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Ding P, Wang R, He Y. Risk factors for pterygium: Latest research progress on major pathogenesis. Exp Eye Res 2024; 243:109900. [PMID: 38636803 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
A pterygium is a wedge-shaped fibrovascular growth of the conjunctiva membrane that extends onto the cornea, which is the outer layer of the eye. It is also known as surfer's eye. Growth of a pterygium can also occur on the either side of the eye, attaching firmly to the sclera. Pterygia are one of the world's most common ocular diseases. However, the pathogenesis remains unsolved to date. As the pathogenesis of pterygium is closely related to finding the ideal treatment, a clear understanding of the pathogenesis will lead to better treatment and lower the recurrence rate, which is notably high and more difficult to treat than a primary pterygium. Massive studies have recently been conducted to determine the exact causes and mechanism of pterygia. We evaluated the pathogenetic factors ultraviolet radiation, viral infection, tumor suppressor genes p53, growth factors, oxidative stress, apoptosis and neuropeptides in the progression of the disease. The heightened expression of TRPV1 suggests its potential contribution in the occurrence of pterygium, promoting its inflammation and modulating sensory responses in ocular tissues. Subsequently, the developmental mechanism of pterygium, along with its correlation with dry eye disease is proposed to facilitate the identification of pathogenetic factors for pterygia, contributing to the advancement of understanding in this area and may lead to improved surgical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqi Ding
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ruiqing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yuxi He
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China.
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2
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Ma X, Guo Z, Li MR, Chen L, Zhao X, Wang TQ, Sun T. Epidural administration of large dose of opioid μ receptor agonist may impair cardiac functions and myocardial viability via desensitizing transient receptor potential vanilloid 1. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 483:116802. [PMID: 38184280 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of postoperative myocardial injury remains high as the underlying pathogenesis is still unknown. The dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons express transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and its downstream effector, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) participating in transmitting pain signals and cardiac protection. Opioids remain a mainstay therapeutic option for moderate-to-severe pain relief clinically, as a critical component of multimodal postoperative analgesia via intravenous and epidural delivery. Evidence indicates the interaction of opioids and TRPV1 activities in DRG neurons. Here, we verify the potential impairment of myocardial viability by epidural usage of opioids in postoperative analgesia. We found that large dose of epidural morphine (50 μg) significantly worsened the cardiac performance (+dP/dtmax reduction by 11% and -dP/dtmax elevation by 24%, all P < 0.001), the myocardial infarct size (morphine vs Control, 0.54 ± 0.09 IS/AAR vs. 0.23 ± 0.06 IS/AAR, P < 0.001) and reduced CGRP in the myocardium (morphine vs. Control, 9.34 ± 2.24 pg/mg vs. 21.23 ± 4.32 pg/mg, P < 0.001), while induced definite suppression of nociception in the postoperative animals. It was demonstrated that activation of μ-opioid receptor (μ-OPR) induced desensitization of TRPV1 by attenuating phosphorylation of the channel in the dorsal root ganglion neurons, via inhibiting the accumulation of cAMP. CGRP may attenuated the buildup of ROS and the reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential in cardiomyocytes induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation. The findings of this study indicate that epidurally giving large dose of μ-OPR agonist may aggravate myocardial injury by inhibiting the activity of TRPV1/CGRP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ma
- College of Anaesthesia, Shanxi Medical University, 86 Xinjiannan Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Zheng Guo
- College of Anaesthesia, Shanxi Medical University, 86 Xinjiannan Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China; Department of Anaesthesia, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), National Education Commission, Shanxi Medical University, 86 Xinjiannan Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Mu-Rong Li
- College of Anaesthesia, Shanxi Medical University, 86 Xinjiannan Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Lu Chen
- College of Anaesthesia, Shanxi Medical University, 86 Xinjiannan Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- College of Anaesthesia, Shanxi Medical University, 86 Xinjiannan Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Tian-Qi Wang
- College of Anaesthesia, Shanxi Medical University, 86 Xinjiannan Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Tao Sun
- College of Anaesthesia, Shanxi Medical University, 86 Xinjiannan Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
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3
