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Gonkowski S. Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) and its receptors in the enteric nervous system and other parts of the gastrointestinal wall. Histol Histopathol 2024; 39:1089-1099. [PMID: 38407437 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) belonging to the transmembrane growth factors family is widespread in living organisms. It acts through ErbB family receptors and first of all takes part in embryogenesis, as well as in developmental, regenerative and adaptive processes occurring in various internal organs and systems. It is known that NRG1 and its receptors are present in various parts of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. First of all NRG1 and ErbB receptors have been detected in the enteric nervous system (ENS) localized in the wall of the esophagus, stomach and intestine and regulating the majority of the GI tract functions, but also in the mucosal and muscular layers of the GI tract. The NRG1/ErbB pathway is involved in the development and differentiation of the ENS and regulation of the intestinal epithelium functions. Moreover, dysregulation of this pathway results in a wide range of gastrointestinal diseases. However, till now there are no summarizations of previous studies concerning distribution and functions of NRG1 and its receptors in the GI tract. The present review fills this gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland.
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2
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Hu X, Dong C, Zou D, Wei C, Wang Y, Li Z, Duan H, Li Z. Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into conjunctival epithelial cells. Exp Cell Res 2024; 442:114227. [PMID: 39209142 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Severe conjunctival damage can lead to extensive ocular cicatrisation, fornix shortening, and even ocular surface failure, resulting in significant vision impairment. Conjunctival reconstruction is the primary therapeutic strategy for these clinical conjunctival diseases. However, there have been limited studies on induced differentiation of conjunctival epithelial cells derived from stem cells. In this study, we established a chemical defined differentiation protocol from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into conjunctival epithelial cells. hES cell line H1 was used for differentiation, and RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence staining, Periodic-acid-Schiff staining (PAS), and transcriptome analysis were employed to identify the differentiated cells. Here, to imitate the development of the vertebrate conjunctiva, hESCs were induced using a three-step process involving first chetomin was used to induce ocular surface ectoderm, then nicotinamide was used to induce ocular surface epithelial progenitor cells, and finally epidermal growth factor, keratinocyte growth factor and other factors were used to differentiate mature conjunctival epithelial cells. hESC-derived conjunctival epithelial cells expressed mature conjunctival epithelial lineage markers (including PAX6, P63, K13). The presence of goblet cells was confirmed by positive PAS. Transcriptome analysis revealed that hESC-derived conjunctival epithelial cells possessed a more naïve phenotype, and exhibited greater proliferation capacity compared to mature human conjunctival epithelial cells, suggesting their potential as alternative seed cells for conjunctival reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyue Hu
- Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, 250000, China; Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chunxiao Dong
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Eye Hospital), Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Dulei Zou
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Eye Hospital), Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Chao Wei
- Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, 250000, China; Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yani Wang
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zongren Li
- 970 Hospital of Chinese PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Weihai, 264200, China
| | - Haoyun Duan
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Zongyi Li
- Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, 250000, China; Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Swamynathan SK, Wells A. Conjunctival goblet cells: Ocular surface functions, disorders that affect them, and the potential for their regeneration. Ocul Surf 2020; 18:19-26. [PMID: 31734511 PMCID: PMC7004882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Conjunctival goblet cells (CGCs) are specialized cells that produce and secrete soluble mucins to the tear film that bathes the ocular surface. CGC numbers and functions are affected in various ocular surface diseases including dry eye disease with diverse etiologies. In this review we will (i) summarize the important functions of CGCs in ocular surface health, (ii) describe the ocular surface diseases that affect CGC numbers and function, (iii) provide an update on recent research outcomes that elucidate CGC differentiation, gene expression and functions, and (iv) present evidence in support of the prediction that restoring CGC numbers and/or functions is a viable strategy for alleviating ocular surface disorders that impact the CGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivalingappa K Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Alan Wells
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Kaye R, Botten N, Lippestad M, Li D, Hodges RR, Utheim TP, Serhan CN, Dartt DA. Resolvin D1, but not resolvin E1, transactivates the epidermal growth factor receptor to increase intracellular calcium and glycoconjugate secretion in rat and human conjunctival goblet cells. Exp Eye Res 2018; 180:53-62. [PMID: 30513286 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify interactions of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with the pro-resolving mediator receptors for RvD1 and RvE1 to stimulate an increase in intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) and mucin secretion from cultured human and rat conjunctival goblet cells. METHODS Goblet cells from human and rat conjunctiva were grown in culture using RPMI media. Cultured goblet cells were pre-incubated with inhibitors, and then stimulated with RvD1, RvE1, EGF or the cholinergic agonist carbachol (Cch). Increase in [Ca2+]i was measured using fura-2/AM. Goblet cell secretion was measured using an enzyme-linked lectin assay with UEA-1. Western blot analysis was performed with antibodies against AKT and ERK 1/2. RESULTS In cultured human conjunctival goblet cells RvE1 -stimulated an increase in [Ca2+]i. RvD1-, but not the RvE1-, stimulated increase in [Ca2+]i and mucin secretion was blocked by the EGFR inhibitor AG1478 and siRNA for the EGFR. RvD1-, but not RvE1-stimulated an increase in [Ca2+]i that was also inhibited by TAPI-1, an inhibitor of the matrix metalloprotease ADAM 17. Inhibition of the EGFR also blocked RvD1-stimulated increase in AKT activity and both RvD1-and RvE1-stimulated increase in ERK 1/2 activity. Pretreatment with either RvD1 or RvE1 did not block the EGFR-stimulated increase in [Ca2+]i. