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Zhang X, Qiu B, Gong Z, Chen X, Wang Y, Nie Y. Differentially Regulated Apolipoproteins and Lipid Profiles as Novel Biomarkers for Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy and Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:946327. [PMID: 35928899 PMCID: PMC9343613 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.946327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid dyshomeostasis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various retinal and choroidal vascular diseases. This study aims to investigate whether apolipoprotein (apo) mediated differential regulation of lipid metabolism contributes to the phenotypes of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). This study involved 148 subjects including 53 patients with PCV, 44 patients with nAMD, and 51 age-, sex-matched subjects with normal fundus controls. Routine blood biochemistry profile was evaluated. Apolipoproteins was estimated by Luminex technology. After controlling for age, gender, body mass index, duration of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus, apoB/non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (p=0.015) was an independent risk factor for nAMD, apoB was an independent risk factor for PCV(p=0.011), compared with control. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was significantly higher in patients with PCV when compared with nAMD (p=0.037). Furthermore, apoB/non-HDL, LDL-C, triglycerides and were significantly correlated with the pathogenesis of subgroups of PCV and nAMD. We concluded that lipid profiles and apos are differential regulated in PCV, nAMD and their subtypes, indicating different pathogenicity contributed to the different phenotypes of PCV and nAMD. Non-pachy PCV shares pathological similarities with nAMD, which is highly correlated with age-related atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Zhang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Retinal and Choroidal Vascular Disorders Study Group, Beijing, China
| | - Bingjie Qiu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Retinal and Choroidal Vascular Disorders Study Group, Beijing, China
| | - Zhizhong Gong
- Division of Medical Affairs, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaosi Chen
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Retinal and Choroidal Vascular Disorders Study Group, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Nie
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Retinal and Choroidal Vascular Disorders Study Group, Beijing, China
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Zhao TT, Wen-Fei W, Kun G, Si-Ming L, Ye J, Yang ZF, Jian-Nan L, Yan-Li W, Shao-Min P. Fibroblast growth factor-21 alleviates phenotypic characteristics of dry age-related macular degeneration in mice. Exp Eye Res 2022; 218:109014. [PMID: 35245515 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the main cause of blindness in elderly individuals. As a metabolic regulator, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) has been proven indicated to have an effect on wet AMD, but whether this cytokine has a therapeutic effect on dry AMD is unclear. The current study aimed to evaluate the preventive effects of FGF-21 against retinal degeneration in mice and provide mechanistic insights. FGF-21-/- mice were raised to 10 months of age. Then, the morphological changes in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroid of the mice were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and iTRAQ was used to detect the variations in the protein profile. Next, FGF-21-/- and wild-type mice of the same age were fed hydroquinone to generate a dry AMD mouse model to examine whether exogenous FGF-21 can interfere with the occurrence and development of dry AMD. In vivo studies revealed that following FGF-21 knockout, there was an increase in the expression of complement in the RPE/choroid concomitant with the occurrence of dry AMD-like pathological changes. Furthermore, exogenous FGF-21 administration effectively reversed this phenomenon. FGF-21 also demonstrated strong anti-inflammatory effects in the RPE/choroid by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that FGF-21 treatment presents a novel therapeutic approach for the prevention and development of dry AMD by reducing complement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Zhao
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, 410015, China; Harbin Aier Eye Hospital, Harbin, 150016, China.
| | - Wang Wen-Fei
- School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Gao Kun
- School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Li Si-Ming
- Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China.
| | - Jiang Ye
- School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Zhi-Feng Yang
- School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Liu Jian-Nan
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, 410015, China; Harbin Aier Eye Hospital, Harbin, 150016, China.
| | - Wang Yan-Li
- School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Peng Shao-Min
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, 410015, China; Harbin Aier Eye Hospital, Harbin, 150016, China; Aier Retina Institute, Changsha, 410015, China.
