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McPherson CB, O'Donnell L, Moes E, Edgar H. No relationship found between dental fluctuating asymmetry, birthweight, and birth term in two modern North American samples. Am J Hum Biol 2024:e24114. [PMID: 38842218 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deciduous dental crowns primarily develop during gestation and early infancy and embody early life stress exposures. Composite measures of dental fluctuating asymmetry (DFA) generated from the deciduous teeth may therefore indicate cumulative gestational stress in developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) studies. This study examines whether higher composite measures of deciduous DFA are associated with low birthweight and prematurity, two aspects of birth phenotype consistently associated with increased morbidity and mortality risks in adulthood. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We evaluated associations between composite deciduous DFA, birthweight, and birth term in two contemporary North American samples: an autopsy sample from New Mexico (n = 94), and sample from a growth cohort study in Burlington, Ontario (n = 304). Dental metric data for each sample was collected from postmortem CT scans and dental casts, respectively. Composite DFA was estimated using buccolingual (BL) and mesiodistal (MD) crown diameters from paired deciduous teeth. RESULTS Contrary to expectations, the results of linear regression indicated no significant relationship between birthweight and DFA, or birth term and DFA, in either sample. CONCLUSIONS Deciduous DFA does not predict aspects of birth phenotype associated with gestational stress. Birthweight and birth term are plastic relative to the more developmentally stable deciduous dentition, which may only subtly embody early life stress. We suggest that deciduous DFA should be utilized with caution in DOHaD studies until its relationship with gestational stress is clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cait B McPherson
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Lexi O'Donnell
- College of Population Health, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Emily Moes
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies, University of St. Francis, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Heather Edgar
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Office of the Medical Investigator, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Moustafa MA, Ghitani SA, Kholief MA, Abulnoor BAES, Attia MH. Prescription eyeglasses as a forensic physical evidence: Prediction of age based on refractive error measures using machine learning algorithm. J Forensic Sci 2024; 69:765-783. [PMID: 38389439 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Refractive errors (RE) are commonly reported visual impairment problems worldwide. Previous clinical studies demonstrated age-related changes in human eyes. We hypothesized that the binocular RE metrics including sphere and cylinder power, axis orientation, and interpupillary distance (IPD) can be used for forensic age estimation of an unknown individual. RE data of both eyes were collected from the clinical optometric exams and prescription glasses of 2027 Egyptian individuals aged between 2 to 93 years. The differences between age groups as well as sides, and sexual dimorphism were explored. Two modeling methods were compared: multiple and stepwise linear regression (LR) versus machine learning Regression Forest (RFM). Data were apportioned into training and test datasets with a ratio of 80/20. The results showed significant differences among the age groups in each eye for all variables. Stepwise LR improved the results over models based on the one-sided lens due to selection of IPD in addition to the left and right axis, and left sphere as independent variables. For the RFM, the left axis and IPD were the most important features. RFM outperformed LR in terms of accuracy and root mean squared error (RMSE). The estimated age within ±10 years showed 81.4% accuracy rate and RMSE = 8.9 years versus 38.5% accuracy rate and RMSE = 17.99 years using RFM and stepwise LR, respectively, in the test set. The current study upholds the significance of the age-related changes of refractive error in formulating alternative forensic age estimation models when standard methods are unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maram Atef Moustafa
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sara Attia Ghitani
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marwa Abdelfattah Kholief
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - MennattAllah Hassan Attia
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Moes E, Kuzawa CW, Edgar HJH. Sex-specific effects of environmental temperature during gestation on fluctuating asymmetry in deciduous teeth. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024:e24944. [PMID: 38623790 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES External environmental heat exposure during gestation impacts the physiology of human development in utero, but evidence for these impacts has not yet been explored in dentition. We examined deciduous teeth for fluctuating asymmetry (FA), a measure of developmental instability, together with gestational environmental temperature data drawn from historical weather statistics. MATERIALS AND METHODS We measured dental casts from the longitudinal Burlington Growth Study, representing 172 participants (ages 3-6 years) with health records. FA was calculated from crown dimensions and intercuspal distances that develop during gestation. Multiple regression separated by sex (nfemale = 81) examined the effects of mean temperatures in each trimester, controlling for birth year. RESULTS In females, increased temperatures during the first trimester are significantly associated with an increase in FA (p = 0.03), specifically during the second and third prenatal months (p = 0.03). There is no relationship between temperature and FA for either sex in the second or third trimesters, when enamel is formed. DISCUSSION Dental instability may be sensitive to temperature in the first trimester in females during the scaffolding of crown shape and size in the earliest stages of tooth formation. Sexual dimorphism in growth investment strategies may explain the differences in results between males and females. Using enduring dental characteristics, these results advance our understanding of the effects of temperature on fetal physiology within a discrete period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Moes
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies, University of St. Francis, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Christopher W Kuzawa
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Heather J H Edgar
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Office of the Medical Investigator, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Chen YC, Tiego J, Segal A, Chopra S, Holmes A, Suo C, Pang JC, Fornito A, Aquino KM. A multiscale characterization of cortical shape asymmetries in early psychosis. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae015. [PMID: 38347944 PMCID: PMC10859637 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Psychosis has often been linked to abnormal cortical asymmetry, but prior results have been inconsistent. Here, we applied a novel spectral shape analysis to characterize cortical shape asymmetries in patients with early psychosis across different spatial scales. We used the Human Connectome Project for Early Psychosis dataset (aged 16-35), comprising 56 healthy controls (37 males, 19 females) and 112 patients with early psychosis (68 males, 44 females). We quantified shape variations of each hemisphere over different spatial frequencies and applied a general linear model to compare differences between healthy controls and patients with early psychosis. We further used canonical correlation analysis to examine associations between shape asymmetries and clinical symptoms. Cortical shape asymmetries, spanning wavelengths from about 22 to 75 mm, were significantly different between healthy controls and patients with early psychosis (Cohen's d = 0.28-0.51), with patients showing greater asymmetry in cortical shape than controls. A single canonical mode linked the asymmetry measures to symptoms (canonical correlation analysis r = 0.45), such that higher cortical asymmetry was correlated with more severe excitement symptoms and less severe emotional distress. Significant group differences in the asymmetries of traditional morphological measures of cortical thickness, surface area, and gyrification, at either global or regional levels, were not identified. Cortical shape asymmetries are more sensitive than other morphological asymmetries in capturing abnormalities in patients with early psychosis. These abnormalities are expressed at coarse spatial scales and are correlated with specific symptom domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Chen
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
- Monash Data Futures Institute, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia
- Brain Dynamic Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney 2145, Australia
| | - Jeggan Tiego
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Ashlea Segal
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Sidhant Chopra
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Alexander Holmes
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Chao Suo
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
- BrainPark, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - James C Pang
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Alex Fornito
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Kevin M Aquino
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia
- Center of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia
- BrainKey Inc, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
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Wilson VAD, Masilkova M. Does the primate face cue personality? PERSONALITY NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 6:e7. [PMID: 38107779 PMCID: PMC10725780 DOI: 10.1017/pen.2023.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
When looking at others, primates primarily focus on the face - detecting the face first and looking at it longer than other parts of the body. This is because primate faces, even without expression, convey trait information crucial for navigating social relationships. Recent studies on primates, including humans, have linked facial features, specifically facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR), to rank and Dominance-related personality traits, suggesting these links' potential role in social decisions. However, studies on the association between dominance and fWHR report contradictory results in humans and variable patterns in nonhuman primates. It is also not clear whether and how nonhuman primates perceive different facial cues to personality traits and whether these may have evolved as social signals. This review summarises the variable facial-personality links, their underlying proximate and evolutionary mechanisms and their perception across primates. We emphasise the importance of employing comparative research, including various primate species and human populations, to disentangle phylogeny from socio-ecological drivers and to understand the selection pressures driving the facial-personality links in humans. Finally, we encourage researchers to move away from single facial measures and towards holistic measures and to complement perception studies using neuroscientific methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A D Wilson