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that in cultured rat and human conjunctival goblet cells, RvD1 activates the EGFR, increases [Ca2+]i, activates AKT and ERK1/2 to stimulate mucin secretion. RvE1 does not transactivate the EGFR to increase [Ca2+]I and stimulate mucin secretion, but does interact with the receptor to increase ERK 1/2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kaye
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nora Botten
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit Lippestad
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dayu Li
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robin R Hodges
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tor P Utheim
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darlene A Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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García-Posadas L, Hodges RR, Diebold Y, Dartt DA. Context-Dependent Regulation of Conjunctival Goblet Cell Function by Allergic Mediators. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12162. [PMID: 30111832 PMCID: PMC6093861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the eye, goblet cells responsible for secreting mucins are found in the conjunctiva. When mucin production is not tightly regulated several ocular surface disorders may occur. In this study, the effect of the T helper (Th) 2-type cytokines IL4, IL5, and IL13 on conjunctival goblet cell function was explored. Goblet cells from rat conjunctiva were cultured and characterized. The presence of cytokine receptors was confirmed by Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Changes in intracellular [Ca2+], high molecular weight glycoconjugate secretion, and proliferation were measured after stimulation with Th2 cytokines with or without the allergic mediator histamine. We found that IL4 and IL13 enhance cell proliferation and, along with histamine, stimulate goblet cell secretion. We conclude that the high levels of IL4, IL5, and IL13 that characterize allergic conjunctivitis could be the reason for higher numbers of goblet cells and mucin overproduction found in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Posadas
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Robin R Hodges
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Yolanda Diebold
- Ocular Surface Group, Institute for Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Darlene A Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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6
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He M, Lippestad M, Li D, Hodges RR, Utheim TP, Dartt DA. Activation of the EGF Receptor by Histamine Receptor Subtypes Stimulates Mucin Secretion in Conjunctival Goblet Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:3543-3553. [PMID: 30025103 PMCID: PMC6049985 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-2476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine if histamine receptors interact with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in cultured rat conjunctival goblet cells. Methods Goblet cells from rat conjunctiva were grown in organ culture. First-passage goblet cells were used in all experiments. Phosphorylated (active) and total EGFR, AKT, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 were measured by Western blot analysis. Cells were preincubated with the EGFR antagonist AG1478 for 30 minutes or small interfering RNA specific to the EGFR for 3 days prior to stimulation with histamine or agonists specific for histamine receptor subtypes for 2 hours. Goblet cell secretion was measured using an enzyme-linked lectin assay. Goblet cells were incubated for 1 hour with the calcium indicator molecule fura-2/AM, and intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) was determined. Data were collected in real time and presented as the actual [Ca2+]i with time and as the change in peak [Ca2+]i. Results Histamine increased the phosphorylation of the EGFR. Mucin secretion and increase in [Ca2+]i stimulated by histamine, and agonists specific for each histamine receptor subtype were blocked by inhibition of the EGFR. Increase in [Ca2+]i stimulated by histamine and specific agonists for each histamine receptor was also inhibited by TAPI-1, a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor. The histamine-stimulated increase in activation of AKT, but not ERK1/2, was blocked by AG1478. Conclusions In conjunctival goblet cells, histamine, using all four receptor subtypes, transactivates the EGFR via an MMP. This in turn phosphorylates AKT to increase [Ca2+]i and stimulate mucin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min He
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Marit Lippestad
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dayu Li
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Robin R. Hodges
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Tor P. Utheim
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Darlene A. Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Luettich K, Talikka M, Lowe FJ, Haswell LE, Park J, Gaca MD, Hoeng J. The Adverse Outcome Pathway for Oxidative Stress-Mediated EGFR Activation Leading to Decreased Lung Function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2016.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karsta Luettich
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marja Talikka
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Frazer J. Lowe
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Linsey E. Haswell
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marianna D. Gaca