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Tóth ME, Sárközy M, Szűcs G, Dukay B, Hajdu P, Zvara Á, Puskás LG, Szebeni GJ, Ruppert Z, Csonka C, Kovács F, Kriston A, Horváth P, Kővári B, Cserni G, Csont T, Sántha M. Exercise training worsens cardiac performance in males but does not change ejection fraction and improves hypertrophy in females in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome. Biol Sex Differ 2022; 13:5. [PMID: 35101146 PMCID: PMC8805345 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-022-00414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (MetS) refers to a cluster of co-existing cardio-metabolic risk factors, including visceral obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia with insulin resistance, and hypertension. As there is a close link between MetS and cardiovascular diseases, we aimed to investigate the sex-based differences in MetS-associated heart failure (HF) and cardiovascular response to regular exercise training (ET). METHODS High-fat diet-fed male and female APOB-100 transgenic (HFD/APOB-100, 3 months) mice were used as MetS models, and age- and sex-matched C57BL/6 wild-type mice on standard diet served as healthy controls (SD/WT). Both the SD/WT and HFD/APOB-100 mice were divided into sedentary and ET groups, the latter running on a treadmill (0.9 km/h) for 45 min 5 times per week for 7 months. At month 9, transthoracic echocardiography was performed to monitor cardiac function and morphology. At the termination of the experiment at month 10, blood was collected for serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL)- and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol measurements and homeostatic assessment model for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) calculation. Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis were assessed by histology. Left ventricular expressions of selected genes associated with metabolism, inflammation, and stress response were investigated by qPCR. RESULTS Both HFD/APOB-100 males and females developed obesity and hypercholesterolemia; however, only males showed insulin resistance. ET did not change these metabolic parameters. HFD/APOB-100 males showed echocardiographic signs of mild HF with dilated ventricles and thinner walls, whereas females presented the beginning of left ventricular hypertrophy. In response to ET, SD/WT males developed increased left ventricular volumes, whereas females responded with physiologic hypertrophy. Exercise-trained HFD/APOB-100 males presented worsening HF with reduced ejection fraction; however, ET did not change the ejection fraction and reversed the echocardiographic signs of left ventricular hypertrophy in HFD/APOB-100 females. The left ventricular expression of the leptin receptor was higher in females than males in the SD/WT groups. Left ventricular expression levels of stress response-related genes were higher in the exercise-trained HFD/APOB-100 males and exercise-trained SD/WT females than exercise-trained SD/WT males. CONCLUSIONS HFD/APOB-100 mice showed sex-specific cardiovascular responses to MetS and ET; however, left ventricular gene expressions were similar between the groups except for leptin receptor and several stress response-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda E. Tóth
- grid.481814.00000 0004 0479 9817Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726 Hungary
| | - Márta Sárközy
- MEDICS Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, Dóm tér 9, Szeged, 6720, Hungary. .,Interdisciplinary Center of Excellence, University of Szeged, Dugonics tér 13, Szeged, 6720, Hungary.
| | - Gergő Szűcs
- grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625MEDICS Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, Dóm tér 9, Szeged, 6720 Hungary ,grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Interdisciplinary Center of Excellence, University of Szeged, Dugonics tér 13, Szeged, 6720 Hungary
| | - Brigitta Dukay
- grid.481814.00000 0004 0479 9817Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726 Hungary
| | - Petra Hajdu
- grid.481814.00000 0004 0479 9817Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726 Hungary
| | - Ágnes Zvara
- grid.418331.c0000 0001 2195 9606Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726 Hungary
| | - László G. Puskás
- grid.418331.c0000 0001 2195 9606Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726 Hungary
| | - Gábor J. Szebeni
- grid.418331.c0000 0001 2195 9606Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726 Hungary
| | - Zsófia Ruppert
- grid.481814.00000 0004 0479 9817Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726 Hungary ,grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Doctoral School in Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Csonka
- grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625MEDICS Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, Dóm tér 9, Szeged, 6720 Hungary ,grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Interdisciplinary Center of Excellence, University of Szeged, Dugonics tér 13, Szeged, 6720 Hungary
| | - Ferenc Kovács
- grid.481814.00000 0004 0479 9817Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726 Hungary ,Single-Cell Technologies Ltd, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726 Hungary
| | - András Kriston
- grid.481814.00000 0004 0479 9817Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726 Hungary ,Single-Cell Technologies Ltd, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726 Hungary
| | - Péter Horváth
- grid.481814.00000 0004 0479 9817Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726 Hungary ,Single-Cell Technologies Ltd, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726 Hungary ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bence Kővári
- grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Department of Pathology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Állomás utca 1, Szeged, 6720 Hungary
| | - Gábor Cserni
- grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Department of Pathology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Állomás utca 1, Szeged, 6720 Hungary
| | - Tamás Csont
- grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625MEDICS Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, Dóm tér 9, Szeged, 6720 Hungary ,grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Interdisciplinary Center of Excellence, University of Szeged, Dugonics tér 13, Szeged, 6720 Hungary
| | - Miklós Sántha
- grid.481814.00000 0004 0479 9817Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726 Hungary
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Small Leucine-Rich Proteoglycans (SLRPs) in the Retina. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147293. [PMID: 34298915 PMCID: PMC8305803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), and diabetic retinopathy (DR) are the leading causes of visual impairment worldwide. There is a critical need to understand the structural and cellular components that play a vital role in the pathophysiology of retinal diseases. One potential component is the family of structural proteins called small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs). SLRPs are crucial in many fundamental biological processes involved in the maintenance of retinal homeostasis. They are present within the extracellular matrix (ECM) of connective and vascular tissues and contribute to tissue organization and modulation of cell growth. They play a vital role in cell–matrix interactions in many upstream signaling pathways involved in fibrillogenesis and angiogenesis. In this comprehensive review, we describe the expression patterns and function of SLRPs in the retina, including Biglycan and Decorin from class I; Fibromodulin, Lumican, and a Proline/arginine-rich end leucine-rich repeat protein (PRELP) from class II; Opticin and Osteoglycin/Mimecan from class III; and Chondroadherin (CHAD), Tsukushi and Nyctalopin from class IV.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review explores metabolic syndrome (MetS) as a risk factor that accelerates aging in retinal neurons and may contribute to the neurodegeneration seen in glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). RECENT FINDINGS Both animal model experiments and epidemiologic studies suggest that metabolic stress may lead to aberrant regulation of a number of cellular pathways that ultimately lead to premature aging of the cell, including those of a neuronal lineage. SUMMARY GON and AMD are each leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide. Aging is a significant risk factor in the specific retinal neuron loss that is seen with each condition. Though aging at a cellular level is difficult to define, there are many mechanistic modifiers of aging. Metabolic-related stresses induce inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, alterations to the unfolded protein response, defects in autophagy, alterations to the microbiome, and deposition of advanced glycation end products that can all hasten the aging process. Due to the number of variables related to metabolic health, defining criteria to enable the study of risk factors at a population level is challenging. MetS is a definable constellation of related metabolic risk factors that includes enlarged waist circumference, dyslipidemia, systemic hypertension, and hyperglycemia. MetS has been associated with both GON and AMD and may contribute to disease onset and/or progression in each disease.
