMID: 37992728 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The irregular expression or activity of enzymes in the human body leads to various pathological disorders and can therefore be used as an intrinsic trigger for more precise identification of disease foci and controlled release of diagnostics and therapeutics, leading to improved diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and therapeutic efficacy while reducing systemic toxicity. Advanced synthesis strategies enable the preparation of polymers with enzymatically activatable skeletons or side chains, while understanding enzymatically responsive mechanisms promotes rational incorporation of activatable units and predictions of the release profile of diagnostics and therapeutics, ultimately leading to promising applications in disease diagnosis and treatment with superior biocompatibility and efficiency. By overcoming the challenges, new opportunities will emerge to inspire researchers to develop more efficient, safer, and clinically reliable enzymatically activatable polymeric carriers as well as prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jiahao Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yuhe Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhili Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Haiyang Yong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sigen A
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China
| | - Dezhong Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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Hassan AAA, Kristó K, Ibrahim YHEY, Regdon G, Sovány T. Quality by Design-Guided Systematic Development and Optimization of Mucoadhesive Buccal Films. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2375. [PMID: 37896135 PMCID: PMC10610159 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucoadhesive buccal films have found increased popularity in pharmaceutical drug delivery due to the several advantages that they possess. The present study strives to develop and optimize chitosan-based mucoadhesive buccal films by relying on quality-by-design (QbD) principles. Previous knowledge and experience were employed to firstly identify the critical quality attributes (CQAs), followed by a thorough risk assessment, which led to the selection of seven critical material attributes and process parameters, namely, the polymer grade and concentration, the plasticizer type and concentration, the citric acid (CA) concentration, the amount of the casted solution, and the drying condition. Their effects on the breaking hardness and mucoadhesivity, selected as CQAs, were investigated in three steps by three designs of the experiment (DoE). The medium molecular weight of chitosan (CH) was the preferred choice in the optimized formulation, and its concentration was the most important factor affecting the CQAs, thickness, and moisture content of the films. It was found that 0.364 g/cm2 was the suitable amount of the casting solution, and its optimum drying conditions were presented in the form of a design space. Glycerol (Gly) was the best choice as a plasticizer, and a design space representing several combinations of CH and CA concentrations that produce films with the required quality was constructed at a fixed concentration of 35% Gly. A formula from this design space was selected and employed to load with two model drugs to test its drug-carrying properties for drugs with different physicochemical characteristics. Uniform drug distribution with an immediate release profile was achieved in both drugs, although one of the CQAs was outside of the specifications in the case of lidocaine-containing film. To summarize, the obtention of the optimum mucoadhesive buccal film based on CH was efficiently facilitated by the rational application of QbD principles and the DoE approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alharith A. A. Hassan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (A.A.A.H.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum P.O. Box 321, Sudan
| | - Katalin Kristó
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (A.A.A.H.)
| | - Yousif H.-E. Y. Ibrahim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (A.A.A.H.)
- Pharmaceutics Department, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman P.O. Box 382, Sudan
| | - Géza Regdon
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (A.A.A.H.)
| | - Tamás Sovány
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (A.A.A.H.)