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Li H, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Zhang R, Chen D, Shi J, Xu J, Li L. Nonivamide inhibits proliferation of human corneal epithelial cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and oxidative stress. Toxicology 2023; 500:153674. [PMID: 37989449 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Nonivamide, an agonist of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), is widely used as a riot control agent, police incapacitant spray and pesticide. Although generally considered non-fatal, eye discomfort and even ocular injuries caused by such products are common. Little research has been conducted on the effects of nonivamide on corneal epithelial cells. Cell viability, impedance, flow cytometry, western blotting, and real-time fluorescence analyses were performed to investigate the effects of nonivamide on human corneal epithelial cells (HCE-T cells). We found that nonivamide impaired proliferation at subtoxic doses (100 μM and 200 μM) in HCE-T cells. Next, we described the mechanisms of action of nonivamide. Nonivamide caused cell cycle arrest by increasing p21 and decreasing cyclin D1. TRPV1 was activated by nonivamide, leading to an influx of Ca2+. Enhanced Ca2+ influx partially contributed to oxidative stress. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) also decreased. All combined stress resulted in the inhibition of cell proliferation in HCE-T cells. In summary, nonivamide inhibited the proliferation of HCE-T cells at sub-toxic doses by inducing cell cycle arrest and oxidative stress. Our data demonstrate the corneal toxicity of nonivamide and explain the mechanisms underlying nonivamide-induced corneal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China
| | - Sida Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China
| | - Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China
| | - Jingjing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China
| | - Jianfu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China.
| | - Liqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, PR China.
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4
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Lucius A, Chhatwal S, Valtink M, Reinach PS, Li A, Pleyer U, Mergler S. L-Carnitine Suppresses Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1 Activation in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11815. [PMID: 37511574 PMCID: PMC10380586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tear film hyperosmolarity induces dry eye syndrome (DES) through transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) activation. L-carnitine is a viable therapeutic agent since it protects against this hypertonicity-induced response. Here, we investigated whether L-carnitine inhibits TRPV1 activation by blocking heat- or capsaicin-induced increases in Ca2+ influx or hyperosmotic stress-induced cell volume shrinkage in a human corneal epithelial cell line (HCE-T). Single-cell fluorescence imaging of calcein/AM-loaded cells or fura-2/AM-labeled cells was used to evaluate cell volume changes and intracellular calcium levels, respectively. Planar patch-clamp technique was used to measure whole-cell currents. TRPV1 activation via either capsaicin (20 µmol/L), hyperosmolarity (≈450 mosmol/L) or an increase in ambient bath temperature to 43 °C induced intracellular calcium transients and augmented whole-cell currents, whereas hypertonicity induced cell volume shrinkage. In contrast, either capsazepine (10 µmol/L) or L-carnitine (1-3 mmol/L) reduced all these responses. Taken together, L-carnitine and capsazepine suppress hypertonicity-induced TRPV1 activation by blocking cell volume shrinkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lucius
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sirjan Chhatwal
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Valtink
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, TU Dresden, 01216 Dresden, Germany
- Equality and Diversity Unit, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter S Reinach
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Aruna Li
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Pleyer
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Mergler
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Stasi K, Alshare Q, Jain M, Wald M, Li Y. Topical Ocular TRPV1 Antagonist SAF312 (Libvatrep) Demonstrates Safety, Low Systemic Exposure, and No Anesthetic Effect in Healthy Participants. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:15. [DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.11.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Stasi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Qusai Alshare
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Monish Jain
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael Wald
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yifang Li
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Transient Receptor Potential Channels: Important Players in Ocular Pain and Dry Eye Disease. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091859. [PMID: 36145607 PMCID: PMC9506338 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disorder in which the eyes respond to minor stimuli with abnormal sensations, such as dryness, blurring, foreign body sensation, discomfort, irritation, and pain. Corneal pain, as one of DED’s main symptoms, has gained recognition due to its increasing prevalence, morbidity, and the resulting social burden. The cornea is the most innervated tissue in the body, and the maintenance of corneal integrity relies on a rich density of nociceptors, such as polymodal nociceptor neurons, cold thermoreceptor neurons, and mechano-nociceptor neurons. Their sensory responses to different stimulating forces are linked to the specific expression of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. TRP channels are a group of unique ion channels that play important roles as cellular sensors for various stimuli. These channels are nonselective cation channels with variable Ca2+ selectivity. TRP homologs are a superfamily of 28 different members that are subdivided into 7 different subfamilies based on differences in sequence homology. Many of these subtypes are expressed in the eye on both neuronal and non-neuronal cells, where they affect various stress-induced regulatory responses essential for normal vision maintenance. This article reviews the current knowledge about the expression, function, and regulation of TRPs in ocular surface tissues. We also describe their implication in DED and ocular pain. These findings contribute to evidence suggesting that drug-targeting TRP channels may be of therapeutic benefit in the clinical setting of ocular pain.