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6
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Abokyi S, To CH, Lam TT, Tse DY. Central Role of Oxidative Stress in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Evidence from a Review of the Molecular Mechanisms and Animal Models. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:7901270. [PMID: 32104539 PMCID: PMC7035553 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7901270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common cause of visual impairment in the elderly. There are very limited therapeutic options for AMD with the predominant therapies targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the retina of patients afflicted with wet AMD. Hence, it is important to remind readers, especially those interested in AMD, about current studies that may help to develop novel therapies for other stages of AMD. This study, therefore, provides a comprehensive review of studies on human specimens as well as rodent models of the disease, to identify and analyze the molecular mechanisms behind AMD development and progression. The evaluation of this information highlights the central role that oxidative damage in the retina plays in contributing to major pathways, including inflammation and angiogenesis, found in the AMD phenotype. Following on the debate of oxidative stress as the earliest injury in the AMD pathogenesis, we demonstrated how the targeting of oxidative stress-associated pathways, such as autophagy and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling, might be the futuristic direction to explore in the search of an effective treatment for AMD, as the dysregulation of these mechanisms is crucial to oxidative injury in the retina. In addition, animal models of AMD have been discussed in great detail, with their strengths and pitfalls included, to assist inform in the selection of suitable models for investigating any of the molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Abokyi
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
- Department of Optometry, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Chi-Ho To
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Tim T. Lam
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Dennis Y. Tse
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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7
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Roddy GW, Rosa RH, Viker KB, Holman BH, Hann CR, Krishnan A, Gores GJ, Bakri SJ, Fautsch MP. Diet Mimicking "Fast Food" Causes Structural Changes to the Retina Relevant to Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Curr Eye Res 2019; 45:726-732. [PMID: 31735070 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1694156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Metabolic syndrome is a disorder characterized by a constellation of findings including truncal obesity, elevated blood pressure, abnormal cholesterol levels, and high blood glucose. Recent evidence suggests that metabolic syndrome may be associated with increased risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and other eye diseases. Recently, C57BL/6J wild-type mice fed with a "fast food" diet consisting of high fat, cholesterol, and fructose-supplemented water showed unique systemic pathology consistent with metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Additionally, these mice showed higher levels of fibrosis, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction compared to mice fed with only a high-fat diet alone. Since similar pathways are activated in AMD, we sought to determine whether mice fed a "fast food" diet exhibited retinal changes.Methods: 3-month-old wild-type mice were randomized to a standard chow (n = 11) or a "fast food" (n = 18) diet and fed for 9 months. At 1 year of age, tissues were collected and retinas were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy. Quantitative measures of Bruch's membrane thickness and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell counts were performed.Results: "Fast food" fed mice showed ocular pathology relevant to various stages of AMD including basal laminar deposits, focal thickening of Bruch's membrane, and a significant loss of RPE cells.Discussion/conclusion: A wild-type mouse model of metabolic syndrome fed a "fast food" diet developed changes to the retina similar to some of the pathologic features seen in AMD. Further investigations into this and similar animal models as well as further epidemiological studies are needed to more clearly define the association between metabolic syndrome and AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin W Roddy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Robert H Rosa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor Scott & White Eye Institute, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Kimberly B Viker
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bradley H Holman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cheryl R Hann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Anuradha Krishnan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gregory J Gores
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sophie J Bakri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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van Leeuwen EM, Emri E, Merle BMJ, Colijn JM, Kersten E, Cougnard-Gregoire A, Dammeier S, Meester-Smoor M, Pool FM, de Jong EK, Delcourt C, Rodrigez-Bocanegra E, Biarnés M, Luthert PJ, Ueffing M, Klaver CCW, Nogoceke E, den Hollander AI, Lengyel I. A new perspective on lipid research in age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 67:56-86. [PMID: 29729972 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgency to find new treatment strategies that could prevent or delay the onset or progression of AMD. Different classes of lipids and lipoproteins metabolism genes have been associated with AMD in a multiple ways, but despite the ever-increasing knowledge base, we still do not understand fully how circulating lipids or local lipid metabolism contribute to AMD. It is essential to clarify whether dietary lipids, systemic or local lipoprotein metabolismtrafficking of lipids in the retina should be targeted in the disease. In this article, we critically evaluate what has been reported in the literature and identify new directions needed to bring about a significant advance in our understanding of the role for lipids in AMD. This may help to develop potential new treatment strategies through targeting the lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M van Leeuwen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eszter Emri
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Benedicte M J Merle
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team LEHA, UMR 1219, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Johanna M Colijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eveline Kersten
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Audrey Cougnard-Gregoire
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team LEHA, UMR 1219, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sascha Dammeier
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Magda Meester-Smoor
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eiko K de Jong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cécile Delcourt
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team LEHA, UMR 1219, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | | | - Marius Ueffing
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Everson Nogoceke
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Imre Lengyel
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.