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Karayianni M, Sentoukas T, Skandalis A, Pippa N, Pispas S. Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles for Nucleic Acid Delivery: Technological Aspects, Applications, and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1849. [PMID: 37514036 PMCID: PMC10383118 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a naturally occurring polymer derived from the deacetylation of chitin, which is an abundant carbohydrate found mainly in the shells of various marine and terrestrial (micro)organisms. Chitosan has been extensively used to construct nanoparticles (NPs), which are biocompatible, biodegradable, non-toxic, easy to prepare, and can function as effective drug delivery systems. Moreover, chitosan NPs have been employed in gene and vaccine delivery, as well as advanced cancer therapy, and they can also serve as new therapeutic tools against viral infections. In this review, we summarize the most recent developments in the field of chitosan-based NPs intended as nucleic acid delivery vehicles and gene therapy vectors. Special attention is given to the technological aspects of chitosan complexes for nucleic acid delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karayianni
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Theodore Sentoukas
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34, M. Curie-Sklodowska St., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Athanasios Skandalis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Natassa Pippa
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Stergios Pispas
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece
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11
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Arif ZU, Khalid MY, Noroozi R, Hossain M, Shi HH, Tariq A, Ramakrishna S, Umer R. Additive manufacturing of sustainable biomaterials for biomedical applications. Asian J Pharm Sci 2023; 18:100812. [PMID: 37274921 PMCID: PMC10238852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2023.100812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biopolymers are promising environmentally benign materials applicable in multifarious applications. They are especially favorable in implantable biomedical devices thanks to their excellent unique properties, including bioactivity, renewability, bioresorbability, biocompatibility, biodegradability and hydrophilicity. Additive manufacturing (AM) is a flexible and intricate manufacturing technology, which is widely used to fabricate biopolymer-based customized products and structures for advanced healthcare systems. Three-dimensional (3D) printing of these sustainable materials is applied in functional clinical settings including wound dressing, drug delivery systems, medical implants and tissue engineering. The present review highlights recent advancements in different types of biopolymers, such as proteins and polysaccharides, which are employed to develop different biomedical products by using extrusion, vat polymerization, laser and inkjet 3D printing techniques in addition to normal bioprinting and four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting techniques. This review also incorporates the influence of nanoparticles on the biological and mechanical performances of 3D-printed tissue scaffolds. This work also addresses current challenges as well as future developments of environmentally friendly polymeric materials manufactured through the AM techniques. Ideally, there is a need for more focused research on the adequate blending of these biodegradable biopolymers for achieving useful results in targeted biomedical areas. We envision that biopolymer-based 3D-printed composites have the potential to revolutionize the biomedical sector in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zia Ullah Arif
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Management & Technology Lahore, Sialkot Campus 51041, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yasir Khalid
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Reza Noroozi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mokarram Hossain
- Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering (ZCCE), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - HaoTian Harvey Shi
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Western University, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Ali Tariq
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Management & Technology Lahore, Sialkot Campus 51041, Pakistan
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Rehan Umer
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
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12
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Leong MY, Kong YL, Burgess K, Wong WF, Sethi G, Looi CY. Recent Development of Nanomaterials for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041124. [PMID: 37189742 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nano-engineered medical products first appeared in the last decade. The current research in this area focuses on developing safe drugs with minimal adverse effects associated with the pharmacologically active cargo. Transdermal drug delivery, an alternative to oral administration, offers patient convenience, avoids first-pass hepatic metabolism, provides local targeting, and reduces effective drug toxicities. Nanomaterials provide alternatives to conventional transdermal drug delivery including patches, gels, sprays, and lotions, but it is crucial to understand the transport mechanisms involved. This article reviews the recent research trends in transdermal drug delivery and emphasizes the mechanisms and nano-formulations currently in vogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moong Yan Leong
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia
| | - Yeo Lee Kong
- Department of Engineering and Applied Science, America Degree Program, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia
| | - Kevin Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842, USA
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia
