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Jaffur BN, Kumar G, Jeetah P, Ramakrishna S, Bhatia SK. Current advances and emerging trends in sustainable polyhydroxyalkanoate modification from organic waste streams for material applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126781. [PMID: 37696371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The current processes for producing polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are costly, owing to the high cost of cultivation feedstocks, and the need to sterilise the growth medium, which is energy-intensive. PHA has been identified as a promising biomaterial with a wide range of potential applications and its functionalization from waste streams has made significant advances recently, which can help foster the growth of a circular economy and waste reduction. Recent developments and novel approaches in the functionalization of PHAs derived from various waste streams offer opportunities for addressing these issues. This study focuses on the development of sustainable, efficient, and cutting-edge methods, such as advanced bioprocess engineering, novel catalysts, and advances in materials science. Chemical techniques, such as epoxidation, oxidation, and esterification, have been employed for PHA functionalization, while enzymatic and microbial methods have indicated promise. PHB/polylactic acid blends with cellulose fibers showed improved tensile strength by 24.45-32.08 % and decreased water vapor and oxygen transmission rates while PHB/Polycaprolactone blends with a 1:1 ratio demonstrated an elongation at break four to six times higher than pure PHB, without altering tensile strength or elastic modulus. Moreover, PHB films blended with both polyethylene glycol and esterified sodium alginate showed improvements in crystallinity and decreased hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibi Nausheen Jaffur
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Mauritius.
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental, Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Pratima Jeetah
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Mauritius
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575, Singapore
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
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Krieg D, Müller MT, Boldt R, Rennert M, Stommel M. Additive Free Crosslinking of Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate via Electron Beam Irradiation at Elevated Temperatures. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4072. [PMID: 37896317 PMCID: PMC10610128 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
When applying electron or gamma irradiation to poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB), main chain scissions are the dominant material reactions. Though propositions have been made that crosslinking in the amorphous phase of P3HB occurs under irradiation, a conclusive method to achieve controlled additive free irradiation crosslinking has not been shown and no mechanism has been derived to the best of our knowledge. By applying irradiation in a molten state at 195 °C and doses above 200 kGy, we were able to initiate crosslink reactions and achieved gel formation of up to 16%. The gel dose Dgel was determined to be 200 kGy and a range of the G values, the number of scissions and crosslinks for 100 eV energy deposition, is given. Rheology measurements, as well as size exclusion chromatography (SEC), showed indications for branching at doses from 100 to 250 kGy. Thermal analysis showed the development of a bimodal peak with a decrease in the peak melt temperature and an increase in peak width. In combination with an increase in the thermal degradation temperature for a dose of 200 kGy compared to 100 kGy, thermal analysis also showed phenomena attributed to branching and crosslinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Krieg
- Institute for Circular Economy of Bio:Polymers at Hof University (ibp), 95028 Hof, Germany;
| | - Michael Thomas Müller
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany; (M.T.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Regine Boldt
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany; (M.T.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Mirko Rennert
- Institute for Circular Economy of Bio:Polymers at Hof University (ibp), 95028 Hof, Germany;
| | - Markus Stommel
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany; (M.T.M.); (R.B.)
- Institute of Material Science, Technical University Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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Fan Z, Gao J, Wu Y, Yin D, Chen S, Tu H, Wei T, Zhang C, Zhu H, Jin H. Highly Enhanced Mechanical, Thermal, and Crystallization Performance of PLA/PBS Composite by Glass Fiber Coupling Agent Modification. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3164. [PMID: 37571058 PMCID: PMC10421074 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve the toughness and heat resistance of polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene succinate (PBS) was sufficiently blended with PLA as the base matrix, and the glass fiber (GF) that was modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KF-GF) was added as the reinforcement. The results demonstrated a noteworthy boost in both mechanical and heat resistance properties when employing KH-GF, in comparison to pristine GF. When the content of KH-GF reached 20%, the tensile, flexural, and IZOD impact strength of the composites were 65.53 MPa, 83.43 MPa, and 7.45 kJ/m2, respectively, which were improved by 123%, 107%, and 189% compared to the base matrix, respectively. This enhancement was primarily attributed to the stronger interfacial adhesion between KH-GF and the PLA/PBS matrix. Furthermore, the Vicat softening temperature of the composites reached 128.7 °C, which was a result of increased crystallinity. In summary, the incorporation of KH-GF into PLA/PBS composites resulted in notable enhancements in their mechanical properties, crystallinity, and thermal characteristics. The high performance KH-GF-reinforced PLA/PBS composite showed a broad application potential in the field of biodegradable packaging, biodegradable textiles, and biodegradable plastic bags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Leather of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Z.F.); (H.J.)
| | - Junchang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Leather of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Z.F.); (H.J.)
| | - Yadong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Leather of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Z.F.); (H.J.)
| | - Dewu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Leather of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Z.F.); (H.J.)