- Department of Comparative Cognition, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Department of Comparative Language Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution (ISLE), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Masilkova
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Gutiérrez F, Valdesoiro F. The evolution of personality disorders: A review of proposals. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1110420. [PMID: 36793943 PMCID: PMC9922784 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1110420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Personality disorders (PDs) are currently considered dysfunctions. However, personality differences are older than humanity and are ubiquitous in nature, from insects to higher primates. This suggests that a number of evolutionary mechanisms-other than dysfunctions-may be able to maintain stable behavioral variation in the gene pool. First of all, apparently maladaptive traits may actually improve fitness by enabling better survival or successful mating or reproduction, as exemplified by neuroticism, psychopathy, and narcissism. Furthermore, some PDs may harm important biological goals while facilitating others, or may be globally beneficial or detrimental depending on environmental circumstances or body condition. Alternatively, certain traits may form part of life history strategies: Coordinated suites of morphological, physiological and behavioral characters that optimize fitness through alternative routes and respond to selection as a whole. Still others may be vestigial adaptations that are no longer beneficial in present times. Finally, variation may be adaptative in and by itself, as it reduces competition for finite resources. These and other evolutionary mechanisms are reviewed and illustrated through human and non-human examples. Evolutionary theory is the best-substantiated explanatory framework across the life sciences, and may shed light on the question of why harmful personalities exist at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gutiérrez
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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Ertuğrul B, Aydık MF. No association between developmental instability as a general measure of stress and 2D:4D digit ratios in a non-western sample. Am J Hum Biol 2023; 35:e23860. [PMID: 36602102 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Random deviation from perfect symmetry of organisms is defined as fluctuating asymmetry. Fluctuating asymmetry is widely considered to be a marker of developmental instability, developmental noise and phenotypic quality at the population level. In this study, we investigated hypothesized relationship between 2D:4D digit ratios as a proxy measure of prenatal sex hormones and developmental instability levels in young adult humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the study, seven bilateral traits were measured for fluctuating asymmetry, as well as second and fourth digit lengths on both hands of 185 individuals, 87 men (mean age: 22.42 ± 3.37) and 97 women (mean age: 22.88 ± 3.87). The second digit length was divided by the fourth digit length and the resulting value was used as the digit ratio (2D:4D). Composite fluctuating asymmetry was calculated using five bilateral traits displaying fluctuating asymmetry. RESULTS Only the right hand 2D:4D ratio is lower in men than in women. However, this difference disappears when the effect of digit lengths is controlled. Composite fluctuating asymmetry results reveal that men are more asymmetrical than women. There was no significant relationship between digit ratios and composite fluctuating asymmetry. CONCLUSION In this study, the 2D:4D digit ratios appear to be influenced (at least in humans) by different digit lengths. This study also confirms previous studies that digit ratios as a proxy measure of exposure to either high testosterone or estrogen levels during early development does not appear to affect levels of developmental instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna Ertuğrul
- Faculty of Literature, Department of Anthropology, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Fatih Aydık
- Faculty of Literature, Department of Anthropology, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey
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Olsen TB, García-Martínez D, Villa C. Testing different 3D techniques using geometric morphometrics: Implications for cranial fluctuating asymmetry in humans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2023; 180:224-234. [PMID: 36790697 PMCID: PMC10100329 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to test the performance of 3D digitizer, CT scanner, and surface scanner in detecting cranial fluctuating asymmetry. Sets of 32 landmarks (6 in the midline and 13 bilateral) were acquired from 14 archeological crania using a 3D digitizer, and from 3D models generated from a CT scanner and surface scanner using Viewbox 4. Levels of shape variation were analyzed in MorphoJ using Procrustes analysis of variance and Principal component analysis. Intra-observer error accounted for 1.7%, 1.8%, and 4.5% of total shape variation for 3D digitizer, CT scanner, and surface scanner respectively. Fluctuating asymmetry accounted for 15%-16% of total shape variation. Variation between techniques accounted for 18% of total shape variation. We found a higher level of missing landmarks in our surface scan data than for both 3D digitizer and CT scanner data, and both 3D model-based techniques sometimes obscured taphonomic damage. All three 3D techniques are appropriate for measuring cranial fluctuating asymmetry. We advise against combining data collected with different techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Bottos Olsen
- Laboratory of Advanced Imaging and 3D modelling, Section of Forensic Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel García-Martínez
- Physical Anthropology Unit, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology, and Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Burgos, Spain.,Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Chiara Villa
- Laboratory of Advanced Imaging and 3D modelling, Section of Forensic Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Farrera A. Formal models for the study of the relationship between fluctuating asymmetry and fitness in humans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 179:73-84. [PMID: 36790746 PMCID: PMC9540978 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate three of the main verbal models that have been proposed to explain the relationship between fluctuating asymmetry and fitness in humans: the "good genes," the "good development," and the "growth" hypotheses. MATERIALS AND METHODS A formal model was generated for each verbal model following three steps. First, based on the literature, a theoretical causal model and the theoretical object of inquiry were outlined. Second, an empirical causal model and the targets of inference were defined using observational data of facial asymmetries and life-history traits related to fitness. Third, generalized linear models and causal inference were used as the estimation strategy. RESULTS The results suggest that the theoretical and empirical assumptions of the "good genes" hypothesis should be reformulated. The results were compatible with most of the empirical assumptions of "the good development" hypothesis but suggest that further discussion of its theoretical assumptions is needed. The results were less informative about the "growth" hypothesis, both theoretically and empirically. There was a positive association between facial fluctuating asymmetry and the number of offspring that was not compatible with any of the empirical causal models evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Although the three hypotheses focus on different aspects of the link between asymmetry and fitness, their overlap opens the possibility of a unified theory on the subject. The results of this study make explicit which assumptions need to be updated and discussed, facilitating the advancement of this area of research. Overall, this study elucidates the potential benefit of using formal models for theory revision and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arodi Farrera
- Mathematical Modeling of Social Systems DepartmentInstitute for Research on Applied Mathematics and Systems, National Autonomous University of MexicoMexico CityMexico
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Developmental instability, fluctuating asymmetry, and human psychological science. Emerg Top Life Sci 2022; 6:311-322. [PMID: 35994000 DOI: 10.1042/etls20220025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Developmental instability (DI) is an individual's inability to produce a specific developmental outcome under a given set of conditions, generally thought to result from random perturbations experienced during development. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) - asymmetry on bilateral features that, on average, are symmetrical (or asymmetry deviating from that arising from design) - has been used to measure DI. Dating to half a century ago, and accelerating in the past three decades, psychological researchers have examined associations between FA (typically measured on bodily or facial features) and a host of outcomes of interest, including psychological disorders, cognitive ability, attractiveness, and sexual behavior. A decade ago, a meta-analysis on findings from nearly 100 studies extracted several conclusions. On average, small but statistically reliable associations between FA and traits of interest exist. Though modest, these associations are expected to greatly underestimate the strength of associations with underlying DI. Despite the massive sample size across studies, we still lack a good handle on which traits are most strongly affected by DI. A major methodological implication of the meta-analysis is that most studies have been, individually, woefully underpowered to detect associations. Though offering some intriguing findings, much research is the past decade too has been underpowered; hence, the newer literature is also likely noisy. Several large-scale studies are exceptions. Future progress depends on additional large-scale studies and researchers' sensitivity to power issues. As well, theoretical assumptions and conceptualizations of DI and FA driving psychological research may need revision to explain empirical patterns.