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Alterary SS, Amina M, El-Tohamy MF. Biogenic sunflower oil-chitosan decorated fly ash nanocomposite film using white shrimp shell waste: Antibacterial and immunomodulatory potential. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282742. [PMID: 37011052 PMCID: PMC10069790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A new sunflower oil-chitosan decorated fly ash (sunflower oil/FA-CSNPs) bionanocomposite film was synthesized using the extract of Litopenaeus vannamei (White shrimp) and evaluated as an antibacterial and immunomodulatory agent. Fly ash-chitosan nanoparticles were produced by using chitosan (CS) isolated from white shrimp extract, glacial acetic acid and sodium tripolyphosphate solution as cross-linkage. The ultrafine polymeric sunflower oil-CS film was fabricated by treating fly ash-chitosan nanoparticles with sunflower oil in glacial acetic acid under continuous stirring for 24 h. The nanostructure of the fabricated polymeric film was confirmed and characterized by different microscopic and spectroscopic approaches. The surface morphology of pre-synthesized bionanocomposite film was found to be homogenous, even and without cracks and pores. The crystallinity of formed bionanocomposite film was noticed at angles (2θ) at 12.65°, 15.21°, 19.04°, 23.26°, 34.82°, and 37.23° in the XRD spectrum. The fabricated film displayed excellent stability up to 380 ⁰C. The formed sunflower oil/FA-CSNPs bionanocomposite film showed promising antibacterial towards Bacillus subtilis with highest zone of inhibition of 34 mm and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with zone of inhibition of 28 nm. The as-synthesized bionanocomposite film exhibited highest cell viability effect (98.95%), followed by FA-CSNPs (83.25%) at 200 μg mL-1 concentrations. The bionanocomposite film exerted notable immunomodulatory effect by promoting phagocytosis and enhancing the production of cytokines (NO, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) in macrophage-derived RAW264.7 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seham S. Alterary
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Musarat Amina
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmacy College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha F. El-Tohamy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Fathi-Karkan S, Mirinejad S, Ulucan-Karnak F, Mukhtar M, Almanghadim HG, Sargazi S, Rahdar A, Díez-Pascual AM. Biomedical applications of aptamer-modified chitosan nanomaterials: An updated review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 238:124103. [PMID: 36948344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Among polysaccharides of environmental and economic interest, chitosan (CS) is receiving much attention, particularly in the food and biotechnology industries to encapsulate active food ingredients and immobilize enzymes. CS nanoparticles (CS NPs) combine the intrinsic beneficial properties of both natural polymers and nanoscale particles such as quantum size effect, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ease of modification, and have great potential for bioimaging, drug delivery, and biosensing applications. Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides that can fold into predetermined structures and bind to the corresponding biomolecules. They are mainly used as targeting ligands in biosensors, disease diagnostic kits and treatment strategies. They can deliver contrast agents and drugs into cancer cells and tissues, control microorganism growth and precisely target pathogens. Aptamer-conjugated CS NPs can significantly improve the efficacy of conventional therapies, minimize their side effects on normal tissues, and overcome the enhanced permeability retention (EPR) effect. Further, aptamer-conjugated carbohydrate-based nanobiopolymers have shown excellent antibacterial and antiviral properties and can be used to develop novel biosensors for the efficient detection of antibiotics, toxins, and other biomolecules. This updated review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the bioapplications of aptamer-conjugated CS NPs used as innovative diagnostic and therapeutic platforms, their limitations, and potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Fathi-Karkan
- Department of Advanced Sciences and Technologies in Medicine, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd 94531-55166, Iran
| | - Shekoufeh Mirinejad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43463, Iran
| | - Fulden Ulucan-Karnak
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Mahwash Mukhtar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | | | - Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43463, Iran
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, University of Zabol, Zabol, P.O. Box 98613-35856, Iran.
| | - Ana M Díez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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Physicochemical Properties and Functional Characteristics of Ecologically Extracted Shrimp Chitosans with Different Organic Acids during Demineralization Step. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238285. [PMID: 36500378 PMCID: PMC9740848 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aims to develop eco-friendly and economical chitosans with a wide range of applications using organic acids for shrimp shells demineralization. Chitosan samples were extracted from shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) shells and the demineralization step was performed with three organic acids (citric, acetic, and lactic) and two mineral acids (hydrochloric and sulfuric). The chitosans were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chitosans’ physicochemical properties were also determined. The characteristic bands and functional groups of the chitosans were identified by FTIR spectra. The chitosans’ crystallinity order was as follows: ChHCl > ChCitric > ChH2SO4 > ChLactic > ChAcetic. The chitosans’ morphological characteristics revealed a smooth surface and fibrous structures with pores. Chitosans extracted by organic acids showed the highest extraction yields. ChHCl and ChCitric had higher degrees of deacetylation values; 83.67% and 81.47%, respectively. The solubility was proportional to the degree of deacetylation. Furthermore, ChH2SO4 and ChCitric had lower molecular weight values; 149 kDa and 183 kDa, respectively. Organic acids are as effective as mineral acids for shrimp shells demineralization. The developed process opens up possibilities to produce chitin and chitosan in a more eco-friendly way and at a lower cost in many industrial sectors.
