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Benedetti A, Molent C, Barcik W, Papaleo F. Social behavior in 16p11.2 and 22q11.2 copy number variations: Insights from mice and humans. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2021; 21:e12787. [PMID: 34889032 PMCID: PMC9744525 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Genetic 16p11.2 and 22q11.2 deletions and duplications in humans may alter behavioral developmental trajectories increasing the risk of autism and schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In this review, we will concentrate on 16p11.2 and 22q11.2 deletions' effects on social functioning, beyond diagnostic categorization. We highlight diagnostic and social sub-constructs discrepancies. Notably, we contrast evidence from human studies with social profiling performed in several mouse models mimicking 16p11.2 and 22q11.2 deletion syndromes. Given the complexity of social behavior, there is a need to assess distinct social processes. This will be important to better understand the biology underlying such genetic-dependent dysfunctions, as well as to give perspective on how therapeutic strategies can be improved. Bridges and divergent points between human and mouse studies are highlighted. Overall, we give challenges and future perspectives to sort the genetics of social heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Benedetti
- Genetics of Cognition laboratory, Neuroscience areaIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenoaItaly,CNRS, GREDEGUniversité Côte d'AzurNiceFrance
| | - Cinzia Molent
- Genetics of Cognition laboratory, Neuroscience areaIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenoaItaly,Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale(Di. Mes) Università degli Studi di GenovaGenoaItaly
| | - Weronika Barcik
- Genetics of Cognition laboratory, Neuroscience areaIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenoaItaly
| | - Francesco Papaleo
- Genetics of Cognition laboratory, Neuroscience areaIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenoaItaly,Department of Neurosciences and Mental HealthFondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilanItaly
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Seitz-Holland J, Lyons M, Kushan L, Lin A, Villalon-Reina JE, Cho KIK, Zhang F, Billah T, Bouix S, Kubicki M, Bearden CE, Pasternak O. Opposing white matter microstructure abnormalities in 22q11.2 deletion and duplication carriers. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:580. [PMID: 34759270 PMCID: PMC8581007 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01703-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Deletions and duplications at the 22q11.2 locus are associated with significant neurodevelopmental and psychiatric morbidity. Previous diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in 22q11.2 deletion carriers (22q-del) found nonspecific white matter (WM) abnormalities, characterized by higher fractional anisotropy. Here, utilizing novel imaging and processing methods that allow separation of signal contribution from different tissue properties, we investigate whether higher anisotropy is driven by (1) extracellular changes, (2) selective degeneration of secondary fibers, or (3) volumetric differences. We further, for the first time, investigate WM microstructure in 22q11.2 duplication carriers (22q-dup). Multi-shell diffusion-weighted images were acquired from 26 22q-del, 19 22q-dup, and 18 healthy individuals (HC). Images were fitted with the free-water model to estimate anisotropy following extracellular free-water elimination and with the novel BedpostX model to estimate fractional volumes of primary and secondary fiber populations. Outcome measures were compared between groups, with and without correction for WM and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volumes. In 22q-del, anisotropy following free-water elimination remained significantly higher compared with controls. BedpostX did not identify selective secondary fiber degeneration. Higher anisotropy diminished when correcting for the higher CSF and lower WM volumes. In contrast, 22q-dup had lower anisotropy and greater extracellular space than HC, not influenced by macrostructural volumes. Our findings demonstrate opposing effects of reciprocal 22q11.2 copy-number variation on WM, which may arise from distinct pathologies. In 22q-del, microstructural abnormalities may be secondary to enlarged CSF space and more densely packed WM. In 22q-dup, we see evidence for demyelination similar to what is commonly observed in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Seitz-Holland
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.
