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Kumar V, Kuang W, Fifield LS. Carbon Fiber-Based Vitrimer Composites: A Path toward Current Research That Is High-Performing, Useful, and Sustainable. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3265. [PMID: 38998348 PMCID: PMC11243385 DOI: 10.3390/ma17133265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
In the polymeric material industry, thermosets and related composites have played a substantial role in the production of rubber and plastics. One important subset of these is thermoset composites with carbon reinforcement. The incorporation of carbon fillers and fibers gives polymeric materials improved electrical and mechanical properties, among other benefits. However, the covalently crosslinked network of thermosets presents significant challenges for recycling and reprocessing because of its intractable nature. The introduction of vitrimer materials opens a new avenue to produce biodegradable and recyclable thermosets. Carbon-reinforced vitrimer composites are pursued for high-performance, long-lasting materials with attractive physical properties, the ability to be recycled and processed, and other features that respond uniquely to stimuli. The development of carbon-reinforced vitrimer composites over the last few years is summarized in this article. First, an overview of vitrimers and the methods used to prepare carbon fiber-reinforced vitrimer composites is provided. Because of the vitrimer nature of such composites, reprocessing, healing, and recycling are viable ways to greatly extend their service life; these approaches are thoroughly explained and summarized. The conclusion is our prediction for developing carbon-based vitrimer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leonard S. Fifield
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA; (V.K.); (W.K.)
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Pomázi Á, Poór DI, Geier N, Toldy A. Optimising Recycling Processes for Polyimine-Based Vitrimer Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Composites: A Comparative Study on Reinforcement Recovery and Material Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2372. [PMID: 38793442 PMCID: PMC11123295 DOI: 10.3390/ma17102372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the recycling process of carbon fibre-reinforced polyimine vitrimer composites and compared composites made from virgin and recycled fibres. The vitrimer matrix consisted of a two-component polyimine-type vitrimer system, and as reinforcing materials, we used nonwoven felt and unidirectional carbon fibre. Various diethylenetriamine (DETA) and xylene solvent ratios were examined to find the optimal dissolution conditions. The 20:80 DETA-xylene ratio provided efficient dissolution, and the elevated temperature (80 °C) significantly accelerated the process. Scaling up to larger composite structures was demonstrated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed effective matrix removal, with minimal residue on carbon fibre surfaces and good adhesion in recycled composites. The recycled nonwoven composite exhibited a decreased glass transition temperature due to the residual solvents in the matrix, while the UD composite showed a slight increase. Dynamic mechanical analysis on the recycled composite showed an increased storage modulus for nonwoven composites at room temperature and greater resistance to deformation at elevated temperatures for the UD composites. Interlaminar shear tests indicated slightly reduced adhesion strength in the reprocessed composites. Overall, this study demonstrates the feasibility of recycling vitrimer composites, emphasising the need for further optimisation to ensure environmental and economic sustainability while mitigating residual solvent and matrix effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ákos Pomázi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary;
- MTA-BME Lendület Sustainable Polymers Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary;
- HUN-REN–BME Research Group for Composite Science and Technology, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel István Poór
- MTA-BME Lendület Sustainable Polymers Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary;
- Department of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Norbert Geier
- Department of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Andrea Toldy
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary;
- MTA-BME Lendület Sustainable Polymers Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary;
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Capretti M, Giammaria V, Santulli C, Boria S, Del Bianco G. Use of Bio-Epoxies and Their Effect on the Performance of Polymer Composites: A Critical Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4733. [PMID: 38139984 PMCID: PMC10747679 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study comprehensively examines recent developments in bio-epoxy resins and their applications in composites. Despite the reliability of traditional epoxy systems, the increasing demand for sustainability has driven researchers and industries to explore new bio-based alternatives. Additionally, natural fibers have the potential to serve as environmentally friendly substitutes for synthetic ones, contributing to the production of lightweight and biodegradable composites. Enhancing the mechanical properties of these bio-composites also involves improving the compatibility between the matrix and fibers. The use of bio-epoxy resins facilitates better adhesion of natural composite constituents, addressing sustainability and environmental concerns. The principles and methods proposed for both available commercial and especially non-commercial bio-epoxy solutions are investigated, with a focus on promising renewable sources like wood, food waste, and vegetable oils. Bio-epoxy systems with a minimum bio-content of 20% are analyzed from a thermomechanical perspective. This review also discusses the effect of incorporating synthetic and natural fibers into bio-epoxy resins both on their own and in hybrid form. A comparative analysis is conducted against traditional epoxy-based references, with the aim of emphasizing viable alternatives. The focus is on addressing their benefits and challenges in applications fields such as aviation and the automotive industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Capretti
- School of Science and Technology, Mathematics Division, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.C.); (V.G.); (S.B.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Valentina Giammaria
- School of Science and Technology, Mathematics Division, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.C.); (V.G.); (S.B.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Carlo Santulli
- School of Science and Technology, Geology Division, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano 7, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Simonetta Boria
- School of Science and Technology, Mathematics Division, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.C.); (V.G.); (S.B.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Giulia Del Bianco
- School of Science and Technology, Mathematics Division, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.C.); (V.G.); (S.B.); (G.D.B.)