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Anthropometric fluctuating asymmetries in living humans through the eyes of an anthropologist. Emerg Top Life Sci 2022; 6:323-331. [PMID: 35916213 DOI: 10.1042/etls20210276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There are many environmental and genetic factors that disrupt the stable structure of development in organisms. Although the strength of these vary, they leave certain signs in the body structure. Fluctuating asymmetry is a widely used population-level index of developmental instability, developmental noise, and robustness. Many bilateral traits are used in fluctuating asymmetry studies in humans. These traits include dermatoglyphics, limb lengths and widths, bilateral facial characters, and teeth. In this review, I evaluate the measurement methods of many bilateral anthropometric characters, taken from the bodies of living individuals with classical digital calipers.
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Fajardo G, Polo P, Muñoz-Reyes JA, Rodríguez-Sickert C. Long-Term Mating Orientation in Men: The Role of Socioeconomic Status, Protection Skills, and Parenthood Disposition. Front Psychol 2022; 13:815819. [PMID: 35282237 PMCID: PMC8913582 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.815819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
From an evolutionary perspective, phenotypic, social, and environmental factors help to shape the different costs and benefits of pursuing different reproductive strategies (or a mixture of them) from one individual to another. Since men's reproductive success is mainly constrained to women's availability, their mating orientations should be partially calibrated by features that women prefer in a potential partner. For long-term relationships, women prefer traits that signal access to resources, protection skills, and the willingness to share them. Using generalized linear models with laboratory data taken from a Chilean population (N = 197), this study aimed to test whether real and potential resources (measured as self-reported socioeconomic status), protection skills (measured as handgrip strength), and the willingness to provide resources and protection (measured as their disposition toward parenthood) are related to mating orientation in men. Our predictions were: (1) socioeconomic status would be positively associated with long-term and short-term mating orientation but for long-term-oriented individuals, this would be enhanced by having a more favorable parenthood disposition and (2) strength would be positively related to long-term mating orientation in men with higher socioeconomic status and a favorable disposition toward parenthood and it would have a positive and direct association with short-term mating orientation. Our results partially supported the first hypothesis, since men with higher socioeconomic status were more long-term oriented, but parenting disposition did not moderate this effect. Contrary to our expectations, socioeconomic status was not related to short-term mating orientation. Strength appeared not to be significant for long-term mating orientation, even interacting with other traits. However, strength by itself was powerfully linked with a short-term mating orientation. Our results suggest that only some individuals that are attractive for long-term relationships are indeed long-term oriented and may reflect the overall conflict of interests between mating strategies among sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Fajardo
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Facultad de Gobierno, Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Polo
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Facultad de Gobierno, Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Centro de Estudios Avanzados, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - José Antonio Muñoz-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Facultad de Gobierno, Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Centro de Estudios Avanzados, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Carlos Rodríguez-Sickert
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Facultad de Gobierno, Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
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Abstract
Humans, like other species, have a preference for symmetrical visual stimuli, a preference that is influenced by factors such as age, sex, and artistic training. In particular, artistic training seems to decrease the rejection of asymmetry in abstract stimuli. However, it is not known whether the same trend would be observed in relation to concrete stimuli such as human faces. In this article, we investigated the role of expertise in visual arts, music, and dance, in the perceived beauty and attractiveness of human faces with different asymmetries. With this objective, the beauty and attractiveness of 100 photographs of faces with different degrees of asymmetry were evaluated by 116 participants with different levels of art expertise. Expertise in visual arts and dance was associated with the extent to which facial asymmetry influenced the beauty ratings assigned to the faces. The greater the art expertise in visual arts and dance, the more indifferent to facial asymmetry the participant was to evaluate beauty. The same effect was not found for music and neither for attractiveness ratings. These findings are important to help understand how face aesthetic evaluation is modified by artistic training and the difference between beauty and attractiveness evaluations.
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Lidborg LH, Cross CP, Boothroyd LG. A meta-analysis of the association between male dimorphism and fitness outcomes in humans. eLife 2022; 11:e65031. [PMID: 35179485 PMCID: PMC9106334 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are sexually dimorphic: men and women differ in body build and composition, craniofacial structure, and voice pitch, likely mediated in part by developmental testosterone. Sexual selection hypotheses posit that, ancestrally, more 'masculine' men may have acquired more mates and/or sired more viable offspring. Thus far, however, evidence for either association is unclear. Here, we meta-analyze the relationships between six masculine traits and mating/reproductive outcomes (96 studies, 474 effects, N = 177,044). Voice pitch, height, and testosterone all predicted mating; however, strength/muscularity was the strongest and only consistent predictor of both mating and reproduction. Facial masculinity and digit ratios did not significantly predict either. There was no clear evidence for any effects of masculinity on offspring viability. Our findings support arguments that strength/muscularity may be sexually selected in humans, but cast doubt regarding selection for other forms of masculinity and highlight the need to increase tests of evolutionary hypotheses outside of industrialized populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda H Lidborg
- Department of Psychology, Durham UniversityDurhamUnited Kingdom
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15
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Tybur JM, Fan L, Jones BC, Holzleitner IJ, Lee AJ, DeBruine LM. Re-evaluating the relationship between pathogen avoidance and preferences for facial symmetry and sexual dimorphism: A registered report. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Wen C, Ye H, Chen H, Zhou Y, Huang M, Sun Y. Biometry of width between labial transitional line angles in anterior teeth: an observational study. J Adv Prosthodont 2022; 14:1-11. [PMID: 35284056 PMCID: PMC8891686 DOI: 10.4047/jap.2022.14.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The maximum width between the mesial and distal labial transitional line angles, described as “esthetic width” herein, could significantly influence the visual perception of the teeth and smile. This study aimed to conduct biometric research on esthetic width and to explore whether regular distribution exists in the esthetic width of human teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 4,264 maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth were measured using the Geomagic studio software program. The proportions of maxillary to mandibular homonymous teeth and proportions between the adjacent teeth were calculated. Bilateral symmetry and the correlation between the esthetic and mesiodistal widths were both accounted for during the measurement procedures. RESULTS The mean esthetic widths were 6.773 ± 0.518 mm and 4.329 ± 0.331 mm for maxillary and mandibular central incisors, respectively, 5.451 ± 0.487 mm and 5.008 ± 0.351 mm for maxillary and mandibular lateral incisors, respectively, and 3.340 ± 0.353 mm and 5.958 ± 0.415 mm for maxillary and mandibular canines, respectively. Except for the mandibular canines, no significant difference in esthetic width was found among homonymous teeth from the same jaw. A high linear correlation was found between the esthetic and mesiodistal widths of the same tooth, except for the maxillary canines. Esthetic width proportions among different tooth categories showed some regular patterns, which were similar to those of the mesiodistal width. CONCLUSION Esthetic width is regularly distributed among the teeth in the Chinese population. This could provide an important reference for anterior dental restorations and dimension recovery in esthetic reconstruction of anterior teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wen
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hongqiang Ye
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hu Chen
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yongsheng Zhou
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Mingming Huang
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuchun Sun
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China
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17
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Locke A, Arnocky S. Breast symmetry, but not size or volume, predicts salivary immunoglobulin-A (sIgA) in women. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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18
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A New Integrated Tool to Calculate and Map Bilateral Asymmetry on Three-Dimensional Digital Models. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13091644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The observation and the quantification of asymmetry in biological structures are deeply investigated in geometric morphometrics. Patterns of asymmetry were explored in both living and fossil species. In living organisms, levels of directional and fluctuating asymmetry are informative about developmental processes and health status of the individuals. Paleontologists are primarily interested in asymmetric features introduced by the taphonomic process, as they may significantly alter the original shape of the biological remains, hampering the interpretation of morphological features which may have profound evolutionary significance. Here, we provide a new R tool that produces the numerical quantification of fluctuating and directional asymmetry and charts asymmetry directly on the specimens under study, allowing the visual inspection of the asymmetry pattern. We tested this show.asymmetry algorithm, written in the R language, on fossil and living cranial remains of the genus Homo. show.asymmetry proved successful in discriminating levels of asymmetry among sexes in Homo sapiens, to tell apart fossil from living Homo skulls, to map effectively taphonomic distortion directly on the fossil skulls, and to provide evidence that digital restoration obliterates natural asymmetry to unnaturally low levels.
