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Zhan JW, Wang SQ, Feng MS, Gao JH, Wei X, Yu J, Yin XL, Yin H, Sun K, Chen M, Xie R, Zhang P, Zhu LG. Effects of Axial Compression and Distraction on Vascular Bud and VEGFA Expression in the Vertebral Endplate of an Ex Vivo Rabbit Spinal Motion Segment Culture Model. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2021; 46:421-432. [PMID: 33186278 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000003816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN An ex vivo study of the rabbit's vertebral endplate. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the effect of axial compression and distraction on vascular buds and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA) expression of the vertebral endplate (VEP). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The abnormal load can lead to intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), whereas axial distraction can delay this process. The effects of different mechanical loads on the intervertebral disc (IVD) have been hypothesized to be related to changes in the vascular buds of the VEP; moreover, the process that might involve the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) within the VEP. METHODS Rabbit spinal segments (n = 40) were harvested and randomly classified into four groups: Control group, no stress was applied; Group A, a constant compressive load applied; Group B, compression load removed for a fixed time daily on a continuous basis, and substituted with a distraction load for 30 minutes; and Group C, compression removed for 30 minutes for a fixed period daily on a continuous basis. Tissue specimens were collected before the culture (day 0) and on day 14 post-culture of each group for analysis of IVDs' morphology, and protein and mRNA expression of Aggrecan, COL2al, VEGFA, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 of the VEPs. RESULTS Application of axial distraction and dynamic load compression significantly delayed time- and constant compression-mediated VEP changes and IDD. Moreover, the degree of degeneration was associated with loss of vascular buds, as well as the downregulation of VEGFA and its receptor. CONCLUSION The regulation of vascular buds and VEGF expression in the VEP represents one of the mechanisms of axial distraction and dynamic loading.Level of Evidence: N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wen Zhan
- General Orthopedics Department, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Jemni-Damer N, Guedan-Duran A, Fuentes-Andion M, Serrano-Bengoechea N, Alfageme-Lopez N, Armada-Maresca F, Guinea GV, Perez-Rigueiro J, Rojo F, Gonzalez-Nieto D, Kaplan DL, Panetsos F. Biotechnology and Biomaterial-Based Therapeutic Strategies for Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Part II: Cell and Tissue Engineering Therapies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:588014. [PMID: 33363125 PMCID: PMC7758210 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.588014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is an up-to-date untreatable chronic neurodegenerative eye disease of multifactorial origin, and the main causes of blindness in over 65 y.o. people. It is characterized by a slow progression and the presence of a multitude of factors, highlighting those related to diet, genetic heritage and environmental conditions, present throughout each of the stages of the illness. Current therapeutic approaches, mainly consisting on intraocular drug delivery, are only used for symptoms relief and/or to decelerate the progression of the disease. Furthermore, they are overly simplistic and ignore the complexity of the disease and the enormous differences in the symptomatology between patients. Due to the wide impact of the AMD and the up-to-date absence of clinical solutions, Due to the wide impact of the AMD and the up-to-date absence of clinical solutions, different treatment options have to be considered. Cell therapy is a very promising alternative to drug-based approaches for AMD treatment. Cells delivered to the affected tissue as a suspension have shown poor retention and low survival rate. A solution to these inconveniences has been the encapsulation of these cells on biomaterials, which contrive to their protection, gives them support, and favor their retention of the desired area. We offer a two-papers critical review of the available and under development AMD therapeutic approaches, from a biomaterials and biotechnological point of view. We highlight benefits and limitations and we forecast forthcoming alternatives based on novel biomaterials and biotechnology methods. In this second part we review the preclinical and clinical cell-replacement approaches aiming at the development of efficient AMD-therapies, the employed cell types, as well as the cell-encapsulation and cell-implant systems. We discuss their advantages and disadvantages and how they could improve the survival and integration of the implanted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla Jemni-Damer
- Neuro-computing and Neuro-robotics Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Innovation Group, Institute for Health Research San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Atocha Guedan-Duran
- Neuro-computing and Neuro-robotics Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Innovation Group, Institute for Health Research San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - María Fuentes-Andion
- Neuro-computing and Neuro-robotics Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Innovation Group, Institute for Health Research San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nora Serrano-Bengoechea
- Neuro-computing and Neuro-robotics Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Innovation Group, Institute for Health Research San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Silk Biomed SL, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Alfageme-Lopez
- Neuro-computing and Neuro-robotics Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Innovation Group, Institute for Health Research San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Silk Biomed SL, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gustavo V. Guinea