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Malek G, Busik J, Grant MB, Choudhary M. Models of retinal diseases and their applicability in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:359-377. [PMID: 29382242 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1430136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The impact of vision debilitating diseases is a global public health concern, which will continue until effective preventative and management protocols are developed. Two retinal diseases responsible for the majority of vision loss in the working age adults and elderly populations are diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), respectively. Model systems, which recapitulate aspects of human pathology, are valid experimental modalities that have contributed to the identification of signaling pathways involved in disease development and consequently potential therapies. Areas covered: The pathology of DR and AMD, which serve as the basis for designing appropriate models of disease, is discussed. The authors also review in vitro and in vivo models of DR and AMD and evaluate the utility of these models in exploratory and pre-clinical studies. Expert opinion: The complex nature of non-Mendelian diseases such as DR and AMD has made identification of effective therapeutic treatments challenging. However, the authors believe that while in vivo models are often criticized for not being a 'perfect' recapitulation of disease, they have been valuable experimentally when used with consideration of the strengths and limitations of the experimental model selected and have a place in the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goldis Malek
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Duke University School of Medicine , Durham , NC , USA.,b Department of Pathology , Duke University School of Medicine , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Julia Busik
- c Department of Physiology , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA
| | - Maria B Grant
- d Department of Ophthalmology , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Al , USA
| | - Mayur Choudhary
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Duke University School of Medicine , Durham , NC , USA
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10
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Lyzogubov VV, Bora PS, Wu X, Horn LE, de Roque R, Rudolf XV, Atkinson JP, Bora NS. The Complement Regulatory Protein CD46 Deficient Mouse Spontaneously Develops Dry-Type Age-Related Macular Degeneration-Like Phenotype. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2088-2104. [PMID: 27295359 PMCID: PMC4973660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the mouse, membrane cofactor protein (CD46), a key regulator of the alternative pathway of the complement system, is only expressed in the eye and on the inner acrosomal membrane of spermatozoa. We noted that although Cd46(-/-) mice have normal systemic alternative pathway activating ability, lack of CD46 leads to dysregulated complement activation in the eye, as evidenced by increased deposition of C5b-9 in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid. A knockout of CD46 induced the following cardinal features of human dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in 12-month-old male and female mice: accumulation of autofluorescent material in and hypertrophy of the RPE, dense deposits in and thickening of Bruch's membrane, loss of photoreceptors, cells in subretinal space, and a reduction of choroidal vessels. Collectively, our results demonstrate spontaneous age-related degenerative changes in the retina, RPE, and choroid of Cd46(-/-) mice that are consistent with human dry AMD. These findings provide the exciting possibility of using Cd46(-/-) mice as a convenient and reliable animal model for dry AMD. Having such a relatively straight-forward model for dry AMD should provide valuable insights into pathogenesis and a test model system for novel drug targets. More important, tissue-specific expression of CD46 gives the Cd46(-/-) mouse model of dry AMD a unique advantage over other mouse models using knockout strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriy V Lyzogubov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jones Eye Institute, Pat and Willard Walker Eye Research Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Puran S Bora
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jones Eye Institute, Pat and Willard Walker Eye Research Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Xiaobo Wu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Leah E Horn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jones Eye Institute, Pat and Willard Walker Eye Research Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Ryan de Roque
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jones Eye Institute, Pat and Willard Walker Eye Research Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Xeniya V Rudolf
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jones Eye Institute, Pat and Willard Walker Eye Research Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - John P Atkinson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Nalini S Bora
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jones Eye Institute, Pat and Willard Walker Eye Research Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas.