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McPherson CB. Examining developmental plasticity in the skeletal system through a sensitive developmental windows framework. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 176:163-178. [PMID: 34105143 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Developmental plasticity facilitates energetically costly but potentially fitness-enhancing adjustments to phenotypic trajectories in response to environmental stressors, and thus may significantly impact patterns of growth, morbidity, and mortality over the life course. Ongoing research into epigenetics and developmental biology indicate that the timing of stress exposures is a key factor when assessing their impact on developmental processes. Specifically, stress experienced within sensitive developmental windows (SDWs), discrete developmental periods characterized by heightened energy requirements and rapid growth, may alter the pace and tempo of growth in ways that significantly influence phenotypic development over both the short and long term. In human skeletal biology, efforts to assess how developmental environments shape health outcomes over the life course could be enhanced by incorporating the SDW concept into existing methodological approaches. The goal of this article is to outline an interpretive framework for identifying and interpreting evidence of developmental stress in the skeletal system using the SDW concept. This framework provides guidance for the identification of elements most likely to capture evidence of stress most relevant to a study's core research questions, the interpretation of developmental stress exhibited by those elements, and the relationship of skeletal indicators of stress to the demographic patterning of morbidity and mortality. Use of the SDW concept in skeletal biology has the potential to enrich traditional approaches to addressing developmental origins of health and disease hypotheses, by targeting periods in which individuals are most susceptible to stress and thus most likely to exhibit plasticity in response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cait B McPherson
- School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Luoto S, Krama T, Rubika A, Borráz-León JI, Trakimas G, Elferts D, Skrinda I, Krams R, Moore FR, Birbele E, Kaminska I, Contreras-Garduño J, Rantala MJ, Krams IA. Socioeconomic position, immune function, and its physiological markers. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 127:105202. [PMID: 33756285 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of costly traits such as immune function and secondary sexual traits is constrained by resource availability. The quality of developmental conditions and the availability of resources in ontogeny may therefore influence immune system functions and other biological traits. We analyzed causal pathways between family socioeconomic position, strength of immune response, and five physiological biomarkers in young Latvian men (n = 93) using structural equation modeling. Men from wealthier families had higher testosterone levels (rs = 0.280), stronger immune response (rs = 0.551), and higher facial attractiveness (rs = 0.300). There were weak, non-significant correlations between family income, body fat percentage (rs = -0.147), and fluctuating asymmetry (rs = -0.159). Testosterone partially (33.8%) mediated the effect of family income on facial masculinity. Testosterone (positively) and adiposity (negatively) partially (4%) mediated the relationship between family income and immune function. Higher facial masculinity, higher facial symmetry, and lower adiposity were reliable and independent cues of better immune function (R2 = 0.238) in a larger sample of young Latvian men (N = 146). Resource availability in ontogeny has an important role for the development of immune function and physical appearance, and it is a key parameter to be included in human eco-immunological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severi Luoto
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tatjana Krama
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Chair of Plant Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Anna Rubika
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Javier I Borráz-León
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Ethology, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Giedrius Trakimas
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Didzis Elferts
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia
| | | | - Ronalds Krams
- Chair of Plant Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Fhionna R Moore
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Elza Birbele
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia
| | - Irena Kaminska
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Jorge Contreras-Garduño
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Markus J Rantala
- Department of Biology & Turku Brain and Mind Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Indrikis A Krams
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia; Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia.
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21
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Fluctuating Asymmetry and Sexual Dimorphism in Human Facial Morphology: A Multi-Variate Study. Symmetry (Basel) 2021; 13. [PMID: 33664983 DOI: 10.3390/sym13020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fluctuating asymmetry is often used as an indicator of developmental instability, and is proposed as a signal of genetic quality. The display of prominent masculine phenotypic features, which are a direct result of high androgen levels, is also believed to be a sign of genetic quality, as these hormones may act as immunosuppressants. Fluctuating asymmetry and masculinity are therefore expected to covary. However, there is lack of strong evidence in the literature regarding this hypothesis. Materials and methods In this study, we examined a large dataset of high-density 3D facial scans of 1260 adults (630 males and 630 females). We mapped a high-density 3D facial mask onto the facial scans in order to obtain a high number of quasi-landmarks on the faces. Multi-dimensional measures of fluctuating asymmetry were extracted from the landmarks using Principal Component Analysis, and masculinity/femininity scores were obtained for each face using Partial Least Squares. The possible correlation between these two qualities was then examined using Pearson's coefficient and Canonical Correlation Analysis. Results We found no correlation between fluctuating asymmetry and masculinity in men. However, a weak but significant correlation was found between average fluctuating asymmetry and masculinity in women, in which feminine faces had higher levels of fluctuating asymmetry on average. This correlation could possibly point to genetic quality as an underlying mechanism for both asymmetry and masculinity; however, it might also be driven by other fitness or life history traits, such as fertility. Conclusions Our results question the idea that fluctuating asymmetry and masculinity should be (more strongly) correlated in men, which is in line with the recent literature. Future studies should possibly focus more on the evolutionary relevance of the observed correlation in women.
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22
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Successful and selective exploitation in psychopathy: Convincing others and gaining trust. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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A Pre-registered Meta-analysis Based on Three Empirical Studies Reveals No Association Between Prenatal (Amniotic) Cortisol Exposure and Fluctuating Asymmetry in Human Infants. Evol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-020-09523-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDevelopmental instability (DI) reflects an organism’s inability to develop an ideal phenotype when challenged by genetic and environmental insults. DI can be estimated via the proxy measure of fluctuating asymmetry (FA), i.e., the small random deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry observed in the morphology of paired traits. The mechanisms involved in the genesis of FA in human populations are relatively unknown, though animal research indicates that hormonal processes may be involved. As maternal stress during pregnancy is detrimental to various developmental processes, elevated prenatal cortisol may represent a causal factor in the subsequent emergence of an asymmetrical phenotype. The main purpose of this pre-registered meta-analysis based on three empirical studies was to investigate whether mid-trimester amniotic cortisol levels predict subsequent FA in finger lengths of infants from Germany, Portugal, and the UK. No statistically significant relationships were observed, and meta-analytic combination of the effect size estimates yielded a null result. We did, however, detect significant positive correlations between the cortisol present in the amniotic fluid and maternal plasma in the Portuguese cohort, and observed that FA in the German cohort was significantly lower at 70-months than at either 9- or 20-months. Taken together, the current findings run contrary to animal research showing that elevated prenatal corticosterone exposure leads to increased FA. However, this may be because a single cortisol assay obtained via amniocentesis is an inadequate proxy for average gestational exposure, and/or that prenatal cortisol levels at an earlier (i.e., first rather than second trimester) stage of pregnancy is what explains variance in subsequent FA.