| | - Monica Lyons
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Leila Kushan
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA
| | - Amy Lin
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA
| | - Julio E Villalon-Reina
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA
| | - Kang Ik Kevin Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Tashrif Billah
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Sylvain Bouix
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Marek Kubicki
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA
| | - Ofer Pasternak
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
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Edmiston E, Jones KL, Vu T, Ashwood P, Van de Water J. Identification of the antigenic epitopes of maternal autoantibodies in autism spectrum disorders. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 69:399-407. [PMID: 29289663 PMCID: PMC5857423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several groups have described the presence of fetal brain-reactive maternal autoantibodies in the plasma of some mothers whose children have autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We previously identified seven autoantigens targeted by these maternal autoantibodies, each of which is expressed at significant levels in the developing brain and has demonstrated roles in typical neurodevelopment. To further understand the binding repertoire of the maternal autoantibodies, as well as the presence of any meaningful differences with respect to the recognition and binding of these ASD-specific autoantibodies to each of these neuronal autoantigens, we utilized overlapping peptide microarrays incubated with maternal plasma samples obtained from the Childhood Autism Risk from Genetics and Environment (CHARGE) Study. In an effort to identify the most commonly recognized (immunodominant) epitope sequences targeted by maternal autoantibodies for each of the seven ASD-specific autoantigens, arrays were screened with plasma from mothers with children across diagnostic groups (ASD and typically developing (TD)) that were positive for at least one antigen by western blot (N = 67) or negative control mothers unreactive to any of the autoantigens (N = 18). Of the 63 peptides identified with the discovery microarrays, at least one immunodominant peptide was successfully identified for each of the seven antigenic proteins using subsequent selective screening microarrays. Furthermore, while limited by our relatively small sample size, there were peptides that were distinctly recognized by autoantibodies relative to diagnosis For example, reactivity was observed exclusively in mothers of children of ASD towards several peptides, including the LDH-B peptides DCIIIVVSNPVDILT (9.1% ASD vs. 0% TD; odds ratio (95% CI) = 6.644 (0.355-124.384)) and PVAEEEATVPNNKIT (5.5% ASD vs. 0% TD; odds ratio (95% CI) = 4.067 (0.203-81.403)).These results suggest that there are differences in the binding repertoire between the antigen positive ASD and TD maternal samples. Further, the autoantibodies in plasma from mothers of children with ASD bound to a more diverse set of peptides, and there were specific peptide binding combinations observed only in this group. Future studies are underway to determine the critical amino acids necessary for autoantibody binding, which will be essential in developing a potential therapeutic strategy for maternal autoantibody related (MAR) ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Edmiston
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; UC Davis MIND Institute, 2825 50th St, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Karen L Jones
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; UC Davis MIND Institute, 2825 50th St, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Tam Vu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Paul Ashwood
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Judy Van de Water
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; UC Davis MIND Institute, 2825 50th St, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Examining the Overlap between Autism Spectrum Disorder and 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051071. [PMID: 28524075 PMCID: PMC5454981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a genomic disorder reported to associate with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in 15–50% of cases; however, others suggest that individuals with 22q11.2DS present psychiatric or behavioral features associated with ASDs, but do not meet full criteria for ASD diagnoses. Such wide variability in findings may arise in part due to methodological differences across studies. Our study sought to determine whether individuals with 22q11.2DS meet strict ASD diagnostic criteria using research-based guidelines from the Collaborative Programs of Excellence in Autism (CPEA), which required a gathering of information from three sources: the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), the Autism Diagnostic Observational Schedule (ADOS), and a clinician’s best-estimate diagnosis. Our study examined a cohort of children, adolescents, and young adults (n = 56) with 22q11.2DS, who were ascertained irrespective of parents’ behavioral or developmental concerns, and found that 17.9% (n = 10) of the participants met CPEA criteria for an ASD diagnosis, and that a majority showed some level of social-communication impairment or the presence of repetitive behaviors. We conclude that strictly defined ASDs occur in a substantial proportion of individuals with 22q11.2DS, and recommend that all individuals with 22q11.2DS be screened for ASDs during early childhood.