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Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Potential Role for Proteoglycans. J Ophthalmol 2016; 2016:2913612. [PMID: 27563459 PMCID: PMC4983667 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2913612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a retinal disease evident after the age of 50 that damages the macula in the centre of retina. It leads to a loss of central vision with retained peripheral vision but eventual blindness occurs in many cases. The initiation site of AMD development is Bruch's membrane (BM) where multiple changes occur including the deposition of plasma derived lipids, accumulation of extracellular debris, changes in cell morphology, and viability and the formation of drusen. AMD manifests as early and late stage; the latter involves cell proliferation and neovascularization in wet AMD. Current therapies target the later hyperproliferative and invasive wet stage whilst none target early developmental stages of AMD. In the lipid deposition disease atherosclerosis modified proteoglycans bind and retain apolipoproteins in the artery wall. Chemically modified trapped lipids are immunogenic and can initiate a chronic inflammatory process manifesting as atherosclerotic plaques and subsequent artery blockages, heart attacks, or strokes. As plasma derived lipoprotein deposits are found in BM in early AMD, it is possible that they arise by a similar process within the macula. In this review we consider aspects of the pathological processes underlying AMD with a focus on the potential role of modifications to secreted proteoglycans being a cause and therefore a target for the treatment of early AMD.
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Rowan S, Taylor A. Gene-Diet Interactions in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 854:95-101. [PMID: 26427399 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17121-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a prevalent blinding disease, accounting for roughly 50 % of blindness in developed nations. Very significant advances have been made in terms of discovering genetic susceptibilities to AMD as well as dietary risk factors. To date, nutritional supplementation is the only available treatment option for the dry form of the disease known to slow progression of AMD. Despite an excellent understanding of genes and nutrition in AMD, there is remarkably little known about gene-diet interactions that may identify efficacious approaches to treat individuals. This review will summarize our current understanding of gene-diet interactions in AMD with a focus on animal models and human epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheldon Rowan
- USDA-JM Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging (HNRCA), Tufts University, 02111, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 02111, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Allen Taylor
- USDA-JM Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging (HNRCA), Tufts University, 02111, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 02111, Boston, MA, USA. .,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 02111, Boston, MA, USA.
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13
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Platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated versican synthesis but not glycosaminoglycan elongation in vascular smooth muscle is mediated via Akt phosphorylation. Cell Signal 2014; 26:912-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Keenan TDL, Clark SJ, Unwin RD, Ridge LA, Day AJ, Bishop PN. Mapping the differential distribution of proteoglycan core proteins in the adult human retina, choroid, and sclera. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:7528-38. [PMID: 23074202 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the presence and distribution of proteoglycan (PG) core proteins in the adult human retina, choroid, and sclera. METHODS Postmortem human eye tissue was dissected into Bruch's membrane/choroid complex, isolated Bruch's membrane, or neurosensory retina. PGs were extracted and partially purified by anion exchange chromatography. Trypsinized peptides were analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry and PG core proteins identified by database search. The distribution of PGs was examined by immunofluorescence microscopy on human macular tissue sections. RESULTS The basement membrane PGs perlecan, agrin, and collagen-XVIII were identified in the human retina, and were present in the internal limiting membrane, blood vessel walls, and Bruch's membrane. The hyalectans versican and aggrecan were also detected. Versican was identified in Bruch's membrane, while aggrecan was distributed throughout the retina, choroid, and sclera. The cartilage link protein HAPLN1 was abundant in the interphotoreceptor matrix and sclera, while HAPLN4 (brain link protein 2) was found throughout the retina and choroid. The small leucine-rich repeat PG (SLRP) family members biglycan, decorin, fibromodulin, lumican, mimecan, opticin, and prolargin were present, with different patterns of distribution in the retina, choroid, and sclera. CONCLUSIONS A combination of proteomics and immunohistochemistry approaches has provided for the first time a comprehensive analysis of the presence and distribution of PG core proteins throughout the human retina, choroid, and sclera. This complements our knowledge of glycosaminoglycan chain distribution in the human eye, and has important implications for understanding the structure and functional regulation of the eye in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiarnan D L Keenan
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Vision Research, Institute of Human Development, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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15
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Pennesi ME, Neuringer M, Courtney RJ. Animal models of age related macular degeneration. Mol Aspects Med 2012; 33:487-509. [PMID: 22705444 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss of those over the age of 65 in the industrialized world. The prevalence and need to develop effective treatments for AMD has lead to the development of multiple animal models. AMD is a complex and heterogeneous disease that involves the interaction of both genetic and environmental factors with the unique anatomy of the human macula. Models in mice, rats, rabbits, pigs and non-human primates have recreated many of the histological features of AMD and provided much insight into the underlying pathological mechanisms of this disease. In spite of the large number of models developed, no one model yet recapitulates all of the features of human AMD. However, these models have helped reveal the roles of chronic oxidative damage, inflammation and immune dysregulation, and lipid metabolism in the development of AMD. Models for induced choroidal neovascularization have served as the backbone for testing new therapies. This article will review the diversity of animal models that exist for AMD as well as their strengths and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Pennesi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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16
