Digital Rectal Examination is no Longer Necessary in the Routine Follow-up of Men with Undetectable Prostate Specific Antigen after Radical Prostatectomy: The Implications for Follow-up

Mobile PSA: A Novel Telehealth Tool for Prostate Cancer Follow-Up

The prevalence of prostate cancer (PCa) is increasing. As the prognosis of PCa continues to improve, the increasing follow-up requirements after radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy puts significant pressure on health care systems. Follow-up is typically conducted by treating urologists, specialized nurses, or general practitioners. Despite the increase in patient numbers, resources are not likely to increase in proportion. Furthermore, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has led to a paradigm shift in our thinking towards telehealth solutions, primarily to avoid or limit physical contact and to spare resources. Here we report our novel telehealth solution for PCa follow-up, called Mobile PSA. Currently, more than 4500 PCa patients have been using Mobile PSA follow-up in our center. Mobile PSA can increase follow-up accuracy, as all biochemical relapses will be detected in a timely manner, can significantly reduce delays in reporting prostate-specific antigen results to patients, and can significantly reduce costs.

PATIENT SUMMARY

We assessed a new telehealth information system for prostate cancer follow-up that does not use an app. More than 4500 prostate cancer patients in our center have used this system, called Mobile PSA, for follow-up. The system significantly reduces delays in reporting prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test results to patients, increases the accuracy of detecting recurrence of elevated PSA, and reduces costs.

Developing and evaluating Robocare; an innovative, nurse-led robotic prostatectomy care pathway

PURPOSE

A Robotic Prostatectomy Care Pathway ("Robocare"), aiming to prepare men for robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) and manage side-effects and long-term follow-up in a multidisciplinary fashion was established. The pathway enhances patient care by providing adequate information and support and optimizes efficiency by reducing length of stay and minimizing hospital visits. Our study assesses the pathway for patient satisfaction, co-ordination of care between disciplines, length of stay and readmission rates.

METHOD

We analysed our database of all patients undergoing RARP with Robocare between July 2012 and December 2013 at Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Australia (PMCC). Compliance, Length of Stay and Postoperative Course were analysed. Patient satisfaction was assessed.

RESULTS

Overall 124 patients underwent RARP with 105 (85%) being discharged day 1 post-op (mean 1.3 days). Post-operative support phone calls were received by >95% of patients. Thereafter, 74 patients (60%) were followed in the long-term follow-up phone clinic. Twenty-nine complications were identified of which 19 (66%) were resolved by the nurse specialist. Eighteen patients had psychologist, 44 sexual health and 44 physiotherapist referral. Patient satisfaction in 74 (60%) returned surveys revealed 71 (96%) being well/very well supported.

CONCLUSIONS

The Robocare pathway is safe with high patient satisfaction. It contributes to reducing post-operative length of stay and readmission rates as well as the outpatient follow-up. A true multidisciplinary approach that is nurse-led likely improves care and outcomes for RARP patients and may lower impact on hospital resources.

Is Routine Digital Rectal Examination Required for the Followup of Prostate Cancer?

PURPOSE

With more men being diagnosed and radically treated for prostate cancer there is an increasing number of patients requiring followup. A proportion of radically treated patients have recurrence and require early salvage treatment. Traditionally followup involved physical examination, urinalysis, imaging and biopsy. Since the development of the prostate specific antigen assay, followup has largely consisted of digital rectal examination and prostate specific antigen determination. Although digital rectal examination is routinely used, its efficacy for detecting recurrent cancer in the absence of biochemical evidence of disease progression was questioned in recent studies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We performed a literature search using the key words digital rectal examination, per rectal examination, radical prostatectomy and radical radiotherapy, and cross-referenced all results.

RESULTS

The literature that supports digital rectal examination as part of patient followup after radical prostatectomy is based on case studies and it is less applicable with more sensitive prostate specific antigen assays. In almost 5,000 patients after prostatectomy a prostate specific antigen increase reliably preceded disease recurrence, making digital rectal examination superfluous to requirements. No published literature supports repeat digital rectal examination after radical radiotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS

Prostate specific antigen allows the early detection of disease recurrence. Although digital rectal examination is widely used to follow patients, contemporary studies consistently show that disease progression does not occur in the absence of increasing prostate specific antigen. This suggests that remote followup of patients with prostate specific antigen alone is a safe practice, although caution should be exercised in those with higher grade tumors, which may not produce significant amounts of prostate specific antigen.

Very late local recurrence after surgery for prostate cancer unaccompanied by detectable PSA levels

The possibility and possible aetiology of local prostate cancer (PC) recurrence despite undetectable prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels are highlighted. A case of a local recurrence 8.5 years after radical prostatectomy for Gleason 3+4 PC is presented. It demonstrates that PC can recur, even after a prolonged period of time (8.5 years), despite undetectable levels (i.e. <0.02 ng/ml) of PSA. In conclusion, the decision to omit digital rectal examination from the follow-up regimens of men with undetectable PSA levels could be justified. In such exceptional cases, however, PC recurrence would be either missed or would only be diagnosed after a considerable delay.