- Silk Biomed SL, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Spain
- Department of Material Science, Civil Engineering Superior School, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Perez-Rigueiro
- Silk Biomed SL, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Spain
- Department of Material Science, Civil Engineering Superior School, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Rojo
- Silk Biomed SL, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Spain
- Department of Material Science, Civil Engineering Superior School, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Gonzalez-Nieto
- Silk Biomed SL, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Fivos Panetsos
- Neuro-computing and Neuro-robotics Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Innovation Group, Institute for Health Research San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Silk Biomed SL, Madrid, Spain
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Zhan JW, Wang SQ, Feng MS, Wei X, Yu J, Yin XL, Han T, Zhu LG. Constant compression decreases vascular bud and VEGFA expression in a rabbit vertebral endplate ex vivo culture model. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234747. [PMID: 32584845 PMCID: PMC7316323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The vascular buds in the vertebral endplate (VEP) are the structural foundation of nutrient exchange in the intervertebral disc (IVD). VEGF is closely related to angiogenesis in the endplate and intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of static load on vascular buds and VEGF expression in the VEP and to further clarify the relation between IDD and VEGF. METHODS IVD motion segments were harvested from rabbit lumbar spines and cultured under no-loading conditions (controls) or in custom-made apparatuses under a constant compressive load (0.5 MPa) for up to 14 days. Tissue integrity and the number of vascular buds were determined, and the concentrations and expression of Aggrecan, COL2a1, and VEGFA in the VEPs were assessed after 3, 7, and 14 days of culturing and then compared with those of fresh tissues. RESULTS Under the constant compression, the morphological integrity of the VEPs was gradually disrupted, and immunohistochemistry results showed a significant decrease in the levels of Agg and COL2a1. During the static load, the number of vascular buds in the VEPs was gradually reduced from the early stage of culture, and ELISA showed that the constant compressive load caused a significant decrease in the VEGFA and VEGFR2 protein concentrations, which were consistent with the immunohistochemistry results. Western blot and RT-PCR results also showed that the loading state caused a significant decrease in VEGFA expression compared with that of fresh and control samples. CONCLUSIONS Constant compression caused degeneration of the VEP as well as a decreased number of vascular buds, thereby accelerating disc degeneration. VEGFA is involved in this process. We anticipate that regulating the expression of VEGFA may improve the condition of the lesions to the vascular buds in the endplates, thus enhancing the nutritional supply function in IVD and providing new therapeutic targets and strategies for the effective prevention and treatment of IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wen Zhan
- General Orthopedics Department, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing of Palasy Technology, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shang-Quan Wang
- General Orthopedics Department, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min-Shan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing of Palasy Technology, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Spine Department 2, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Wei
- Scientific Research Office, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Spine Department 2, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xun-Lu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Beijing of Palasy Technology, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Spine Department 2, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Han
- General Orthopedics Department, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing of Palasy Technology, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Guo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing of Palasy Technology, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Spine Department 2, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Retinal Drug Delivery: Rethinking Outcomes for the Efficient Replication of Retinal Behavior. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10124258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The retina is a highly organized structure that is considered to be "an approachable part of the brain." It is attracting the interest of development scientists, as it provides a model neurovascular system. Over the last few years, we have been witnessing significant development in the knowledge of the mechanisms that induce the shape of the retinal vascular system, as well as knowledge of disease processes that lead to retina degeneration. Knowledge and understanding of how our vision works are crucial to creating a hardware-adaptive computational model that can replicate retinal behavior. The neuronal system is nonlinear and very intricate. It is thus instrumental to have a clear view of the neurophysiological and neuroanatomic processes and to take into account the underlying principles that govern the process of hardware transformation to produce an appropriate model that can be mapped to a physical device. The mechanistic and integrated computational models have enormous potential toward helping to understand disease mechanisms and to explain the associations identified in large model-free data sets. The approach used is modulated and based on different models of drug administration, including the geometry of the eye. This work aimed to review the recently used mathematical models to map a directed retinal network.