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Osu T, Lechler-Lombardi J, Butler A, Newman M, Miłkowska K, Galbarczyk A, Richards G. Fluctuating asymmetry of finger lengths, digit ratio (2D:4D), and tattoos: A pre-registered replication and extension of Koziel et al. (2010). Early Hum Dev 2021; 152:105273. [PMID: 33227633 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tattoos bring risks yet no obvious evolutionary benefit. Koziel et al. (2010) reported increased fluctuating symmetry (a proxy for low developmental instability) in tattooed men, suggesting they could serve as fitness indicators. AIMS We replicate and extend the findings of Koziel et al. by examining fluctuating asymmetry of finger lengths and digit ratio (2D:4D) (a putative indicator of prenatal testosterone exposure) as predictors of adult tattoo prevalence. STUDY DESIGN We used an online survey with a correlational design. SUBJECTS Participants were recruited from the UK and Poland via university participant pools and social media. Data were available for presence/absence of tattoos and at least one predictor variable (composite Fluctuating Asymmetry [cFA], right-hand digit ratio [R2D:4D] and left-hand digit ratio [L2D:4D]) for n = 186 males and n = 997 females. OUTCOME MEASURES We firstly assessed presence/absence of tattoos; when at least one tattoo was present, we also examined overall number and highest visibility. RESULTS Greater cFA was associated with lower likelihood of having tattoos in males, though in females greater cFA was associated with higher numbers of tattoos. R2D:4D and L2D:4D correlated negatively with number of tattoos in males, and a positive correlation between L2D:4D and number of tattoos was observed in females. However, these latter findings did not remain significant after controlling for covariates. CONCLUSIONS Tattoos may act as fitness indicators in males, though this explanation appears not to extend to females. Prenatal testosterone may also play a role, though doubt is cast on this premise because 2D:4D effects did not remain statistically significant after controlling for covariates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinisha Osu
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, UK
| | | | - Amy Butler
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Miles Newman
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Karolina Miłkowska
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Science, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland
| | - Andrzej Galbarczyk
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Science, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland
| | - Gareth Richards
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, UK.
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O'Donnell L, Moes E. Increased dental fluctuating asymmetry is associated with active skeletal lesions, but not mortality hazards in the precontact Southwest United States. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 175:156-171. [PMID: 33368176 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examines whether individuals with higher dental fluctuating asymmetry (DFA) are frailer than those with lower DFA, by examining whether increased DFA is associated with skeletal lesion formation. SUBJECTS AND METHODS 150 individuals with permanent teeth and 64 individuals with deciduous teeth. All individuals are Ancestral Puebloans from archaeological sites in modern-day New Mexico. We estimate DFA in three ways: (a) deciduous DFA only, (b) permanent DFA only, and (c) a composite of permanent and deciduous DFA. We analyzed DFA alongside lesion status for cribra orbitalia (CO) and porotic hyperostosis (PH), as well as the presence/absence of enamel hypoplasia (EH). All stress indicators were further analyzed for their impact on mortality hazards. RESULTS We find that individuals with active CO and PH lesions have increased DFA, while those with healed lesions have lower DFA. We found no relationship between EH and DFA. Further, DFA alone does not predict individual mortality but CO does. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with increased DFA are frailer and therefore, less capable of buffering themselves against perturbations to their health than those with lower DFA. All results indicate that individuals in this study with lower DFA were more successful in buffering themselves against random environmental impacts during childhood. While DFA alone does not predict mortality hazard, its relationship to lesion status (lower DFA in individuals with healed lesions) indicates that it would be a valuable addition to studies of health and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexi O'Donnell
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
| | - Emily Moes
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Oxidative stress as a hidden cost of attractiveness in postmenopausal women. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21970. [PMID: 33319813 PMCID: PMC7738509 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76627-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Perceived facial attractiveness, a putative marker of high biological fitness, is costly to maintain throughout a lifetime and may cause higher oxidative stress (OS). We investigated the association between the facial features of 97 postmenopausal women and their levels of OS biomarkers 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). In study 1, 966 judges rated the composites (facial averages) of women with higher OS as more attractive, healthier, younger, and less symmetric. In study 2, Geometric Morphometric analysis did not reveal significant differences in facial morphology depending on OS levels. In study 3, measured facial averageness and symmetry were weakly negatively related to 8-OHdG levels. Maintaining higher perceived facial attractiveness may be costly due to increased oxidative damage in the postmenopausal period. These costs may remain hidden during the reproductive period of life due to the protective mechanisms of oxidative shielding and revealed only after menopause when shielding has ceased.
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Miłkowska K, Nenko I, Klimek M, Galbarczyk A, Jasienska G. Season of birth and biomarkers of early-life environment. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 33:e23532. [PMID: 33166028 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early-life conditions play an important role in human development, affecting health status and survival. Conditions in utero partly depend on the external environment and thus vary in relation to the season of birth. The aim of this study was to investigate if people born in different seasons of the year differ in values of biomarkers that reflect conditions during fetal development. METHODS The study was conducted among Polish rural women recruited at the Mogielica Human Ecology Study Site. The participants were 234 women aged 45 to 92 (mean = 60.2; SD = 10.44). The indicators of early-life environment analyzed in the study were: Absolute Finger Ridge Count (AFRC), the difference between mean number of ridge counts in both thumbs and both little fingers (Md15), overall facial fluctuating asymmetry (OFA), central facial asymmetry (CFA), right and left hand 2D:4D. RESULTS Values of biomarkers of fetal development did not vary among groups of women born in different seasons of the year. CONCLUSIONS Lack of differences in values of biomarkers according to birth season may indicate that: (a) season of birth is not a good indicator of early-life conditions; (b) tested biomarkers do not reliably reflect the prenatal environment; (c) season of birth does not fully overlap with the sensitive periods of biomarker development and thus fails to capture differences in developmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Miłkowska
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ilona Nenko
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Klimek
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Galbarczyk
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grazyna Jasienska
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Figueroa O, Muñoz-Reyes JA, Rodriguez-Sickert C, Valenzuela N, Pavez P, Ramírez-Herrera O, Pita M, Diaz D, Fernández-Martínez AB, Polo P. Testing strategic pluralism: The roles of attractiveness and competitive abilities to understand conditionality in men's short-term reproductive strategies. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237315. [PMID: 32866153 PMCID: PMC7458284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The decision to allocate time and energy to find multiple sexual partners or raise children is a fundamental reproductive trade-off. The Strategic Pluralism Hypothesis argues that human reproductive strategies are facultatively calibrated towards either investing in mating or parenting (or a mixture), according to the expression of features dependent on the individual's condition. This study seeks to test predictions derived from this hypothesis in a sample of 242 young men (M ± SD = 22.12 ± 3.08) from Chile's 5th Region (33֯ south latitude). Specifically, two predictions were considered that raise questions about the relationship between traits related to physical and psychological attractiveness (fluctuating facial asymmetry and self-perception of attractiveness) and competitive skills (baseline testosterone and self-perception of fighting ability) with short-term reproductive strategies. Our results indicate that psychological features related to the self-perception of physical attractiveness are related to short-term reproductive strategies. However, no evidence was found that fluctuating facial asymmetry, basal levels of testosterone and self-perception of fighting ability were related to short-term reproductive strategies. These results support the existing evidence of the importance of physical attractiveness in calibrating men's reproductive strategies but cast doubts about the role of fluctuating facial asymmetry. They also suggest that traits related to physical attractiveness, in comparison to competitive capabilities, play a more important role in calibrating men's short-term reproductive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Figueroa
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Complejidad Social, Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social, Facultad de Gobierno, Universidad del Desarrollo, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Centro de Estudios Avanzados, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Jose Antonio Muñoz-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Centro de Estudios Avanzados, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Sickert
- Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social, Facultad de Gobierno, Universidad del Desarrollo, Concepción, Chile
| | - Nohelia Valenzuela
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Centro de Estudios Avanzados, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Paula Pavez
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Centro de Estudios Avanzados, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Oriana Ramírez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Centro de Estudios Avanzados, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Miguel Pita
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - David Diaz
- Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Pablo Polo
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Centro de Estudios Avanzados, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