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Zheng W, Ma M, Du E, Zhang Z, Jiang K, Gu Q, Ke B. Therapeutic efficacy of fibroblast growth factor 10 in a rabbit model of dry eye. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:7344-50. [PMID: 26459017 PMCID: PMC4626165 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) in the promotion of healing, survival and expression of mucin in corneal epithelial cells in a rabbit dry eye model. A total of 12 healthy female New Zealand white rabbits were divided randomly into three groups. The lacrimal glands were injected with saline either alone (normal control group) or with concanavalin A (Con A), with either topical phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; PBS control group) or 25 µg/ml FGF10 (FGF10 treatment group). Lacrimal gland inflammation, tear function, corneal epithelial cell integrity, cell apoptosis and mucin expression were subsequently assessed. Lacrimal gland tissue biopsies were performed in conjunction with histology and electron microscopy observations. Tear meniscus height (TMH) and tear meniscus area (TMA) were measured using Fourier domain-optical coherence tomography. Tear membrane break-up time (TBUT) was also assessed and corneal fluorescein staining was performed. The percentages of apoptotic corneal and conjunctival (Cj) epithelial cells (ECs) were counted using a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling method. The mRNA expression levels of Muc1 were determined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses. The TMH and TMA values of the PBS and treatment groups were found to be significantly reduced, compared with those of the normal control group 3 days after Con A injection. However, the TMH and TMA of the FGF10 treatment group were higher, compared with those of the PBS group 3 and 7 days after treatment, respectively. Furthermore, the FGF10 treatment group exhibited prolonged TBUT, reduced corneal fluorescein staining and repaired epithelial cell ultra-structure7 days after treatment. The percentages of apoptotic corneal- and Cj-ECs in the FGF10 treatment group were significantly reduced, compared with those in the PBS group. FGF10 significantly induced the mRNA expression of Muc1 in the corneal epithelial cells, compared with the normal control group, and induced higher mRNA expression levels of Muc1 in the Cj-ECs, compared with the PBS control group. In the present study, the rabbit dry eye model was successfully established 3 days after lacrimal gland Con A injection. FGF10 eye drops increased TMH and TMA, promoted corneal epithelial healing, reduced apoptosis of the corneal- and Cj-ECs and led to increased expression of Muc1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Mingming Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Ergang Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Zhengwei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Kelimu Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Qing Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Bilian Ke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
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Conjunctival epithelial and goblet cell function in chronic inflammation and ocular allergic inflammation. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 14:464-70. [PMID: 25061855 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although conjunctival goblet cells are a major cell type in ocular mucosa, their responses during ocular allergy are largely unexplored. This review summarizes the recent findings that provide key insights into the mechanisms by which their function and survival are altered during chronic inflammatory responses, including ocular allergy. RECENT FINDINGS Conjunctiva represents a major component of the ocular mucosa that harbors specialized lymphoid tissue. Exposure of mucin-secreting goblet cells to allergic and inflammatory mediators released by the local innate and adaptive immune cells modulates proliferation, secretory function, and cell survival. Allergic mediators like histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins directly stimulate goblet cell mucin secretion and consistently increase goblet cell proliferation. Goblet cell mucin secretion is also detectable in a murine model of allergic conjunctivitis. Additionally, primary goblet cell cultures allow evaluation of various inflammatory cytokines with respect to changes in goblet cell mucin secretion, proliferation, and apoptosis. These findings in combination with the preclinical mouse models help understand the goblet cell responses and their modulation during chronic inflammatory diseases, including ocular allergy. SUMMARY Recent findings related to conjunctival goblet cells provide the basis for novel therapeutic approaches, involving modulation of goblet cell mucin production, to improve treatment of ocular allergies.
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Contreras-Ruiz L, Ryan DS, Sia RK, Bower KS, Dartt DA, Masli S. Polymorphism in THBS1 gene is associated with post-refractive surgery chronic ocular surface inflammation. Ophthalmology 2014; 121:1389-97. [PMID: 24679443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) gene with development of chronic ocular surface inflammation (keratoconjunctivitis) after refractive surgery. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS Active duty U.S. Army soldiers (n = 143) who opted for refractive surgery. METHODS Conjunctival impression cytology samples collected from participants before the surgery were used to harvest DNA for genotyping 5 THBS1 SNPs (rs1478604, rs2228262, rs2292305, rs2228262, and rs3743125) using the Sequenom iPLEX Gold platform (Sequenom, San Diego, CA). Samples collected after surgery were used to harvest RNA for gene expression analysis by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Participants were followed for 1 year after surgery to monitor the status of keratoconjunctivitis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Genetic basis of the development of chronic keratoconjunctivitis after refractive surgery. RESULTS Carriers of minor alleles of 3 SNPs each were found to be more susceptible to developing chronic keratoconjunctivitis (rs1478604: odds ratio [OR], 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.41-4.47; P = 2.5 × 10(-3); rs2228262 and rs2292305: OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.05-3.51; P = 4.8 × 10(-2)). Carriers of the rs1478604 minor allele expressed significantly reduced levels of thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) (P = 0.042) and increased levels of an inflammatory cytokine associated with keratoconjunctivitis, interleukin-1β (P = 0.025), in their ocular surface epithelial cells compared with homozygous major allele controls. CONCLUSIONS Genetic variation in the THBS1 gene that results in decreased expression of the encoded glycoprotein TSP1 in ocular surface epithelial cells significantly increases the susceptibility to develop chronic ocular surface inflammation after refractive surgery. Further investigation of THBS1 SNPs in a larger sample size is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Contreras-Ruiz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Denise S Ryan