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Retinal organotypic culture – A candidate for research on retinas. Tissue Cell 2018; 51:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ma IT, McConaghy S, Namachivayam K, Halloran BA, Kurundkar AR, MohanKumar K, Maheshwari A, Ohls RK. VEGF mRNA and protein concentrations in the developing human eye. Pediatr Res 2015; 77:500-5. [PMID: 25588190 PMCID: PMC4363168 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a well-characterized regulator of angiogenesis, has been mechanistically implicated in retinal neovascularization and in the pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity. However, the ontogeny of VEGF expression in the human fetal retina is not well known. Because retinal vasculature grows with gestational maturation, we hypothesized that VEGF expression also increases in the midgestation human fetal eye as a function of gestational age. METHODS To identify changes in VEGF gene expression during normal human development, we measured VEGF mRNA by quantitative PCR and measured VEGF protein by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blots in 10-24 wk gestation fetal vitreous, retina, and serum. RESULTS VEGF mRNA expression in the retina increased with gestational age. VEGF isoform A, particularly its VEGF121 splice variant, contributed to this positive correlation. Consistent with these findings, we detected increasing VEGF121 protein concentrations in vitreous humor from fetuses of 10-24 wk gestation, while VEGF concentrations decreased in fetal serum. CONCLUSION VEGF121 mRNA and protein concentrations increase with increasing gestational age in the developing human retina. We speculate that VEGF plays an important role in normal retinal vascular development, and that preterm delivery affects production of this vascular growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene T. Ma
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Suzanne McConaghy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Brian A. Halloran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ashish R. Kurundkar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Krishnan MohanKumar
- Center for Neonatal and Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Akhil Maheshwari
- Center for Neonatal and Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA,Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Robin K. Ohls
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA,Corresponding author: Robin K. Ohls, M.D., Professor of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC10 5590, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001; , telephone number: 505-272-6753, fax number: 505-272-1539
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Beta3-adrenergic receptors modulate vascular endothelial growth factor release in response to hypoxia through the nitric oxide pathway in mouse retinal explants. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2013; 386:269-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0828-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Mei S, Cammalleri M, Azara D, Casini G, Bagnoli P, Dal Monte M. Mechanisms underlying somatostatin receptor 2 down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in response to hypoxia in mouse retinal explants. J Pathol 2012; 226:519-533. [DOI: 10.1002/path.3006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Qutub AA, Popel AS. Elongation, proliferation & migration differentiate endothelial cell phenotypes and determine capillary sprouting. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2009; 3:13. [PMID: 19171061 PMCID: PMC2672076 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-3-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis, the growth of capillaries from preexisting blood vessels, has been extensively studied experimentally over the past thirty years. Molecular insights from these studies have lead to therapies for cancer, macular degeneration and ischemia. In parallel, mathematical models of angiogenesis have helped characterize a broader view of capillary network formation and have suggested new directions for experimental pursuit. We developed a computational model that bridges the gap between these two perspectives, and addresses a remaining question in angiogenic sprouting: how do the processes of endothelial cell elongation, migration and proliferation contribute to vessel formation? RESULTS We present a multiscale systems model that closely simulates the mechanisms underlying sprouting at the onset of angiogenesis. Designed by agent-based programming, the model uses logical rules to guide the behavior of individual endothelial cells and segments of cells. The activation, proliferation, and movement of these cells lead to capillary growth in three dimensions. By this means, a novel capillary network emerges out of combinatorially complex interactions of single cells. Rules and parameter ranges are based on literature data on endothelial cell behavior in vitro. The