- * E-mail:
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Kordsmeyer TL, Thies YTK, Ekrami O, Stern J, Schild C, Spoiala C, Claes P, Van Dongen S, Penke L. No evidence for an association between facial fluctuating asymmetry and vocal attractiveness in men or women. EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES 2020; 2:e35. [PMID: 37588384 PMCID: PMC10427465 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2020.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial fluctuating asymmetry (FA), presumably a proxy measure of developmental instability, has been proposed to inversely relate to vocal attractiveness, which may convey information on heritable fitness benefits. Using an improved method of measuring facial FA, we sought to replicate two recent studies that showed an inverse correlation of facial FA with vocal attractiveness. In two samples of men (N = 165) and women (N = 157), we investigated the association of automatically measured facial FA based on 3D face scans with male and female observer-rated attractiveness of voice recordings. No significant associations were found for men or women, also when controlling for facial attractiveness, age, and body mass index. Equivalence tests show that effect sizes were significantly smaller than previous meta-analytic effects, providing robust evidence against a link of facial FA with vocal attractiveness. Thus, our study contradicts earlier findings that vocal attractiveness may signal genetic quality in humans via an association with FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias L. Kordsmeyer
- Department of Psychology and Leibniz Science Campus, Primate Cognition, University of Goettingen, Gosslerstr. 14, 37073Goettingen, Germany
| | - Yasmin T. K. Thies
- Department of Psychology and Leibniz Science Campus, Primate Cognition, University of Goettingen, Gosslerstr. 14, 37073Goettingen, Germany
| | - Omid Ekrami
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Julia Stern
- Department of Psychology and Leibniz Science Campus, Primate Cognition, University of Goettingen, Gosslerstr. 14, 37073Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Schild
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2A, 1353Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cristina Spoiala
- Nivel, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Otterstraat 118, 3513 CR Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Claes
- Department of Electrical Engineering–ESAT & Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Van Dongen
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lars Penke
- Department of Psychology and Leibniz Science Campus, Primate Cognition, University of Goettingen, Gosslerstr. 14, 37073Goettingen, Germany
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Marcinkowska UM, Holzleitner IJ. Stability of women's facial shape throughout the menstrual cycle. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192910. [PMID: 32259474 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial characteristics can serve as a cue for judgements of multiple human traits, from maternal tendencies, overall fertility to sexual openness. In this study, we tested previously found fluctuations in facial shape throughout the menstrual cycle. With methods more robust than those formerly used (larger sample size and detailed hormonal assessments determining the timing of the ovulation), we did not find significant changes in either of the three facial measurements conducted: symmetry, averageness and sexual dimorphism (all F ≤ 0.78, all partial η2 ≤ 0.01, all p ≥ 0.542). After narrowing the sample to cycles that had a higher probability of being ovulatory (based on daily measurements of luteinizing hormone and oestradiol), the results remained non-significant (all F ≤ 1.20, all partial η2 ≤ 0.03, all p ≥ 0.315). Our results (i) suggest that the previously found increased facial attractiveness of women in the most fertile phase of the menstrual cycle is not driven by changes in facial shape, but might instead stem from other changes in facial appearance, such as a more attractive skin tone; and (ii) underline the importance of replication of studies with new methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- U M Marcinkowska
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, USA.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland
| | - I J Holzleitner
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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Kościński K, Makarewicz R, Bartoszewicz Z. Stereotypical and Actual Associations of Breast Size with Mating-Relevant Traits. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 49:821-836. [PMID: 31562583 PMCID: PMC7058577 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-1464-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Breast size varies substantially among women and influences perception of the woman by other people with regard to her attractiveness and other characteristics that are important in social contexts, including mating. The theory of sexual selection predicts that physical criteria of partner selection should be markers of the candidate's desirable properties, mainly biological quality. Few studies, however, have examined whether breast size really signals biological quality or its components and whether observers accurately interpret these signals. Our first study encompassed 163 young women and aimed to establish actual correlates of breast size. The aim of the second study was to determine preferences and stereotypes related to breast size: 252-265 women and men evaluated female digital figures varying in, among other characteristics, breast size. Breast size (breast circumference minus chest circumference) was negatively associated with body asymmetry and positively associated with infections of the respiratory system, but did not correlate with infections of the digestive system, openness to casual sex, and testosterone and estradiol level. Women and men perceived breasts in a similar way to each other: the bigger the breasts the higher the reproductive efficiency, lactational efficiency, sexual desire, and promiscuity attributed to the woman. Nevertheless, large breasts were not regarded more attractive than average ones, though small breasts were the least attractive. In addition, big-breasted women were perceived as less faithful and less intelligent than women with average or small breasts. We discuss our results from the perspectives of evolutionary psychology, perceptual biases, and social stereotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kościński
- Department of Human Evolutionary Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Rafał Makarewicz
- Department of Human Evolutionary Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Bartoszewicz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Lack of Correlation between Facial Sexual Dimorphism, Fluctuating Asymmetry and Self-Perceived Attractiveness in Men and Women. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human morphological sexual dimorphism and fluctuating asymmetry have been suggested to signal ‘individual quality’ and are therefore expected to covary as well as to correlate with surrogate fitness/quality measures like attractiveness and dominance. While some case studies indeed found support for these hypotheses, the overall evidence is not overwhelming. However, most previous research used a limited number of landmarks to quantify masculinity and asymmetry. We here present results based on high-density 3D scans covering the entire facial area. In spite of these more detailed measurements, no significant associations were detected. These results are in line with conclusions of recent meta-analyses and cast doubt on the role of masculinity and fluctuating asymmetry as signals of (genetic) quality.
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Perceived attractiveness of Czech faces across 10 cultures: Associations with sexual shape dimorphism, averageness, fluctuating asymmetry, and eye color. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225549. [PMID: 31751432 PMCID: PMC6872208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on the perception of faces typically assumes that there are some universal values of attractiveness which are shared across individuals and cultures. The perception of attractiveness may, however, vary across cultures due to local differences in both facial morphology and standards of beauty. To examine cross-cultural consensus in the ratings of attractiveness, we presented a set of 120 non-manipulated photographs of Czech faces to ten samples of raters from both European (Czech Republic, Estonia, Sweden, Romania, Turkey, Portugal) and non-European countries (Brazil, India, Cameroon, Namibia). We examined the relative contribution of three facial markers (sexual shape dimorphism, averageness, fluctuating asymmetry) to the perception of attractiveness as well as the possible influence of eye color, which is a locally specific trait. In general, we found that both male and female faces which were closer to the average and more feminine in shape were regarded as more attractive, while fluctuating asymmetry had no effect. Despite a high cross-cultural consensus on attractiveness standards, significant differences in the perception of attractiveness seem to be related to the level of socio-economic development (as measured by the Human Development Index, HDI). Attractiveness ratings by raters from low-HDI countries (India, Cameroon, Namibia) converged less with ratings from Czech Republic than ratings from high-HDI countries (European countries and Brazil). With respect to eye color, some local patterns emerged which we discuss as a consequence of negative frequency-dependent selection.
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34
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The Face of Early Cognitive Decline? Shape and Asymmetry Predict Choice Reaction Time Independent of Age, Diet or Exercise. Symmetry (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/sym11111364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Slower reaction time is a measure of cognitive decline and can occur as early as 24 years of age. We are interested if developmental stability predicts cognitive performance independent of age and lifestyle (e.g., diet and exercise). Developmental stability is the latent capacity to buffer ontogenetic stressors and is measured by low fluctuating asymmetry (FA). FA is random—with respect to the largest side—departures from perfect morphological symmetry. The degree of asymmetry has been associated with physical fitness, morbidity, and mortality in many species, including humans. We expected that low FA (independent of age, diet and exercise) will predict faster choice reaction time (i.e., correct keyboard responses to stimuli appearing in a random location on a computer monitor). Eighty-eight university students self-reported their fish product consumption, exercise, had their faces 3D scanned and cognitive performance measured. Unexpectedly, increased fish product consumption was associated with worsened choice reaction time. Facial asymmetry and multiple face shape variation parameters predicted slower choice reaction time independent of sex, age, diet or exercise. Future work should develop longitudinal interventions to minimize early cognitive decline among vulnerable people (e.g., those who have experienced ontogenetic stressors affecting optimal neurocognitive development).