- U.S. Army Warfighter Refractive Surgery Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Virginia
| | - Rose K Sia
- U.S. Army Warfighter Refractive Surgery Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Virginia
| | - Kraig S Bower
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Darlene A Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sharmila Masli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Li D, Shatos MA, Hodges RR, Dartt DA. Role of PKCα activation of Src, PI-3K/AKT, and ERK in EGF-stimulated proliferation of rat and human conjunctival goblet cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:5661-74. [PMID: 23882690 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the order and components of the signaling pathway utilized by epidermal growth factor (EGF) to stimulate conjunctival goblet cell proliferation. METHODS Goblet cells from rat bulbar and forniceal conjunctiva and human bulbar conjunctiva were grown in organ culture. Goblet cells (GCs) were serum starved for 24 hours and preincubated with inhibitors for 30 minutes or small interfering RNA (siRNA) for 48 hours prior to addition of EGF. Proliferation was then measured or Western blot analysis was performed using antibodies against phosphorylated protein kinase B (AKT), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), or the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src. Rat GCs were also incubated with adenoviruses expressing dominant negative protein kinase Cα (DNPKCα) or constitutively activated protein kinase Cα (myrPKCα), and activation of AKT and ERK1/2 was determined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Inhibitors of phosphoinositol-3 kinase (PI-3K)/AKT pathway blocked EGF-stimulated ERK1/2 activation and GC proliferation. Inhibitors of EGF-stimulated ERK1/2 activity did not inhibit AKT activation but blocked proliferation. DNPKCα blocked EGF-stimulated activation of AKT and ERK1/2 while myrPKCα increased activation of these kinases. Inhibitors of PI-3K, ERK1/2, and protein kinase C (PKC) blocked myrPKCα-stimulated GC proliferation. EGF and myrPKCα increased phosphorylation of Src, and inhibition of Src with the chemical inhibitor PP1 or siRNA inhibited EGF-stimulated GC proliferation. CONCLUSIONS We found that EGF activates a major pathway to stimulate goblet cell proliferation. This pathway consists of induction of phospholipase C (PLC)γ to activate PKCα. Active PKCα phosphorylates Src to induce PI-3K to phosphorylate AKT that subsequently activates the ERK1/2 cascade to stimulate goblet cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayu Li
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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12
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Hodges RR, Dartt DA. Tear film mucins: front line defenders of the ocular surface; comparison with airway and gastrointestinal tract mucins. Exp Eye Res 2013; 117:62-78. [PMID: 23954166 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ocular surface including the cornea and conjunctiva and its overlying tear film are the first tissues of the eye to interact with the external environment. The tear film is complex containing multiple layers secreted by different glands and tissues. Each layer contains specific molecules and proteins that not only maintain the health of the cells on the ocular surface by providing nourishment and removal of waste products but also protect these cells from environment. A major protective mechanism that the corneal and conjunctival cells have developed is secretion of the innermost layer of the tear film, the mucous layer. Both the cornea and conjunctiva express membrane spanning mucins, whereas the conjunctiva also produces soluble mucins. The mucins present in the tear film serve to maintain the hydration of the ocular surface and to provide lubrication and anti-adhesive properties between the cells of the ocular surface and conjunctiva during the blink. A third function is to contribute to the epithelial barrier to prevent pathogens from binding to the ocular surface. This review will focus on the different types of mucins produced by the corneal and conjunctival epithelia. Also included in this review will be a presentation of the structure of mucins, regulation of mucin production, role of mucins in ocular surface diseases, and the differences in mucin production by the ocular surface, airways and gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin R Hodges
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Hodges RR, Bair JA, Carozza RB, Li D, Shatos MA, Dartt DA. Signaling pathways used by EGF to stimulate conjunctival goblet cell secretion. Exp Eye Res 2012; 103:99-113. [PMID: 22975404 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify the signaling pathways that epidermal growth factor (EGF) uses to stimulate mucin secretion from cultured rat conjunctival goblet cells and to compare the pathways used by EGF with those used by the known secretagogue muscarinic, cholinergic agonists. To this end, goblet cells from rat conjunctiva were grown in culture using RPMI media. For immunofluorescence experiments, antibodies against EGF receptor (EGFR) and ERK 2 as well as muscarinic receptors (M(1)AchR, M(2)AchR, and M(3)AchR) were used, and the cells viewed by fluorescence microscopy. Intracellular [Ca(2+)] ([Ca(2+)](i)) was measured using fura 2/AM. Glycoconjugate secretion was determined after cultured goblet cells were preincubated with inhibitors, and then stimulated with EGF or the cholinergic agonist carbachol (Cch). Goblet cell secretion was measured using an enzyme-linked lectin assay with UEA-I or ELISA for MUC5AC. In cultured goblet cells EGF stimulated an increase in [Ca(2+)](i) in a concentration-dependent manner. EGF-stimulated increase in [Ca(2+)](i) was blocked by inhibitors of the EGF receptor and removal of extracellular Ca(2+). Inhibitors against the EGFR and ERK 1/2 blocked EGF-stimulated mucin secretion. In addition, cultured goblet cells expressed M(1)AchR, M(2)AchR, and M(3)AchRs. Cch-stimulated increase in [Ca(2+)](i) was blocked by inhibitors for the M(1)AchRs, matrix metalloproteinases, and EGF receptors. Inhibitors against the EGF receptor and ERK 1/2 also blocked Cch-stimulated mucin secretion. We conclude that in conjunctival goblet cells, EGF itself increases [Ca(2+)](i) and activates ERK 1/2 to stimulate mucin secretion. EGF-stimulated secretion is dependent on extracellular Ca(2+). This mechanism of action is similar to cholinergic agonists that use muscarinic receptors to transactivate the EGF receptor, increase [Ca(2+)](i), and activate ERK 1/2 leading to an increase in mucin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin R Hodges