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Zegarra-Urquia CL, Santiago J, Bumgardner JD, Goroncy AK, Vega-Baudrit J, Hernández-Escobar CA, Zaragoza-Contreras EA. Characterization of isoniazid incorporation into chitosan-poly(aspartic acid) nanoparticles. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2022.2145287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julio Santiago
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Joel D. Bumgardner
- Biomedical Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - José Vega-Baudrit
- Centro Nacional de Alta Tecnología “Dr. Franklin Chang Díaz”, Laboratorio Nacional de Nanotecnología (LANOTEC), San José, Costa Rica
- POLIUNA, Escuela de Química, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Claudia A. Hernández-Escobar
- Department of Engineering and Materials Chemistry, Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - E. Armando Zaragoza-Contreras
- Department of Engineering and Materials Chemistry, Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
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Bat-Amgalan M, Miyamoto N, Kano N, Yunden G, Kim HJ. Preparation and Characterization of Low-Cost Ceramic Membrane Coated with Chitosan: Application to the Ultrafine Filtration of Cr(VI). MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12090835. [PMID: 36135854 PMCID: PMC9504684 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12090835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, low-cost ceramic membranes (CMs) were prepared from ultrafine starting powders such as kaolin, clay, and starch by a dry compaction method. The ceramic membranes were sintered at different temperatures and times and were characterized by XRD, XRF, TG-DTA, SEM-EDS, N2-BET, water absorption, compressive strength, and pure water flux. The optimal membrane, sintered at 1000 °C for 3 h, possessed water absorption of 27.27%, a compressive strength of 31.05 MPa, and pure water flux of 20.74 L/h m2. Furthermore, chitosan crosslinked with glutaraldehyde was coated on the surface of the ceramic membrane by the dip coating method, and the pore size of the chitosan-coated ceramic membrane (CCCM) was 16.24 nm. Eventually, the separation performance of this membrane was assessed for the removal of chromium(VI) from aqueous solution. The ultrafine filtration of Cr(VI) was studied in the pH range of 2-7. The maximum removal of Cr(VI) was observed to be 71.25% with a pH of 3. The prepared CCCM showed good membrane properties such as mechanical stability and ultrafine structure, which have important applications for the treatment of wastewater including such heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munkhpurev Bat-Amgalan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-Nocho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Sciences, Mongolian University of Sciences and Technology, Ulaanbaatar 14191, Mongolia
| | - Naoto Miyamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-Nocho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Naoki Kano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-Nocho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-025-262-7218
| | - Ganchimeg Yunden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Sciences, Mongolian University of Sciences and Technology, Ulaanbaatar 14191, Mongolia
| | - Hee-Joon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-Nocho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1, Nakano-machi, Hachioji 192-0015, Japan
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K PD, D RD, S B, B Narayanan VH. In-vivo pharmacokinetic studies of Dolutegravir loaded spray dried Chitosan nanoparticles as milk admixture for paediatrics infected with HIV. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13907. [PMID: 35974065 PMCID: PMC9381509 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dolutegravir (DTG) is an antiretroviral drug approved in the year 2013, and being categorized as a BCS-II molecule, it possesses solubility issues. In order to enhance the solubility and improve its bioavailability, DTG-loaded Chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized utilizing spray drying technology. The developed nanoformulation was characterized for its physicochemical properties and investigated for the feasibility of its administration through an oral route along with milk/food as an admixture for paediatric antiretroviral therapy. The in vivo oral bioavailability studies were conducted in Balb-C mice, where the animals were treated with the selected formulation of DTG-loaded Chitosan NPs and compared to pure DTG. The NPs exhibited 2.5-fold increase in the Cmax (77.54 ± 7.93 μg/mL) when compared to the pure DTG (30.15 ± 8.06 μg/mL). This phenomenon was further reflected by the improved bioavailability of DTG (AUC: 678.3 ± 10.07 μg/h/mL) in the NPs administered to mice when compared to the AUC of animals administered with pure DTG (405.29 ± 7 μg/h/mL). Altogether, the research findings showed that Chitosan-based NPs were ideal carriers for oral administration of DTG along with milk and exhibited great potential to enhance the bioavailability of the drug and treatment adherence for paediatric HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Dharshini K
- Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratory, ASK-II, Lab No: 214, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be-University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
| | - Ramya Devi D
- Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratory, ASK-II, Lab No: 214, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be-University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
| | - Banudevi S
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Biomaterials, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be-University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
| | - Vedha Hari B Narayanan
- Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratory, ASK-II, Lab No: 214, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be-University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India.