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Number of friends and self-perception among Jamaican children: the role of attractiveness and fluctuating asymmetry. J Biosoc Sci 2019; 52:184-197. [DOI: 10.1017/s0021932019000373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe role that physical attractiveness and fluctuating asymmetry (FA), a measure of developmental instability, play in self-perception and peer associations were explored in a well-studied cohort of Jamaican children using a novel research paradigm where subjects were already known to each other for extensive periods of time. The results showed that how attractive a child was perceived by others was significantly positively correlated with self-ratings of attractiveness. Contrary to findings from WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic) samples, the study found a reversal in the sex differences in self-perceived attractiveness and self-esteem, where Jamaican females rate themselves more attractive and report higher self-esteem than do males. Attractiveness also predicts overall popularity, as measured by desirability as a friend and the percentage of peers who choose an individual as a friend. Attractive individuals of both sexes were chosen more often as ‘friends’. A significant correlation was also found between an individual’s FA and the average FA of those chosen as friends. However, the effect was primarily due to preferences by males for female friends possessing similar levels of FA, which could be an effective strategy in reducing future mating effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie D. White
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David A. Puts
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Brain, Behavior, and Cognition, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Human Evolution and Diversity, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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37
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Rodriguez-Ruiz C, Muñoz-Reyes JA, Iglesias-Julios M, Sanchez-Pages S, Turiegano E. Sex Affects the Relationship Between Third Party Punishment and Cooperation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4288. [PMID: 30862895 PMCID: PMC6414674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40909-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Prosocial third-party punishment (3PP) is a punitive behavior against antisocial individuals, which might explain extended cooperativeness in humans. 3PP shows sexual dimorphism, being more frequent in men than in women. We studied whether sexually dimorphic features related to sexual hormones during development (facial dimorphism and 2D:4D) influence the tendency to engage in 3PP in a sample of 511 women and 328 men. After playing a Prisoner's Dilemma, participants had to decide whether to penalize the defection of a third player who had exploited his/her counterpart's cooperation. In line with previous studies, we observe that men are more prone to engage in 3PP than women. We find that this sex difference is due to cooperative men being more likely to punish than cooperative women. In addition, men with higher facial masculinity are less likely to engage in 3PP, whereas no features influence 3PP in women. We discuss the possibility that sex differences in the motivations and fitness implications underlying 3PP might be driving the observed results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Antonio Muñoz-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Comportamiento Animal y Humano, Centro de Estudios Avanzados, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Marta Iglesias-Julios
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Enrique Turiegano
- Biology Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. C/Darwin 2, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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38
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Biological Bases of Beauty Revisited: The Effect of Symmetry, Averageness, and Sexual Dimorphism on Female Facial Attractiveness. Symmetry (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/sym11020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The factors influencing human female facial attractiveness—symmetry, averageness, and sexual dimorphism—have been extensively studied. However, recent studies, using improved methodologies, have called into question their evolutionary utility and links with life history. The current studies use a range of approaches to quantify how important these factors actually are in perceiving attractiveness, through the use of novel statistical analyses and by addressing methodological weaknesses in the literature. Study One examines how manipulations of symmetry, averageness, femininity, and masculinity affect attractiveness using a two-alternative forced choice task, finding that increased masculinity and also femininity decrease attractiveness, compared to unmanipulated faces. Symmetry and averageness yielded a small and large effect, respectively. Study Two utilises a naturalistic ratings paradigm, finding similar effects of averageness and masculinity as Study One but no effects of symmetry and femininity on attractiveness. Study Three applies geometric face measurements of the factors and a random forest machine learning algorithm to predict perceived attractiveness, finding that shape averageness, dimorphism, and skin texture symmetry are useful features capable of relatively accurate predictions, while shape symmetry is uninformative. However, the factors do not explain as much variance in attractiveness as the literature suggests. The implications for future research on attractiveness are discussed.
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39
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Morris MRJ, Kaufman R, Rogers SM. Heterozygosity and asymmetry:
Ectodysplasin
as a form of genetic stress in marine threespine stickleback. Evolution 2019; 73:378-389. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. J. Morris
- Biological SciencesUniversity of Calgary 2500 University Dr NW Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada
- Current Address: Biological SciencesAmbrose University 150 Ambrose Cir SW Calgary AB T3H 0L5 Canada
| | - Rebecca Kaufman
- Biological SciencesUniversity of Calgary 2500 University Dr NW Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Sean M. Rogers
- Biological SciencesUniversity of Calgary 2500 University Dr NW Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada
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40
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Ekrami O, Claes P, White JD, Zaidi AA, Shriver MD, Van Dongen S. Measuring asymmetry from high-density 3D surface scans: An application to human faces. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207895. [PMID: 30586353 PMCID: PMC6306226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfect bilateral symmetry is the optimal outcome of the development of bilateral traits in the absence of developmental perturbations. Any random perturbation in this perfect symmetrical state is called Fluctuating Asymmetry (FA). Many studies have been conducted on FA as an indicator of Developmental Instability (DI) and its possible link with stress and individual quality in general and with attractiveness, health and level of masculinity or femininity in humans. Most human studies of facial asymmetry use 2D pictures and a limited number of landmarks. We developed a protocol to utilize high-density 3D scans of human faces to measure the level of asymmetry. A completely symmetric spatially dense anthropometric mask with paired vertices is non-rigidly mapped on target faces using an Iterative Closest Point (ICP) registration algorithm. A set of 19 manually indicated landmarks were used to validate the mapping precision. The protocol's accuracy in FA calculation is assessed, and results show that a spatially dense approach is more accurate. In addition, it generates an integrated asymmetry estimate across the entire face. Finally, the automatic nature of the protocol provides a great advantage by omitting the tedious step of manual landmark indication on the biological structure of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Ekrami
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Claes
- Medical Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Department of Electrical Engineering–ESAT, Faculty of Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julie D. White
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Arslan A. Zaidi
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Shriver
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stefan Van Dongen
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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42
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Hill WD, Arslan RC, Xia C, Luciano M, Amador C, Navarro P, Hayward C, Nagy R, Porteous DJ, McIntosh AM, Deary IJ, Haley CS, Penke L. Genomic analysis of family data reveals additional genetic effects on intelligence and personality. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:2347-2362. [PMID: 29321673 PMCID: PMC6294741 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-017-0005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pedigree-based analyses of intelligence have reported that genetic differences account for 50-80% of the phenotypic variation. For personality traits these effects are smaller, with 34-48% of the variance being explained by genetic differences. However, molecular genetic studies using unrelated individuals typically report a heritability estimate of around 30% for intelligence and between 0 and 15% for personality variables. Pedigree-based estimates and molecular genetic estimates may differ because current genotyping platforms are poor at tagging causal variants, variants with low minor allele frequency, copy number variants, and structural variants. Using ~20,000 individuals in the Generation Scotland family cohort genotyped for ~700,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we exploit the high levels of linkage disequilibrium (LD) found in members of the same family to quantify the total effect of genetic variants that are not tagged in GWAS of unrelated individuals. In our models, genetic variants in low LD with genotyped SNPs explain over half of the genetic variance in intelligence, education, and neuroticism. By capturing these additional genetic effects our models closely approximate the heritability estimates from twin studies for intelligence and education, but not for neuroticism and extraversion. We then replicated our finding using imputed molecular genetic data from unrelated individuals to show that ~50% of differences in intelligence, and ~40% of the differences in education, can be explained by genetic effects when a larger number of rare SNPs are included. From an evolutionary genetic perspective, a substantial contribution of rare genetic variants to individual differences in intelligence, and education is consistent with mutation-selection balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- W David Hill
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
| | - Ruben C Arslan
- Georg Elias Müller Institute of Psychology, Georg August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Leibniz Science Campus, Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Adaptive Rationality Max Planck Institute for Human Development Lentzeallee, 94, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Charley Xia
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Carmen Amador
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pau Navarro
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Reka Nagy
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Chris S Haley
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lars Penke
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Georg Elias Müller Institute of Psychology, Georg August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Leibniz Science Campus, Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany
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The asymmetry of dermatoglyphic finger ridge counts and the geographic altitude of the Jujenean population in northwest Argentina. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2018; 69:364-376. [PMID: 30293668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetry is omnipresent in the living world and therefore is a measure of developmental noise and instability. The main stressing agent in high-altitude ecosystems is hypobaric hypoxia. The variation in bilateral dermatoglyphic symmetry in populations from the Province of Jujuy in northwest Argentina is analyzed, and these results are compared to those for other populations with different ethnic and environmental backgrounds. Fingerprints were collected from 310 healthy students (140 males and 170 females) aged 18-20 years from three localities in Jujuy Province-Abra Pampa (3484 m above sea level), Humahuaca (2939 m above sea level), and San Salvador de Jujuy (1260 m above sea level). Asymmetry by sex was assessed based on radial and ulnar ridge counts to determine its pattern of variability (directional asymmetry [DA], fluctuating asymmetry [FA] and antisymmetry), and asymmetry and diversity indices were calculated. A bivariate plot and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to compare these indices with those for other populations. Homogeneity was found between populations and sexes when radial and ulnar ridges were counted. FA values did not show significant differences by locality or side (ulnar and radial), but significant differences were found by finger and sex, with males showing significantly greater FA values. The asymmetry and diversity indices clearly group the Andean populations and separate them from populations of different ethnic and geographic origin. Only the diversity index showed significant differences by locality in males, which suggests a substantially different genetic component in Abra Pampa male samples.