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Hayashi D, Li D, Hayashi C, Shatos M, Hodges RR, Dartt DA. Role of histamine and its receptor subtypes in stimulation of conjunctival goblet cell secretion. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:2993-3003. [PMID: 22467574 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of histamine and its receptors on goblet cell secretion. METHODS Cultured rat and human goblet cells were grown in RPMI 1640. Goblet cell secretion of high molecular weight glycoconjugate was measured by an enzyme-linked lectin assay. Cultured rat goblet cells were homogenized and either RNA was isolated for RT-PCR or proteins were isolated for Western blot analysis for presence of histamine receptors subtypes H₁ through H₄. The localization of these receptors was determined in rat and human goblet cells by immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Histamine stimulated goblet cell secretion in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. All four histamine receptors were present in cultured rat and human goblet cells. Use of agonists specific to individual histamine receptor subtypes indicated that the rank order of agonist stimulation was H₁ = H₃ > H₄ > H₂. Using antagonists specific to individual histamine receptor subtypes determined that H₂ and H₃, but not the H₁ and H₄, antagonists, inhibited histamine-stimulated conjunctival goblet cell secretion. CONCLUSIONS Rat and human conjunctival goblet cells are a direct target of histamine, which induces secretion. All four histamine receptors are present in rat and human conjunctiva and are active in rat conjunctival goblet cells. These findings suggest that all four histamine receptor subtypes are important for conjunctival goblet cell secretion. Blockage of histamine receptor subtypes could prevent the excess mucus production associated with ocular allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Densen Hayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Ohtomo K, Shatos MA, Vrouvlianis J, Li D, Hodges RR, Dartt DA. Increase of intracellular Ca2+ by purinergic receptors in cultured rat lacrimal gland myoepithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:9503-15. [PMID: 22039237 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-7809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To isolate and characterize cultured myoepithelial cells (MECs) from rat lacrimal gland and determine which purinergic receptor subtypes are present and functional in MECs. METHODS Rat lacrimal glands were subjected to collagenase digestion, and MECs were grown. RT-PCR was performed for the purinergic receptors P2X(7), P2Y(1), P2Y(11), and P2Y(13) on RNA isolated from the MECs. Immunofluorescence experiments were performed with antibodies against MEC markers and P2X(7), P2Y(1), P2Y(11), and P2Y(13) purinergic receptors. Proteins from MECs were separated using Western blot analysis techniques. In addition, cells were incubated with Fura 2 tetra acetoxymethyl ester, and intracellular [Ca(2+)] ([Ca(2+)](i)) was determined in response to P2 purinergic agonists. RESULTS MECs expressed the MEC proteins α-smooth muscle actin, vimentin, α-actinin, and adenylyl cyclase II. RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence techniques demonstrated the presence of the purinergic receptors P2X(7), P2Y(1), P2Y(11), and P2Y(13). The purinergic agonists ATP, benzoylbenzoyl ATP (BzATP), α,β methylene ATP, UTP, 2-methylthioATP (MeSATP), and ATPγS increased [Ca(2+)](i). As BzATP binds to the P2X(7) receptor, specific characteristics of this receptor were investigated. Neither inhibitors of P2X(7) receptors nor removal of extracellular Mg(2+) or Ca(2+) had an effect on the BzATP-stimulated increase in [Ca(2+)](i). Repeated applications of BzATP desensitized this response. Inhibitors for P2Y(1), P2Y(11), and P2Y(13) each decreased the BzATP-stimulated increase in [Ca(2+)](i) with the P2Y(1) inhibitor most effective. CONCLUSIONS MECs can be isolated from rat lacrimal glands, and they express P2X(7), P2Y(1), P2Y(11), and P2Y(13) purinergic receptors. Surprisingly, BzATP binds the P2Y(1) receptor, which is primarily responsible for the BzATP-stimulated increase in [Ca(2+)](i).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Ohtomo
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Ma M, Zhang Z, Niu W, Zheng W, Kelimu J, Ke B. Fibroblast growth factor 10 upregulates the expression of mucins in rat conjunctival epithelial cells. Mol Vis 2011; 17:2789-97. [PMID: 22065934 PMCID: PMC3209430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This in vitro study aimed to gain insight into the function of fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) on the ocular surface, especially its effect on mRNA expression of the mucins Muc1, Muc4, and Muc5ac, and mucin protein synthesis. METHODS We isolated primary cultured rat conjunctival epithelial cells (Cj-ECs) and treated them with FGF10 (1 ng/ml, 10 ng/ml, 100 ng/ml, and 200 ng/ml) and basic fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2; 10 ng/ml) for 24 h or 48 h. The proliferation of Cj-ECs was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS). mRNA levels of Muc1, Muc4, and Muc5ac were determined by real-time PCR. Synthesis levels of MUC1 and MUC4 were measured by western blot. Flow cytometry and Annexin V/PI double staining revealed degrees of apoptosis. RESULTS In primary culture, the epithelial cells were compact and cobblestone pavement in shape. Most of the cells were positive for cytokeratin (CK). FGF10 and FGF2 significantly stimulated Muc1, Muc4, and Muc5ac mRNA expression, cell proliferation, and synthesis of MUC1 and MUC4 proteins. FGF10 was more potent than FGF2 in these regards. FGF10 did not restrain the apoptosis of Cj-ECs. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrated that FGF10 is associated with the promotion of Cj-EC proliferation and mucin production. The effects of FGF10 on Cj-ECs support a rationale to investigate its therapeutic potential for ocular surface diseases.