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Hunter A, Spechler PA, Cwanger A, Song Y, Zhang Z, Ying GS, Hunter AK, Dezoeten E, Dunaief JL. DNA methylation is associated with altered gene expression in AMD. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:2089-105. [PMID: 22410570 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly. Evidence suggests oxidative stress plays a role in the disease. To assess the potential contribution of epigenetic regulation of antioxidant genes relevant to AMD pathogenesis, we evaluated DNA methylation, a tissue-specific genetic modulation that affects gene expression. METHODS Using the Infinium HumanMethylation27 Illumina platform, we performed DNA bisulfite sequencing to compare the methylation status in postmortem retina pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroid between patients with AMD and age-matched controls. Gene expression was assessed with the Affymetrix Exon Array. TaqMan gene expression assays were used for relative quantification (RT-PCR) confirmation of the expression array results: Glutathione S-transferase isoform mu1 (GSTM1) and mu5 (GSTM5) promoter methylation was confirmed by CpG island bisulfite pyrosequencing. To assess protein levels and localization, we used Western analysis, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence with murine and human samples. RESULTS The mRNA levels of GSTM1 and GSTM5 were significantly reduced in AMD versus age-matched controls in RPE/choroid and neurosensory retina (NSR), which corresponded to hypermethylation of the GSTM1 promoter. mRNA and protein levels were decreased (RPE to a greater extent than NSR) in AMD postmortem samples, irrespective of age. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence confirm the presence of the enzymes in the NSR and RPE. CONCLUSIONS Comparison of DNA methylation, together with mRNA levels, revealed significant differences between AMD versus normal retinas. The evidence presented suggests that GSTM1 and GSTM5 undergo epigenetic repression in AMD RPE/choroid, which may increase susceptibility to oxidative stress in AMD retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Hunter
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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17
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Yin L, Shi Y, Liu X, Zhang H, Gong Y, Gu Q, Wu X, Xu X. A Rat Model for Studying the Biological Effects of Circulating LDL in the Choriocapillaris-BrM-RPE Complex. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:541-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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18
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Feehan M, Hartman J, Durante R, Morrison MA, Miller JW, Kim IK, DeAngelis MM. Identifying subtypes of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration by genotypic and cardiovascular risk characteristics. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2011; 12:83. [PMID: 21682878 PMCID: PMC3141628 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-12-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the challenges in the interpretation of studies showing associations between environmental and genotypic data with disease outcomes such as neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is understanding the phenotypic heterogeneity within a patient population with regard to any risk factor associated with the condition. This is critical when considering the potential therapeutic response of patients to any drug developed to treat the condition. In the present study, we identify patient subtypes or clusters which could represent several different targets for treatment development, based on genetic pathways in AMD and cardiovascular pathology. METHODS We identified a sample of patients with neovascular AMD, that in previous studies had been shown to be at elevated risk for the disease through environmental factors such as cigarette smoking and genetic variants including the complement factor H gene (CFH) on chromosome 1q25 and variants in the ARMS2/HtrA serine peptidase 1 (HTRA1) gene(s) on chromosome 10q26. We conducted a multivariate segmentation analysis of 253 of these patients utilizing available epidemiologic and genetic data. RESULTS In a multivariate model, cigarette smoking failed to differentiate subtypes of patients. However, four meaningfully distinct clusters of patients were identified that were most strongly differentiated by their cardiovascular health status (histories of hypercholesterolemia and hypertension), and the alleles of ARMS2/HTRA1 rs1049331. CONCLUSIONS These results have significant personalized medicine implications for drug developers attempting to determine the effective size of the treatable neovascular AMD population. Patient subtypes or clusters may represent different targets for therapeutic development based on genetic pathways in AMD and cardiovascular pathology, and treatments developed that may elevate CV risk, may be ill advised for certain of the clusters identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Feehan
- Observant LLC, 1601 Trapelo Road, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - John Hartman
- Observant LLC, 1601 Trapelo Road, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | | | - Margaux A Morrison
- Ocular Molecular Genetics Institute and the Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- 3 Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Joan W Miller
- Ocular Molecular Genetics Institute and the Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Ivana K Kim
- Ocular Molecular Genetics Institute and the Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Margaret M DeAngelis
- Ocular Molecular Genetics Institute and the Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- 3 Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
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19
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Advanced glycation endproduct changes to Bruch's membrane promotes lipoprotein retention by lipoprotein lipase. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:850-9. [PMID: 21801873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lipoprotein particles accumulate in Bruch's membrane before the development of basal deposits and drusen, two histopathologic lesions that define age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We therefore, sought to determine which molecules could participate in lipoprotein retention. Wild-type or lipoprotein lipase-deficient mice were injected with low-dose D-galactose or PBS subcutaneously for 8 weeks to induce advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) formation. Some mice were also injected with the AGE breaker phenacylphiazolium bromide and D-galactose. Rhodamine-labeled low-density lipoproteins were injected into mice, and the fluorescence was measured up to 72 hours later. AGEs, proteoglycans, and other lipid-retaining molecules were evaluated by IHC. Lipoprotein lipase distribution was assessed in AMD samples by IHC. D-galactose-treated mice retained lipoproteins in the retinal pigment epithelial and Bruch's membrane to a greater extent than either PBS- or phenacylphiazolium bromide/D-galactose-treated mice at 24 and 72 hours after injection (P ≤ 0.04). Immunolabeling for carboxymethyllysine, biglycan, and lipoprotein lipase was found in D-galactose-treated mice only. Mice deficient for lipoprotein lipase treated with D-galactose did not retain lipoproteins to any measureable extent. Human AMD samples had lipoprotein lipase labeling within drusen, basal deposits, and the choroid. Mice treated with D-galactose to induce AGE formation in Bruch's membrane retain intravenously injected lipoproteins. Our results suggest that lipoprotein retention in Bruch's membrane is mediated by lipoprotein lipase.