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Peng G, Tang X, Gui Y, Yang J, Ye L, Wu L, Ding YH, Wang L. Transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1: A potential therapeutic target for fibrotic diseases. Front Physiol 2022; 13:951980. [PMID: 36045746 PMCID: PMC9420870 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.951980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1), belonging to the TRPV channel family, is a non-selective, calcium-dependent, cation channel implicated in several pathophysiological processes. Collagen, an extracellular matrix component, can accumulate under pathological conditions and may lead to the destruction of tissue structure, organ dysfunction, and organ failure. Increasing evidence indicates that TRPV1 plays a role in the development and occurrence of fibrotic diseases, including myocardial, renal, pancreatic, and corneal fibrosis. However, the mechanism by which TRPV1 regulates fibrosis remains unclear. This review highlights the comprehensive role played by TRPV1 in regulating pro-fibrotic processes, the potential of TRPV1 as a therapeutic target in fibrotic diseases, as well as the different signaling pathways associated with TRPV1 and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxin Peng
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Tang
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Gui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lifang Ye
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liuyang Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya hui Ding
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lihong Wang,
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8
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Okada Y, Sumioka T, Reinach PS, Miyajima M, Saika S. Roles of Epithelial and Mesenchymal TRP Channels in Mediating Inflammatory Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2022; 12:731674. [PMID: 35058918 PMCID: PMC8763672 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.731674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of normal vision is dependent on preserving corneal transparency. For this to occur, this tissue must remain avascular and its stromal architecture needs to be retained. Epithelial transparency is maintained provided the uppermost stratified layers of this tissue are composed of terminally differentiated non-keratinizing cells. In addition, it is essential that the underlying stromal connective tissue remains avascular and scar-free. Keratocytes are the source of fibroblasts that are interspersed within the collagenous framework and the extracellular matrix. In addition, there are sensory nerve fibers whose lineage is possibly either neural crest or mesenchymal. Corneal wound healing studies have been undertaken to delineate the underlying pathogenic responses that result in the development of opacification following chemical injury. An alkali burn is one type of injury that can result in severe and long- lasting losses in ocular transparency. During the subsequent wound healing process, numerous different proinflammatory cytokines and proteolytic enzymes undergo upregulation. Such increases in their expression levels induce maladaptive expression of sustained stromal inflammatory fibrosis, neovascularization, and losses in the smooth optical properties of the corneal outer surface. It is becoming apparent that different transient receptor potential channel (TRP) isoforms are important players in mediating these different events underlying the wound healing process since injury upregulates both their expression levels and functional involvement. In this review, we focus on the involvement of TRPV1, TRPA1 and TRPV4 in mediating some of the responses that underlie the control of anterior ocular tissue homeostasis under normal and pathological conditions. They are expressed on both different cell types throughout this tissue and also on corneal sensory nerve endings. Their roles have been extensively studied as sensors and transducers of environmental stimuli resulting from exposure to intrinsic modulators and extrinsic ligands. These triggers include alteration of the ambient temperature and mechanical stress, etc., that can induce pathophysiological responses underlying losses in tissue transparency activated by wound healing in mice losses in tissue transparency. In this article, experimental findings are reviewed about the role of injury-induced TRP channel activation in mediating inflammatory fibrotic responses during wound healing in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Okada
- Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | | | - Peter S Reinach
- Wenzhou Medical University School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, China
| | | | - Shizuya Saika
- Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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Turan E, Valtink M, Reinach PS, Skupin A, Luo H, Brockmann T, Ba Salem MHO, Pleyer U, Mergler S. L-carnitine suppresses transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 activity and myofibroblast transdifferentiation in human corneal keratocytes. J Transl Med 2021; 101:680-689. [PMID: 33637945 PMCID: PMC8137454 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal stromal wound healing is a well-balanced process promoted by overlapping phases including keratocyte proliferation, inflammatory-related events, and tissue remodeling. L-carnitine as a natural antioxidant has shown potential to reduce stromal fibrosis, yet the underlying pathway is still unknown. Since transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a potential drug target for improving the outcome of inflammatory/fibrogenic wound healing, we investigated if L-carnitine can mediate inhibition of the fibrotic response through suppression of TRPV1 activation in human corneal keratocytes (HCK). We determined TRPV1-induced intracellular calcium transients using fluorescence calcium imaging, channel currents by planar patch-clamping, and cell migration by scratch assay for wound healing. The potential L-carnitine effect on TRPV1-induced myofibroblast transdifferentiation was evaluated by immunocytochemical detection of alpha smooth muscle actin. RT-PCR analysis confirmed TRPV1 mRNA expression in HCK. L-carnitine (1 mmol/l) inhibited either capsaicin (CAP) (10 µmol/l), hypertonic stress (450 mOsmol/l), or thermal increase (>43 °C) induced Ca2+ transients and corresponding increases in TRPV1-induced inward and outward whole-cell currents. This was accompanied by suppression of injury-induced increases in myofibroblast transdifferentiation and cell migration. In conclusion, L-carnitine contributes to inhibit stromal scarring through suppressing an injury-induced intrinsic TRPV1 activity that is linked with induction of myofibroblast transdifferentiation in HCK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Turan
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Valtink
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter S Reinach
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Annett Skupin
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Huan Luo
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Brockmann
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Kapelle-Ufer 2, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Marah Hussain Omar Ba Salem
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Pleyer
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Mergler
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
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Ramal-Sanchez M, Bernabò N, Valbonetti L, Cimini C, Taraschi A, Capacchietti G, Machado-Simoes J, Barboni B. Role and Modulation of TRPV1 in Mammalian Spermatozoa: An Updated Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4306. [PMID: 33919147 PMCID: PMC8122410 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the abundance of scientific publications, the polymodal sensor TRPV1 is known as one of the most studied proteins within the TRP channel family. This receptor has been found in numerous cell types from different species as well as in spermatozoa. The present review is focused on analyzing the role played by this important channel in the post-ejaculatory life of spermatozoa, where it has been described to be involved in events such as capacitation, acrosome reaction, calcium trafficking, sperm migration, and fertilization. By performing an exhaustive bibliographic search, this review gathers, for the first time, all the modulators of the TRPV1 function that, to our knowledge, were described to date in different species and cell types. Moreover, all those modulators with a relationship with the reproductive process, either found in the female tract, seminal plasma, or spermatozoa, are presented here. Since the sperm migration through the female reproductive tract is one of the most intriguing and less understood events of the fertilization process, in the present work, chemotaxis, thermotaxis, and rheotaxis guiding mechanisms and their relationship with TRPV1 receptor are deeply analyzed, hypothesizing its (in)direct participation during the sperm migration. Last, TRPV1 is presented as a pharmacological target, with a special focus on humans and some pathologies in mammals strictly related to the male reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ramal-Sanchez
- Faculty of Biosciences and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (N.B.); (L.V.); (C.C.); (A.T.); (G.C.); (J.M.-S.); (B.B.)
| | - Nicola Bernabò
- Faculty of Biosciences and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (N.B.); (L.V.); (C.C.); (A.T.); (G.C.); (J.M.-S.); (B.B.)