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Yu H, Li Q, Kolosov VP, Perelman JM, Zhou X. Regulation of cigarette smoke-induced mucin expression by neuregulin1β/ErbB3 signalling in human airway epithelial cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 109:63-72. [PMID: 21332945 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mucus hypersecretion is an important manifestation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). Cigarette smoke is importantly implicated in the pathogenesis of COPD. Previous studies have shown that cigarette smoke-induced MUC5AC (a major component of airway mucus) expression involving ErbB1 (EGF receptor) signalling pathway. Recently, it has been reported that cigarette smoke induces ErbB3 activation in airway epithelia to secret mucus, and the ligand of ErbB3, neuregulin (NRG) 1β, induces MU5AC expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. In the present study, we have suggested that NRG1β/ErbB3 signalling is activated by cigarette smoke, resulting in the activation of a variety of signal cascade pathways, leading to mucin production in human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) cells. We show that cigarette smoke increases NRG1β release, ErbB3 phosphorylation and MUC5AC production. These effects are prevented by an ErbB3-neutralizing antibody and by specific knockdown using small interfering RNA (siRNA) for NRG1β, implicating NRG1β-dependent ErbB3 activation in the responses. Cigarette smoke activates ERK1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) signalling pathways, which are also inhibited by an ErbB3-neutralizing antibody and NRG1β siRNA, indicating the regulation of cigarette smoke-activated pathways by NRG1β/ErbB3 signalling. Furthermore, pre-treatments with metalloprotease inhibitor (TNF-α protease inhibitor-1) and specific knockdown of TNF-α-converting enzyme (TACE) with TACE siRNA prevented cigarette smoke-induced NRG1β release, ErbB3 phosphorylation and mucin production, suggesting the role of TACE in cigarette smoke-mediated NRG1β/ErbB3 signalling activation. These results suggest that NRG1β/ErbB3 signalling regulates cigarette smoke-induced mucin overproduction via the MAPK and PI3K signal pathways in 16HBE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Yu
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Contact lenses as a drug delivery device for epidermal growth factor in the treatment of ocular wounds. Clin Exp Optom 2010; 93:61-5. [PMID: 20406255 DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2010.00459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This work was conducted to investigate the uptake and release of epidermal growth factor (EGF) from hydrogel contact lenses and to determine whether the released protein would be therapeutically active in a rabbit corneal epithelial defect model of ocular trauma, prior to use in humans. METHODS The uptake and release of EGF from hydrogel contact lens materials were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Contact lenses composed of vasurfilcon A or lotrafilcon A (containing silicone) were incubated in a source solution containing 0.4 ppm EGF for seven hours. To determine the kinetics of drug uptake into the contact lens matrix, drug concentration in the source solution was measured at zero, one, 60, 240 and 420 minutes. To determine the kinetics of release, loaded contact lenses were immersed in a recipient solution of phosphate-buffered saline. Therapeutic activity in vivo was investigated by placing prepared lenses on the surface of abraded corneas of New Zealand White rabbits, with abraded corneas of contralateral eyes used as controls. Control eyes were treated with contact lenses placed in saline for injection. Wound closure was assessed hourly. RESULTS Uptake and release of EGF were demonstrated for vasurfilcon A but not lotrafilcon A contact lens materials. The retention time of EGF released from vasurfilcon A contact lenses was similar to control EGF not exposed to contact lens polymers. The greatest adsorption of EGF into the lens material occurred within approximately 120 minutes, with a flattening of the rate of uptake thereafter. Abraded eyes in rabbits showed a significantly higher overall healing rate for EGF-treated contact lenses compared with control eyes (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS EGF can be delivered from some but not all hydrogel materials. Lens materials composed of silicone may not be useful for delivering EGF to the eye. EGF-treated contact lenses may be a useful device to facilitate healing of ocular wounds.