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20
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Wang L, Clark ME, Crossman DK, Kojima K, Messinger JD, Mobley JA, Curcio CA. Abundant lipid and protein components of drusen. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10329. [PMID: 20428236 PMCID: PMC2859054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Drusen are extracellular lesions characteristic of aging and age-related maculopathy, a major retinal disease of the elderly. We determined the relative proportions of lipids and proteins in drusen capped with retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and in RPE isolated from non-macular regions of 36 human retinas with grossly normal maculas obtained <6 hr after death. Methodology/Principal Findings Druse pellets were examined by light and electron microscopy. Component proteins were extracted using novel methods for preserved tissues, separated, subjected to tryptic digestion and LC-MS(MS)2 analysis using an ion trap mass spectrometer, and identified with reference to databases. Lipid classes were separated using thin layer chromatography and quantified by densitometry. Major druse components were esterified cholesterol (EC), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and protein (37.5±13.7, 36.9±12.9, and 43.0±11.5 ng/druse, respectively). Lipid-containing particles (median diameter, 77 nm) occupied 37–44% of druse volume. Major proteins include vitronectin, complement component 9, apoE, and clusterin, previously seen in drusen, and ATP synthase subunit β, scavenger receptor B2, and retinol dehydrogenase 5, previously seen in RPE. Drusen and RPE had similar protein profiles, with higher intensities and greater variability in drusen. C8, part of the complement membrane attack complex, was localized in drusen by immunofluorescence. Conclusions/Significance At least 40% of druse content is comprised by lipids dominated by EC and PC, 2 components that are potentially accounted for by just one pathway, the secretion of lipoproteins by RPE. Manipulating genes encoding apolipoprotein pathways would be a fruitful approach to producing drusen with high EC content in laboratory animals. Therapies that directly mitigate drusen should prepare for the substantial volume of neutral lipids. The catalog of major druse proteins is nearing completion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Mark E. Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - David K. Crossman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Kyoko Kojima
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Messinger
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - James A. Mobley
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Christine A. Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Ramkumar HL, Zhang J, Chan CC. Retinal ultrastructure of murine models of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Prog Retin Eye Res 2010; 29:169-90. [PMID: 20206286 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most prevalent form of irreversible blindness worldwide in the elderly population. The pathology of dry AMD consists of macular degeneration of photoreceptors and the RPE, lipofuscin (A2E) accumulation, and drusen formation. Mice have been widely used for generating models that simulate human AMD features for investigating the pathogenesis, treatment and prevention of the disease. Although the mouse has no macula, focal atrophy of photoreceptors and RPE, lipofuscin accumulation, and increased A2E can develop in aged mouse eyes. However, drusen are rarely seen in mice because of their simpler Bruch's membrane and different process of lipofuscin extrusion compared with humans. Thus, analyzing basal deposits at the ultrastructural level and understanding the ultrastructural pathologic differences between various mouse AMD models are critical to comprehending the significance of research findings and response to possible therapeutic options for dry AMD. Based on the multifactorial pathogenesis of AMD, murine dry AMD models can be classified into three groups. First, genetically engineered mice that target genes related to juvenile macular dystrophies are the most common models, and they include abcr(-/-) (Stargardt disease), transgenic ELOVL4 (Stargardt-3 dominant inheritary disease), Efemp1(R345W/R345W) (Doyne honeycomb retinal dystrophy), and Timp3(S156C/S156C) (Sorsby fundus dystrophy) mice. Other murine models target genes relevant to AMD, including inflammatory genes such as Cfh(-/-), Ccl2(-/-), Ccr2(-/-), Cx3cr1(-/-), and Ccl2(-/-)/cx3cr1(-/-), oxidative stress associated genes such as Sod1(-/-) and Sod2 knockdown, metabolic pathway genes such as neprilysin(-/-) (amyloid beta), transgenic mcd/mcd (cathepsin D), Cp(-/-)/Heph(-/Y) (ferroxidase ceruloplasmin/hepaestin, iron metabolism), and transgenic ApoE4 on high fat and high cholesterol diet (lipid metabolism). Second, mice have also been immunologically manipulated by immunization with carboxyethylpyrrole (CEP), an oxidative fragment of DHA found in drusen, and found to present with dry AMD features. Third, natural mouse strains such as arrd2/arrd2 (Mdm gene mutation) and the senescence accelerated mice (SAM) spontaneously develop features of dry AMD like photoreceptor atrophy and thickening of Bruch's membrane. All the aforementioned models develop retinal lesions with various features that simulate dry AMD lesions: focal photoreceptor degeneration, abnormal RPE with increased lipofuscin, basal infolding, decreased melanosomes and degeneration. However, Bruch's membrane changes are less common. Most mice develop retinal lesions at an older age (6-24 months, depending on the models), while the Ccl2(-/-)/cx3cr1(-/-) mice develop lesions by 4-6 weeks. Although murine models present various degrees of retinal and/or RPE degeneration, classical drusen is extremely rare. Using electron microscopy, small drusenoid deposits are found between RPE and Bruch's membrane in a few models including Efemp1(R345W/R345W), Ccl2(-/-)/cx3cr1(-/-), neprilysin(-/-), transgenic mcd/mcd, and ApoE4 transgenic mice on a high fat diet. High A2E levels are measured in the retinas of abcr(-/-), transgenic ELOVL4, and Ccl2(-/-)/cx3cr1(-/-) mice. In summary, murine models provide useful tools for studying AMD pathogenesis and evaluating novel therapies for this disease. This review compares the major dry AMD murine models and discusses retinal pathology at the ultrastructural level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema L Ramkumar