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Olszewski AK, Kikinis Z, Gonzalez CS, Coman IL, Makris N, Gong X, Rathi Y, Zhu A, Antshel KM, Fremont W, Kubicki MR, Bouix S, Shenton ME, Kates WR. The social brain network in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Behav Brain Funct 2017; 13:4. [PMID: 28209179 PMCID: PMC5314621 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-017-0122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a neurogenetic disorder that is associated with a 25-fold increase in schizophrenia. Both individuals with 22q11.2DS and those with schizophrenia present with social cognitive deficits, which are putatively subserved by a network of brain regions that are involved in the processing of social cognitive information. This study used two-tensor tractography to examine the white matter tracts believed to underlie the social brain network in a group of 57 young adults with 22q11.2DS compared to 30 unaffected controls. RESULTS Results indicated that relative to controls, participants with 22q11.2DS showed significant differences in several DTI metrics within the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, cingulum bundle, thalamo-frontal tract, and inferior longitudinal fasciculus. In addition, participants with 22q11.2DS showed significant differences in scores on measures of social cognition, including the Social Responsiveness Scale and Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire. Further analyses among individuals with 22q11.2DS demonstrated an association between DTI metrics and positive and negative symptoms of psychosis, as well as differentiation between individuals with 22q11.2DS and overt psychosis, relative to those with positive prodromal symptoms or no psychosis. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that white matter disruption, specifically disrupted axonal coherence in the right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, may be a biomarker for social cognitive difficulties and psychosis in individuals with 22q11.2DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Olszewski
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams St., Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Zora Kikinis
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ioana L Coman
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams St., Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Nikolaos Makris
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xue Gong
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yogesh Rathi
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anni Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Wanda Fremont
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams St., Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Marek R Kubicki
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sylvain Bouix
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martha E Shenton
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Brockton, MA, USA
| | - Wendy R Kates
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams St., Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
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Muldoon M, Ousley OY, Kobrynski LJ, Patel S, Oster ME, Fernandez-Carriba S, Cubells JF, Coleman K, Pearce BD. The effect of hypocalcemia in early childhood on autism-related social and communication skills in patients with 22q11 deletion syndrome. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2015; 265:519-24. [PMID: 25267002 PMCID: PMC4379129 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-014-0546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
22q11 deletion syndrome (22qDS), also known as DiGeorge syndrome, is a copy number variant disorder that has a diverse clinical presentation including hypocalcaemia, learning disabilities, and psychiatric disorders. Many patients with 22q11DS present with signs that overlap with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) yet the possible physiological mechanisms that link 22q11DS with ASD are unknown. We hypothesized that early childhood hypocalcemia influences the neurobehavioral phenotype of 22q11DS. Drawing on a longitudinal cohort of 22q11DS patients, we abstracted albumin-adjusted serum calcium levels from 151 participants ranging in age from newborn to 19.5 years (mean 2.5 years). We then examined a subset of 20 infants and toddlers from this group for the association between the lowest calcium level on record and scores on the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales-Developmental Profile Infant-Toddler Checklist (CSBS-DP ITC). The mean (SD) age at calcium testing was 6.2 (8.5) months, whereas the mean (SD) age at the CSBS-DP ITC assessment was 14.7 (3.8) months. Lower calcium was associated with significantly greater impairment in the CSBS-DP ITC Social (p < 0.05), Speech (p < 0.01), and Symbolic domains (p < 0.05), in regression models adjusted for sex, age at blood draw, and age at the psychological assessment. Nevertheless, these findings are limited by the small sample size of children with combined data on calcium and CSBS-DP ITC, and hence will require replication in a larger cohort with longitudinal assessments. Considering the role of calcium regulation in neurodevelopment and neuroplasticity, low calcium during early brain development could be a risk factor for adverse neurobehavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Muldoon
- Emory University Rollins School of Public Health Dept. of Epidemiology. 1518 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Opal Y. Ousley
- Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, 101 Woodruff Circle Atlanta, GA 30322,Emory University School of Medicine, Emory Autism Center, Department of Psychiatry, 101 Woodruff Circle Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Lisa J. Kobrynski
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta; Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 1405 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Sheena Patel
- Emory University Rollins School of Public Health Dept. of Epidemiology. 1518 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Matthew E. Oster
- Emory University Rollins School of Public Health Dept. of Epidemiology. 1518 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322,Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta; Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 1405 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Samuel Fernandez-Carriba
- Emory University School of Medicine, Emory Autism Center, Department of Psychiatry, 101 Woodruff Circle Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Joseph F. Cubells
- Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, 101 Woodruff Circle Atlanta, GA 30322,Emory University School of Medicine, Emory Autism Center, Department of Psychiatry, 101 Woodruff Circle Atlanta, GA 30322,Dept of Human Genetics, 101 Woodruff Circle Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Karlene Coleman
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta; Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 1405 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329,Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Bradley D. Pearce
- Emory University Rollins School of Public Health Dept. of Epidemiology. 1518 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322,Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, 101 Woodruff Circle Atlanta, GA 30322
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Bhad R, Chadda R, Kumar N, Goyal P. A rare association of schizophrenia and Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome. Indian J Psychiatry 2015; 57:324-5. [PMID: 26600595 PMCID: PMC4623660 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5545.166636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Bhad
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Chadda
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nand Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Prashant Goyal
- Department of Psychiatry, Max Hospital, New Delhi, India. E-mail:
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