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Pawlowski B, Borkowska B, Nowak J, Augustyniak D, Drulis-Kawa Z. Human body symmetry and immune efficacy in healthy adults. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 167:207-216. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boguslaw Pawlowski
- Department of Human Biology; University of Wroclaw; Kuźnicza 35, Wrocław, 50-138 Poland
| | - Barbara Borkowska
- Department of Human Biology; University of Wroclaw; Kuźnicza 35, Wrocław, 50-138 Poland
| | - Judyta Nowak
- Department of Human Biology; University of Wroclaw; Kuźnicza 35, Wrocław, 50-138 Poland
| | - Daria Augustyniak
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology; University of Wroclaw; Przybyszewskiego 63, Wrocław, 51-148 Poland
| | - Zuzanna Drulis-Kawa
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology; University of Wroclaw; Przybyszewskiego 63, Wrocław, 51-148 Poland
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45
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Mopin C, Chaumoître K, Signoli M, Adalian P. Developmental stability and environmental stress: A geometric morphometrics analysis of asymmetry in the human femur. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 167:144-160. [PMID: 30175505 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The evaluation of developmental stability (DS) by measuring fluctuating asymmetry (FA), a bioindicator of general cumulative stress, is an approach that has often been used to characterize health status in past populations. New techniques of geometric morphometrics now enable a better appreciation of FA than before, with a more refined quantification of variation. The aim of our study is to determine the effectiveness of geometric morphometrics analyses of asymmetry in the human femur for the study of individual DS and inferring health status of human populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a comparative analysis between two diachronic populations of distinct and known health status. Two samples of 70 pairs of adult femurs from individuals of comparable age range and sex were selected and CT-scanned. For each 3D reconstruction, two sets of 27 landmarks were digitized to quantify and minimize the effect of measurement error on the evaluation of FA. RESULTS While the measurement of FA in femoral centroid size seemed comparable between the samples, the amount of FA in femoral shape differed. Individuals who experienced high levels of environmental stress presented higher intra-individual variation. In parallel, results did not reveal any significant differences in DS between sexes or age groups. DISCUSSION The geometric morphometrics analysis of femoral asymmetry was effective for distinguishing two populations. After considering various factors of influence, genetics and biomechanics seem to have a limited impact on the results. Expressing FA appears to be normal but dependent on the disturbances of DS produced by environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Mopin
- UMR 7268, Anthropologie bioculturelle, Droit, Ethique et Santé, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Kathia Chaumoître
- UMR 7268, Anthropologie bioculturelle, Droit, Ethique et Santé, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France.,Service de Radiologie et Imagerie médicale or Radiology and medical imaging department, Hôpital Nord, CHU, Marseille, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Chemin des Bourrely, Marseille, Cedex 20, 13915, France
| | - Michel Signoli
- UMR 7268, Anthropologie bioculturelle, Droit, Ethique et Santé, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Adalian
- UMR 7268, Anthropologie bioculturelle, Droit, Ethique et Santé, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
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Żelaźniewicz A, Bielawski T, Nowak J, Pawłowski B. Body symmetry and reproductive hormone levels in women. Women Health 2018; 59:391-405. [PMID: 29979937 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2018.1492499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluctuating asymmetry (FA), a morphological marker of developmental stability, may be related to an individual's biological condition, e.g., health or fertility. The aim of this study was to test if the level of a woman's FA was related to her fertility and reproductive potential as measured by reproductive hormone levels. Fifty-three healthy, non-pregnant, naturally cycling women (mean age = 23.42, SD = 1.85 years), participated in the study, conducted in Wrocław (Poland) in May 2015. Early-follicular phase serum levels of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol (E2) were measured. FA was calculated based on anthropometric measures of six bilateral body traits, and the composite FA index was used in statistical analyses. No relationship was observed between FA and the levels of FSH, LH, and AMH (p > .05), controlled for potential confounders. However, the level of E2 was positively correlated with FA (p < .05). Thus, in young women, FA was not related to hormones levels related to ovarian reserve, but more symmetrical women had lower E2 levels. As FA is an index of developmental stability, environmental, and genetic stress, the results of the study confirm previous research suggesting that developmental conditions may be related to women's endogenous estrogen levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomasz Bielawski
- a Department of Human Biology , University of Wrocław , Wrocław , Poland
| | - Judyta Nowak
- a Department of Human Biology , University of Wrocław , Wrocław , Poland
| | - Bogusław Pawłowski
- a Department of Human Biology , University of Wrocław , Wrocław , Poland
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Munk AJL, Zoeller AC, Hennig J. Fluctuations of estradiol during women's menstrual cycle: Influences on reactivity towards erotic stimuli in the late positive potential. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018. [PMID: 29518692 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While several studies examined the reactivity towards negative emotional stimuli across women's menstrual cycle, only few investigated responses to positive emotional cues in association with sexual hormones on a neural level. Therefore, the aim of the current EEG-experiment was to study the differential reactivity towards positive (erotic) words during the menstrual cycle (i.e. with fluctuations in the steroids estradiol and progesterone) in the late positive potential (LPP). Regarding reactivity towards erotic stimuli, the LPP is seen as the most relevant ERP-component, as more positive amplitudes in the LPP reflect larger incentive salience and higher arousal. The LPP towards erotic words was expected to be more pronounced during fertile phases of the menstrual cycle (around ovulation). Furthermore, associations with hormonal concentrations of estradiol and progesterone were investigated. METHOD 19 young, free cycling women were tested in an Erotic Stroop paradigm during the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase in a balanced cross-over design, while electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. RESULTS LPPs in reaction to erotic compared to neutral words were larger in every phase. During the follicular phase and ovulation, higher estradiol-concentrations were associated with more positive LPP-amplitudes towards erotic- than to neutral words. No effects of progesterone, as well as no effects of cycle phase, were evident. Results are being discussed regarding implications for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha J L Munk
- Department of Differential and Biological Psychology, University of Giessen, Germany.
| | - Aaron C Zoeller
- Department of General Psychology, University of Giessen, Germany
| | - Juergen Hennig
- Department of Differential and Biological Psychology, University of Giessen, Germany
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Human Bodily Asymmetry Relates to Behavioral Lateralization and May not Reliably Reflect Developmental Instability. Symmetry (Basel) 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/sym10040117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Żelaźniewicz A, Pawłowski B. Maternal breast and body symmetry in pregnancy and offspring condition. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 166:127-138. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kleisner K, Kočnar T, Tureček P, Stella D, Akoko RM, Třebický V, Havlíček J. African and European perception of African female attractiveness. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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