model is designed generally, and will subsequently be applied to represent species-specific, tissue-specific in vitro and in vivo conditions. Initial results predict tip cell activation, stalk cell development and sprout formation as a function of local vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations and the Delta-like 4 Notch ligand, as it might occur in a three-dimensional in vitro setting. Results demonstrate the differential effects of ligand concentrations, cell movement and proliferation on sprouting and directional persistence. CONCLUSION This systems biology model offers a paradigm closely related to biological phenomena and highlights previously unexplored interactions of cell elongation, migration and proliferation as a function of ligand concentration, giving insight into key cellular mechanisms driving angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina A Qutub
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Aleksander S Popel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Kasai A, Shintani N, Kato H, Matsuda S, Gomi F, Haba R, Hashimoto H, Kakuda M, Tano Y, Baba A. Retardation of Retinal Vascular Development in Apelin-Deficient Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:1717-22. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.163402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
Apelin is an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor, APJ, and participates in multiple physiological processes. To identify the roles of endogenous apelin, we investigated the phenotype of apelin-deficient (apelin-KO) mice.
Methods and Results—
Apelin-KO mice showed impaired retinal vascularization and ocular development, which were analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and the mouse corneal micropocket assay. Apelin-KO mice showed significantly impaired retinal vascularization in the early postnatal period. Retinal apelin/APJ mRNAs were transiently upregulated during the first 2 postnatal weeks but were undetectable in adults. There were no differences in VEGF or FGF2 mRNA expression, or in the morphology and localization of GFAP-positive astrocytes, in the apelin-KO retinas at P5. The corneal pocket assay showed that angiogenic responses to VEGF and FGF2 were remarkably decreased in apelin-KO mice. The reduced responses to VEGF and FGF2 in apelin-KO mice were partially restored by apelin, but apelin alone did not induce angiogenesis.
Conclusions—
Our results suggest that spatiotemporally regulated apelin/APJ signaling participates in retinal vascularization in a cooperative manner with VEGF or FGF2, and contributes to normal ocular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kasai
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology (A.K., N.S., H.K., R.H., H.H., A.B.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Japan; the Department of Pharmacotherapeutics (A.K.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan; and the Departments of Ophthalmology (S.M., F.G., Y.T.), and Experimental Disease Model, the Osaka-Hamamatsu Joint Research Center for Child Mental Development (H.H., M.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka
| | - Norihito Shintani
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology (A.K., N.S., H.K., R.H., H.H., A.B.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Japan; the Department of Pharmacotherapeutics (A.K.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan; and the Departments of Ophthalmology (S.M., F.G., Y.T.), and Experimental Disease Model, the Osaka-Hamamatsu Joint Research Center for Child Mental Development (H.H., M.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka
| | - Hideaki Kato
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology (A.K., N.S., H.K., R.H., H.H., A.B.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Japan; the Department of Pharmacotherapeutics (A.K.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan; and the Departments of Ophthalmology (S.M., F.G., Y.T.), and Experimental Disease Model, the Osaka-Hamamatsu Joint Research Center for Child Mental Development (H.H., M.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka
| | - Satoshi Matsuda
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology (A.K., N.S., H.K., R.H., H.H., A.B.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Japan; the Department of Pharmacotherapeutics (A.K.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan; and the Departments of Ophthalmology (S.M., F.G., Y.T.), and Experimental Disease Model, the Osaka-Hamamatsu Joint Research Center for Child Mental Development (H.H., M.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka
| | - Fumi Gomi
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology (A.K., N.S., H.K., R.H., H.H., A.B.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Japan; the Department of Pharmacotherapeutics (A.K.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan; and the Departments of Ophthalmology (S.M., F.G., Y.T.), and Experimental Disease Model, the Osaka-Hamamatsu Joint Research Center for Child Mental Development (H.H., M.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka
| | - Ryota Haba
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology (A.K., N.S., H.K., R.H., H.H., A.B.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Japan; the Department of Pharmacotherapeutics (A.K.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan; and the Departments of Ophthalmology (S.M., F.G., Y.T.), and Experimental Disease Model, the Osaka-Hamamatsu Joint Research Center for Child Mental Development (H.H., M.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology (A.K., N.S., H.K., R.H., H.H., A.B.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Japan; the Department of Pharmacotherapeutics (A.K.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan; and the Departments of Ophthalmology (S.M., F.G., Y.T.), and Experimental Disease Model, the Osaka-Hamamatsu Joint Research Center for Child Mental Development (H.H., M.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka
| | - Michiya Kakuda
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology (A.K., N.S., H.K., R.H., H.H., A.B.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Japan; the Department of Pharmacotherapeutics (A.K.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan; and the Departments of Ophthalmology (S.M., F.G., Y.T.), and Experimental Disease Model, the Osaka-Hamamatsu Joint Research Center for Child Mental Development (H.H., M.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka
| | - Yasuo Tano
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology (A.K., N.S., H.K., R.H., H.H., A.B.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Japan; the Department of Pharmacotherapeutics (A.K.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan; and the Departments of Ophthalmology (S.M., F.G., Y.T.), and Experimental Disease Model, the Osaka-Hamamatsu Joint Research Center for Child Mental Development (H.H., M.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka
| | - Akemichi Baba
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology (A.K., N.S., H.K., R.H., H.H., A.B.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Japan; the Department of Pharmacotherapeutics (A.K.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan; and the Departments of Ophthalmology (S.M., F.G., Y.T.), and Experimental Disease Model, the Osaka-Hamamatsu Joint Research Center for Child Mental Development (H.H., M.K.), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka
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Changes in growth factor expression in normal aging of the rat retina. Exp Eye Res 2007; 85:817-24. [PMID: 17936752 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Although much is known about the growth factor changes in ocular tissues during various diseases, little is known about normal aging of the retina. In order to further understand normal aging in the retina, we characterized age-related changes of growth factor expression in three different ages of rat retina. Real time PCR and protein analysis was conducted to investigate steady state mRNA expression and protein levels of VEGF, VEGFR2, PEDF, Ang-1, Tie-2, EphB4 and ephrinB2 in the retina of 8-, 22-, and 32-month-old Brown Norway X Fischer 344 F1 hybrid rats. An increase of VEGF protein levels was found at 32months compared to 8 and 22months of age. VEGFR2 protein was found to be increased at 22 and 32months compared to 8months. PEDF protein levels were reduced at 22 and 32months. Tie-2 levels were found to be significantly decreased by 32months compared to 8months of age, while ephrinB2 was found to be significantly lower at both 22 and 32months compared to 8months of age. The increases found in VEGF and its receptor VEGFR2, with the simultaneous decrease of PEDF protein levels, may stimulate an environment that is well suited for neovascularization in the normal aging retina. Overall, these results suggest that normal aging produces substantial changes in gene expression and protein levels.
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Abstract
The retina has long been regarded as 'an approachable part of the brain' for investigating neurosensory processes. Cell biologists are now capitalizing on the accessibility of the retina to investigate important aspects of developmental angiogenesis, including how it relates to neuronal and glial development, morphogenesis, oxygen sensing and progenitor cells. Pathological angiogenesis also occurs in the retina and is a major feature of leading blinding diseases, particularly diabetic retinopathy. The retina and its clinical disorders have a pivotal role in angiogenesis research and provide model systems in which to investigate neurovascular relationships and angiogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray F Gariano
- Department of Ophthalmology, A-157, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA.
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