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Husvik C, Bryne M, Halstensen TS. c-Jun N-terminal kinase negatively regulates epidermal growth factor-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Eur J Oral Sci 2009; 117:663-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2009.00682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Drozdowski L, Thomson ABR. Intestinal hormones and growth factors: effects on the small intestine. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:385-406. [PMID: 19152442 PMCID: PMC2653359 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There are various hormones and growth factors which may modify the intestinal absorption of nutrients, and which might thereby be useful in a therapeutic setting, such as in persons with short bowel syndrome. In part I, we focus first on insulin-like growth factors, epidermal and transferring growth factors, thyroid hormones and glucocorticosteroids. Part II will detail the effects of glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-2 on intestinal absorption and adaptation, and the potential for an additive effect of GLP2 plus steroids.
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Flanigan TL, Owen CR, Gayer C, Basson MD. Supraphysiologic extracellular pressure inhibits intestinal epithelial wound healing independently of luminal nutrient flow. Am J Surg 2008; 196:683-9. [PMID: 18954600 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2008.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Luminal pressure may injure the gut mucosa in obstruction, ileus, or inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS We formed Roux-en-Y anastomoses in 19 mice, creating proximal and defunctionalized partially obstructed limbs and a distal limb to vary luminal pressure and flow. We induced mucosal ulcers by serosal acetic acid, and assessed proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) and ERK (immunoblotting). Parallel studies compared Caco-2 enterocyte migration and proliferation after pressure and/or ERK blockade. RESULTS At 3 days, anastomoses were probe-patent, proximal and distal limbs contained chyme, and defunctionalized limbs were empty. The proximal and defunctionalized limbs showed increased pressure and slower healing despite increased proliferation, ERK protein, and ERK activation. In vitro, pressure decreased Caco-2 migration across collagen or fibronectin, stimulated proliferation, and activated ERK. However, ERK blockade did not prevent pressure effects. CONCLUSIONS Luminal pressure during obstruction or ileus may impair mucosal healing independently of luminal flow despite increased mitosis and ERK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Flanigan
- Departments of Surgery, Anatomy and Cell Biology, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center and Wayne State University, Surgical Service (11S), 4646 John R. St., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Shatos MA, Hodges RR, Bair JA, Lashkari K, Dartt DA. Stimulatory role of PKCalpha in extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 pathway in conjunctival goblet cell proliferation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 50:1619-25. [PMID: 19074803 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether a constitutively active protein kinase C (PKC)-alpha stimulates rat and human conjunctival goblet cell proliferation through activation of ERK 1/2. METHODS Conjunctivas from rat and human were minced and goblet cells were allowed to grow. Goblet cells were serum starved and incubated with an adenovirus containing a constitutively active form of PKCalpha (Ad-myr-PKCalpha, 1 x 10(7) pfu), EGF (10(-7) M), or both. The location of myrPKCalpha was determined by immunofluorescence microscopy. Cultured goblet cells were preincubated with the PKC inhibitor calphostin C (10(-10)-10(-7) M) or the ERK 1/2 inhibitor U0126 (10(-9)-10(-6) M) before incubation with Ad-myr-PKCalpha. Cell proliferation was measured. RESULTS Transduction of rat goblet cells with Ad-myr-PKCalpha did not change PKC location compared with nontransduced cells. Incubation with Ad-myr-PKCalpha caused an increase in cell proliferation by 2.5+/-0.3-fold, whereas EGF increased proliferation by 2.1+/-0.2-fold. Simultaneous addition of Ad-myr-PKCalpha and EGF did not further increase proliferation. U0126 inhibited Ad-myr-PKCalpha-stimulated proliferation a maximum of 70%. In human goblet cells, incubation with Ad-myr-PKCalpha caused an increase in cell proliferation by 2.3+/-0.3-fold, whereas EGF increased proliferation by 3.1+/-0.4-fold. Simultaneous addition of Ad-myr-PKCalpha and EGF decreased proliferation compared with either compound alone. Ad-myr-PKCalpha caused ERK 1/2 to translocate to the nucleus in rat and human cells, but the translocation was blocked by U0126. CONCLUSIONS Activation of PKCalpha alone by inducing phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 and translocating it to the nucleus is necessary and sufficient to cause conjunctival cell proliferation in rat, and probably human, goblet cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A Shatos