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New Isolated Shrimp (Litopenaeus setiferus) Chitosan-Based Films Loaded with Fly Ash for Antibacterial Evaluation. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14102099. [PMID: 35631982 PMCID: PMC9147801 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
New three fabricated chitosan (CS) loaded with fly ash (FA) films were developed in this study. The shell waste of white shrimp was used as a precursor for the isolation of chitin and converted into chitosan by carrying out a deacetylation process. The formation of chitosan was conducted by various preparation steps deproteinization, demineralization, and deacetylation. The degree of deacetylation was found to be 95.2%. The obtained chitosan was used to prepare three different chitosan loaded-fly ash films. The prepared films contained various fly ash: chitosan ratios (2:1, FA-CSF1), (1:1, FA-CSF2), and (1:2, FA-CSF3). The obtained films were characterized using FTIR, XRD, and SEM. The micrograph images of the formed films showed spherical particles with an average size of 10 µm. The surface area, adsorption-desorption properties, thermal stability, and water/fat binding features of the fabricated chitosan films were studied. The results revealed that the prepared films displayed typical BET graphs with surface areas ranging from 2.436 m2 g−1 to 8.490 m2 g−1. The fabricated FA-CSF films also showed high thermal stability at temperatures up to 284.9 °C and excellent water/fat binding capacities. The antibacterial potential of the designed films was screened against E. coli (Gram-negative) and B. cereus (Gram-positive) bacterial strains. The tested solution of CS (1%) exhibited inhibition zones for E. coli and B. cereus as 18.51 mm and 14.81 mm, respectively, while in FA solution (1%), the inhibition zones were found to be 10.16 mm, and 13.57 mm, respectively. The results encourage and open up the new and promising areas of research for applying chitosan extracted from waste materials in biological applications.
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Liu J, Yu S, Qu W, Jin Z, Zhao K. Self-Assembly of Soluble Chitosan Derivatives Nanoparticles for Vaccine: Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4097. [PMID: 34883601 PMCID: PMC8659217 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, a novel chitosan derivative nanoparticle was proposed to function as a delivery carrier. First of all, an improvement was made to the way N-2-hydroxypropyl trimcthyl ammonium chloride chitosan (N-2-HACC) was synthesized. Moreover, the solution to one-step synthesis of N-2-HACC from chitosan (CS) was developed. Different from the previous report, the synthesis process was simplified, and there was a reduction in the amount of 2,3-epoxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (EPTAC) used. With its excellent water solubility maintained, the relatively low degree of substitution was controlled to facilitate the cross-linking reaction. The results obtained from 1H-NMR, FTIR spectroscopy, and XRD indicated a smooth EPTAC onto CS for the formation of N-2-HACC with 59.33% the degree of substitution (DS). According to our results, N-2-HACC could be dissolved in various organic solvents, deionized water, 1% acetic acid aqueous solution, and others at room temperature. Finally, a novel chitosan nanoparticle material was prepared using the self-assembly method with β-glycerophosphate sodium (β-GC), with excellent immune properties achieved, thus providing a new strategy for chitosan self-assembled nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-Efficiency Conversion, College of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;
| | - Shuang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (S.Y.); (W.Q.)
| | - Wanying Qu
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (S.Y.); (W.Q.)
| | - Zheng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-Efficiency Conversion, College of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;
- Institute of Nanobiomaterials and Immunology, School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (S.Y.); (W.Q.)
- Institute of Nanobiomaterials and Immunology, School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
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