- Cangnan Research Institute, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Shunxing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Leather of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Z.F.); (H.J.)
| | - Hua Tu
- Key Laboratory of Leather of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Z.F.); (H.J.)
| | - Tiantian Wei
- Key Laboratory of Leather of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Z.F.); (H.J.)
| | - Chaoran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Leather of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Z.F.); (H.J.)
| | - Haoxiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Leather of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Z.F.); (H.J.)
| | - Huile Jin
- Key Laboratory of Leather of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (Z.F.); (H.J.)
- Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Patel M, Hansson F, Pitkänen O, Geng S, Oksman K. Biopolymer Blends of Poly(lactic acid) and Poly(hydroxybutyrate) and Their Functionalization with Glycerol Triacetate and Chitin Nanocrystals for Food Packaging Applications. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2022; 4:6592-6601. [PMID: 36119407 PMCID: PMC9469702 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biopolymer that has potential for use in food packaging applications; however, its low crystallinity and poor gas barrier properties limit its use. This study aimed to increase the understanding of the structure property relation of biopolymer blends and their nanocomposites. The crystallinity of the final materials and their effect on barrier properties was studied. Two strategies were performed: first, different concentrations of poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB; 10, 25, and 50 wt %) were compounded with PLA to facilitate the PHB spherulite development, and then, for further increase of the overall crystallinity, glycerol triacetate (GTA) functionalized chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs) were added. The PLA:PHB blend with 25 wt % PHB showed the formation of many very small PHB spherulites with the highest PHB crystallinity among the examined compositions and was selected as the matrix for the ChNC nanocomposites. Then, ChNCs with different concentrations (0.5, 1, and 2 wt %) were added to the 75:25 PLA:PHB blend using the liquid-assisted extrusion process in the presence of GTA. The addition of the ChNCs resulted in an improvement in the crystallization rate and degree of PHB crystallinity as well as mechanical properties. The nanocomposite with the highest crystallinity resulted in greatly decreased oxygen (O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) permeability and increased the overall mechanical properties compared to the blend with GTA. This study shows that the addition ChNCs in PLA:PHB can be a possible way to reach suitable gas barrier properties for food packaging films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitul
Kumar Patel
- Division
of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97 187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Freja Hansson
- Division
of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97 187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Olli Pitkänen
- Microelectronics
Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Shiyu Geng
- Division
of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97 187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Kristiina Oksman
- Division
of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97 187 Luleå, Sweden
- Mechanical
& Industrial Engineering (MIE), University
of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center (WWSC); Luleå
University of Technology, SE 97187 Luleå, Sweden
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Toughening and Heat-Resistant Modification of Degradable PLA/PBS-Based Composites by Using Glass Fiber/Silicon Dioxide Hybrid Fillers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163237. [PMID: 36015493 PMCID: PMC9412549 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, to enhance the toughness and heat resistance properties of polylactic acid (PLA)/polybutylene succinate (PBS) composites, the PLA/PBS matrix was modified by different glass fiber (GF), GF/SiO2, and GF/(Polyaluminium chloride) PAC fillers. Additionally, the effect of filler type, filler content, components interaction and composite structure on the mechanical and thermal properties of the PLA/PBS composites was researched. The results showed that the addition of GF, GF/SiO2 and GF/PAC make the PLA/PBS composites appear significantly higher mechanical properties compared with the pristine PLA/PBS composite. Among the different inorganic fillers, the 10%GF/1%SiO2 fillers showed excellent strengthening, toughening and heat resistant effects. Compared with the pristine PLA/PBS matrix, the tensile strength, elastic modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus and Izod impact strength improved by 36.28%, 70.74%, 67.95%, 66.61% and 135.68%, respectively. Considering the above, when the weight loss rate was 50%, the thermal decomposition temperature of the 10%GF/1%SiO2 modified PLA/PBS composites was the highest 412.83 °C and its Vicat softening point was up to 116.8 °C. In a word, the 10%GF/1%SiO2 reinforced PLA/PBS composites exhibit excellent mechanical and thermal properties, which broadens the application of biodegradable materials in specific scenarios.
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