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Gayer CP, Chaturvedi LS, Wang S, Craig DH, Flanigan T, Basson MD. Strain-induced proliferation requires the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/glycogen synthase kinase pathway. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:2001-11. [PMID: 19047055 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804576200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is repetitively deformed by shear, peristalsis, and villous motility. Such repetitive deformation stimulates the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells on collagen or laminin substrates via ERK, but the upstream mediators of this effect are poorly understood. We hypothesized that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT cascade mediates this mitogenic effect. PI3K, AKT, and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) were phosphorylated by 10 cycles/min strain at an average 10% deformation, and pharmacologic blockade of these molecules or reduction by small interfering RNA (siRNA) prevented the mitogenic effect of strain in Caco-2 or IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cells. Strain MAPK activation required PI3K but not AKT. AKT isoform-specific siRNA transfection demonstrated that AKT2 but not AKT1 is required for GSK-3beta phosphorylation and the strain mitogenic effect. Furthermore, overexpression of AKT1 or an AKT chimera including the PH domain and hinge region of AKT2 and the catalytic domain and C-tail of AKT1 prevented strain activation of GSK-3beta, but overexpression of AKT2 or a chimera including the PH domain and hinge region of AKT1 and the catalytic domain and C-tail of AKT2 did not. These data delineate a role for PI3K, AKT2, and GSK-3beta in the mitogenic effect of strain. PI3K is required for both ERK and AKT2 activation, whereas AKT2 is sequentially required for GSK-3beta. Furthermore, AKT2 specificity requires its catalytic domain and tail region. Manipulating this pathway may prevent mucosal atrophy and maintain the mucosal barrier in conditions such as ileus, sepsis, and prolonged fasting when peristalsis and villous motility are decreased and the mucosal barrier fails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Gayer
- Department of Surgery, John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan 48301, USA
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Shatos MA, Hodges RR, Oshi Y, Bair JA, Zoukhri D, Kublin C, Lashkari K, Dartt DA. Role of cPKCalpha and nPKCepsilon in EGF-stimulated goblet cell proliferation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 50:614-20. [PMID: 18824739 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The authors determined the role of the protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms cPKCalpha and nPKCepsilon in EGF-stimulated proliferation of cultured rat and human conjunctival goblet cells. METHODS Rat and human conjunctivas were minced, and goblet cells were allowed to grow. Passage 1 cells were serum starved for 24 to 48 hours and were incubated with the PKC inhibitors calphostin C and Gö 6983 (10(-10)-10(-7) M) for 20 minutes before stimulation with EGF (10(-7) M) for 24 hours. The presence and localization of PKC isoforms in cultured rat goblet cells were determined by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence microscopy, respectively. Cultured rat goblet cells were serum starved and incubated with adenoviruses containing genes for dominant-negative cPKCalpha (Ad DNPKCalpha, 10(4) pfu), dominant-negative nPKCepsilon (Ad DNPKCepsilon, 10(4) pfu), and wild-type cPKCalpha (Ad WTPKCalpha, 10(7) pfu), and proliferation was measured. RESULTS In rat goblet cells, EGF-stimulated proliferation was completely inhibited by calphostin C, whereas Gö 6983 inhibited proliferation by 53%+/-15%. In human goblet cells, EGF-stimulated proliferation was completely inhibited by calphostin C. PKCalpha, -betaI, -betaII, -delta, -epsilon, -iota/lambda, -theta, -gamma, and -zeta were found in cultured rat goblet cells. Ad DNPKCalpha and Ad DNPKCepsilon inhibited EGF-stimulated proliferation in rat goblet cells by 78%+/-6% and 92%+/-8%, respectively. Incubation with Ad WTPKCalpha alone significantly increased proliferation. CONCLUSIONS cPKCalpha and nPKCepsilon play key roles in conjunctival goblet cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A Shatos
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Shatos MA, Gu J, Hodges RR, Lashkari K, Dartt DA. ERK/p44p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase mediates EGF-stimulated proliferation of conjunctival goblet cells in culture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49:3351-9. [PMID: 18421078 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-1677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether activation of the ERK pathway by EGF leads to rat and human goblet cell proliferation. METHODS The conjunctiva was removed from male Sprague-Dawley rats. Human conjunctiva was removed during ocular surgery. The tissue was minced and goblet cells were grown. The cells were stimulated with EGF (10(-7) M) for 1 and 5 minutes and Western blot analysis was performed with an antibody against phosphorylated EGFR, to measure the activation of the EGF receptor (EGFR). The cells were incubated with EGF (10(-7) M) for 24 hours, and cell proliferation was measured by WST-8. Inhibitors were added either 20 minutes before EGF or 2 hours after. The cells were stimulated with EGF (10(-7) M) for 1 minute to 24 hours. The number of cells expressing phosphorylated ERK (pERK) in the nucleus and Ki-67 was determined by immunofluorescence. RESULTS EGF increased the activation of EGFR in rat conjunctival goblet cells. EGF-stimulated proliferation was inhibited by the EGFR inhibitor AG1478 and the MEK inhibitor U0126 in rat and human cultured goblet cells. EGF caused the translocation of pERK to the nucleus in a biphasic manner. Inhibition of the second peak with U0126 prevented proliferation. EGF-stimulated goblet cells progressed through the cell cycle expressing pERK in the nucleus. CONCLUSIONS EGF stimulated human and rat conjunctival goblet cell proliferation by activating the EGFR. EGFR stimulated ERK causing its biphasic translocation to the nucleus. The second peak response is responsible for cell proliferation, but the role of the first peak is not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A Shatos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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