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Schenk V, D'Elia R, Olivier P, Labastie K, Destarac M, Guerre M. Exploring the Limits of High- Tg Epoxy Vitrimers Produced through Resin-Transfer Molding. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:46357-46367. [PMID: 37738359 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, scientists have developed new ways to overcome the recycling issues of conventional thermosets with the introduction of associative covalent adaptable networks (i.e., vitrimers) in polymer materials. Even though various end-use vitrimers have already been reported, just a few of them have targeted high-performance industrial applications. Herein, we develop a promising high-performance epoxy vitrimer based on a commercially available resin widely used in aeronautics with the highest glass transition temperature (Tg) of 233 °C ever reported for a vitrimer. A complete study of its physicochemical properties and cure kinetics was conducted, enabling the construction of the first time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram reported in the literature. This diagram allows a full determination of the processing and curing parameters leading to the manufacturing of vitrimer samples by the resin-transfer molding (RTM) process. The reshapability and limits therefrom of this high-Tg vitrimer were evaluated by three successful thermoforming cycles without degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Schenk
- IRT Saint Exupéry, bâtiment B612 3 rue Tarfaya, 31405 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- ICA, Université de Toulouse, UT3, CNRS UMR 5312, Espace C. Ader, 3 Rue Caroline Aigle, 3140 Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Raffaele D'Elia
- ICA, Université de Toulouse, UT3, CNRS UMR 5312, Espace C. Ader, 3 Rue Caroline Aigle, 3140 Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Olivier
- ICA, Université de Toulouse, UT3, CNRS UMR 5312, Espace C. Ader, 3 Rue Caroline Aigle, 3140 Toulouse, France
| | - Karine Labastie
- IRT Saint Exupéry, bâtiment B612 3 rue Tarfaya, 31405 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Mathias Destarac
- IRT Saint Exupéry, bâtiment B612 3 rue Tarfaya, 31405 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Marc Guerre
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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Wang Z, Wang Y, Wang H, Gang H, Zhang N, Zhou Y, Gu S, Zhuang Y, Xu W, Ke G, Li Z, Yang H. Bioinspired Natural Magnolol-Based Adhesive with Strong Adhesion and Antibacterial Properties for Application in Wet and Dry Environments. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:24846-24857. [PMID: 37183374 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of environmentally friendly, green, and nontoxic adhesives with excellent dry and wet adhesion properties is of great attraction. In nature, barnacles and mussels exhibit strong adhesion by secreting a hydroxyl-rich dopa. Inspired by their adhesion mechanism, a simple biobased MAG-PETMP (MP) adhesive was prepared from magnolol (MAG) and pentaerythritol tetra (3-mercaptopropionate) (PETMP) by a thiol-ene click chemistry reaction. MP as an adhesive exhibits high bond strength with other substrates due to hydrogen bonds formed by the abundant hydroxyl groups at the interface and shows an inherent thermosetting network structure. Since MP has a thermosetting network, it exhibits excellent thermal stability, solvent resistance, and high mechanical strength, which make the adhesive stable in a humid environment. The cross-linking degree of MP can be easily controlled by adjusting the molar ratio of MAG and PETMP. Among the synthesized samples, the elongation at break of the MP 1 formulation is 174.27%, which makes it promising for use as a flexible adhesive. Moreover, the inherent antibacterial properties of MAG enable MP to exhibit antimicrobial properties and antibacterial adhesion to some extent. This work provides a simple biomimetic strategy that could enable the application of MAG for adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonglei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Functional New Textile Materials of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Yuli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Functional New Textile Materials of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Han Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Functional New Textile Materials of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Hanlin Gang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Naidan Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Yingshan Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Shaojin Gu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Yan Zhuang
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Weilin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Functional New Textile Materials of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | | | - Zhongyu Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Functional New Textile Materials of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
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Sharma H, Rana S, Singh P, Hayashi M, Binder WH, Rossegger E, Kumar A, Schlögl S. Self-healable fiber-reinforced vitrimer composites: overview and future prospects. RSC Adv 2022; 12:32569-32582. [PMID: 36425695 PMCID: PMC9661690 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05103f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To achieve sustainable development goals, approaches towards the preparation of recyclable and healable polymeric materials is highly attractive. Self-healing polymers and thermosets based on bond-exchangeable dynamic covalent bonds, so called "vitrimers" could be a great effort in this direction. In order to match the industrial importance, enhancement of mechanical strength without sacrificing the bond exchange capability is a challenging issue, however, such concerns can be overcome through the developments of fiber-reinforced vitrimer composites. This article covers the outstanding features of fiber-reinforced vitrimer composites, including their reprocessing, recycling and self-healing properties, together with practical applications and future perspectives of this unique class of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Sharma
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Sravendra Rana
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Poonam Singh
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Mikihiro Hayashi
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduated School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4 Halle 06120 Germany
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Chemistry of Functional Polymers, Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 A-8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Ajay Kumar
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Chemistry of Functional Polymers, Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 A-8700 Leoben Austria
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Multifunctional Characteristics of Carbon Fibers Modified with Imidazolium Ionic Liquids. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27207001. [DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A multifunctional designing approach is of great importance for advanced composite applications. This study assessed the use of ionic liquids (ILs) to modify the surface of carbon fiber (CF) and impart multifunctional characteristics to it. For that, ethanolic solutions of different ILs, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium chloride, at different concentrations, were used to treat the CF. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of IL on the CF surface. The contact angle for 1% w/v IL-treated CF and DGEBA epoxy decreased by up to 35%, corresponding to an increase in surface energy of fiber, accompanied by an increase of 91% in interfacial shear strength. These enhancements were achieved with the hydroxy-functionalized IL, showing the tunability of CF properties through the N-imidazolium substituent. An increase in crystallite size along the basal plane was also found due to the ordering of the graphitic structure on the surface. Moreover, there was a decrease in electrical resistivity of 77%. In all, the imidazolium ILs were considered a promising approach to induce multifunctional characteristics, namely enhanced interfacial strength and electrical conductivity, to unsized CF, which can also be beneficial for recycled fibers without deteriorating their inherent surface properties.
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Abdur Rashid M, Liu W, Wei Y, Jiang Q. Review of reversible dynamic bonds containing intrinsically flame retardant biomass thermosets. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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