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1857, USA
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22
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Curcio CA, Johnson M, Huang JD, Rudolf M. Aging, age-related macular degeneration, and the response-to-retention of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. Prog Retin Eye Res 2009; 28:393-422. [PMID: 19698799 PMCID: PMC4319375 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The largest risk factor for age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is advanced age. A prominent age-related change in the human retina is the accumulation of histochemically detectable neutral lipid in normal Bruch's membrane (BrM) throughout adulthood. This change has the potential to have a major impact on physiology of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). It occurs in the same compartment as drusen and basal linear deposit, the pathognomonic extracellular, lipid-containing lesions of ARMD. Here we present evidence from light microscopic histochemistry, ultrastructure, lipid profiling of tissues and isolated lipoproteins, and gene expression analysis that this deposition can be accounted for by esterified cholesterol-rich, apolipoprotein B-containing lipoprotein particles constitutively produced by the RPE. This work collectively allows ARMD lesion formation and its aftermath to be conceptualized as a response to the retention of a sub-endothelial apolipoprotein B lipoprotein, similar to a widely accepted model of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) (Tabas et al., 2007). This approach provides a wide knowledge base and sophisticated clinical armamentarium that can be readily exploited for the development of new model systems and the future benefit of ARMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294-0009, USA.
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23
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Curcio CA, Johnson M, Huang JD, Rudolf M. Apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in retinal aging and age-related macular degeneration. J Lipid Res 2009; 51:451-67. [PMID: 19797256 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r002238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The largest risk factor for age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is advanced age. With aging, there is a striking accumulation of neutral lipids in Bruch's membrane (BrM) of normal eye that continues through adulthood. This accumulation has the potential to significantly impact the physiology of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). It also ultimately leads to the creation of a lipid wall at the same locations where drusen and basal linear deposit, the pathognomonic extracellular, lipid-containing lesions of ARMD, subsequently form. Here, we summarize evidence obtained from light microscopy, ultrastructural studies, lipid histochemistry, assay of isolated lipoproteins, and gene expression analysis. These studies suggest that lipid deposition in BrM is at least partially due to accumulation of esterified cholesterol-rich, apolipoprotein B-containing lipoprotein particles produced by the RPE. Furthermore, we suggest that the formation of ARMD lesions and their aftermath may be a pathological response to the retention of a sub-endothelial apolipoprotein B lipoprotein, similar to a widely accepted model of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (Tabas, I., K. J. Williams, and J. Borén. 2007. Subendothelial lipoprotein retention as the initiating process in atherosclerosis: update and therapeutic implications. Circulation. 116:1832-1844). This view provides a conceptual basis for the development of novel treatments that may benefit ARMD patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Silveira AC, Morrison MA, Ji F, Xu H, Reinecke JB, Adams SM, Arneberg TM, Janssian M, Lee JE, Yuan Y, Schaumberg DA, Kotoula MG, Tsironi EE, Tsiloulis AN, Chatzoulis DZ, Miller JW, Kim IK, Hageman GS, Farrer LA, Haider NB, DeAngelis MM. Convergence of linkage, gene expression and association data demonstrates the influence of the RAR-related orphan receptor alpha (RORA) gene on neovascular AMD: a systems biology based approach. Vision Res 2009; 50:698-715. [PMID: 19786043 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2009.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To identify novel genes and pathways associated with AMD, we performed microarray gene expression and linkage analysis which implicated the candidate gene, retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor alpha (RORA, 15q). Subsequent genotyping of 159 RORA single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a family-based cohort, followed by replication in an unrelated case-control cohort, demonstrated that SNPs and haplotypes located in intron 1 were significantly associated with neovascular AMD risk in both cohorts. This is the first report demonstrating a possible role for RORA, a receptor for cholesterol, in the pathophysiology of AMD. Moreover, we found a significant interaction between RORA and the ARMS2/HTRA1 locus suggesting a novel pathway underlying AMD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Silveira
- Ocular Molecular Genetics Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
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