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (CNR-IBBC/EMMA/Infrafrontier/IMPC), National Research Council, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Valbonetti
- Faculty of Biosciences and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (N.B.); (L.V.); (C.C.); (A.T.); (G.C.); (J.M.-S.); (B.B.)
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (CNR-IBBC/EMMA/Infrafrontier/IMPC), National Research Council, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Costanza Cimini
- Faculty of Biosciences and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (N.B.); (L.V.); (C.C.); (A.T.); (G.C.); (J.M.-S.); (B.B.)
| | - Angela Taraschi
- Faculty of Biosciences and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (N.B.); (L.V.); (C.C.); (A.T.); (G.C.); (J.M.-S.); (B.B.)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Giulia Capacchietti
- Faculty of Biosciences and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (N.B.); (L.V.); (C.C.); (A.T.); (G.C.); (J.M.-S.); (B.B.)
| | - Juliana Machado-Simoes
- Faculty of Biosciences and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (N.B.); (L.V.); (C.C.); (A.T.); (G.C.); (J.M.-S.); (B.B.)
| | - Barbara Barboni
- Faculty of Biosciences and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (N.B.); (L.V.); (C.C.); (A.T.); (G.C.); (J.M.-S.); (B.B.)
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11
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Oultram JMJ, Pegler JL, Bowser TA, Ney LJ, Eamens AL, Grof CPL. Cannabis sativa: Interdisciplinary Strategies and Avenues for Medical and Commercial Progression Outside of CBD and THC. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030234. [PMID: 33652704 PMCID: PMC7996784 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa (Cannabis) is one of the world’s most well-known, yet maligned plant species. However, significant recent research is starting to unveil the potential of Cannabis to produce secondary compounds that may offer a suite of medical benefits, elevating this unique plant species from its illicit narcotic status into a genuine biopharmaceutical. This review summarises the lengthy history of Cannabis and details the molecular pathways that underpin the production of key secondary metabolites that may confer medical efficacy. We also provide an up-to-date summary of the molecular targets and potential of the relatively unknown minor compounds offered by the Cannabis plant. Furthermore, we detail the recent advances in plant science, as well as synthetic biology, and the pharmacology surrounding Cannabis. Given the relative infancy of Cannabis research, we go on to highlight the parallels to previous research conducted in another medically relevant and versatile plant, Papaver somniferum (opium poppy), as an indicator of the possible future direction of Cannabis plant biology. Overall, this review highlights the future directions of cannabis research outside of the medical biology aspects of its well-characterised constituents and explores additional avenues for the potential improvement of the medical potential of the Cannabis plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson M. J. Oultram
- Centre for Plant Science, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.M.J.O.); (J.L.P.); (A.L.E.)
| | - Joseph L. Pegler
- Centre for Plant Science, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.M.J.O.); (J.L.P.); (A.L.E.)
| | - Timothy A. Bowser
- CannaPacific Pty Ltd., 109 Ocean Street, Dudley, NSW 2290, Australia;
| | - Luke J. Ney
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia;
| | - Andrew L. Eamens
- Centre for Plant Science, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.M.J.O.); (J.L.P.); (A.L.E.)
| | - Christopher P. L. Grof
- Centre for Plant Science, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.M.J.O.); (J.L.P.); (A.L.E.)
- CannaPacific Pty Ltd., 109 Ocean Street, Dudley, NSW 2290, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +612-4921-5858
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Lapajne L, Lakk M, Yarishkin O, Gubeljak L, Hawlina M, Križaj D. Polymodal Sensory Transduction in Mouse Corneal Epithelial Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:2. [PMID: 32271891 PMCID: PMC7401707 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.4.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Contact lenses, osmotic stressors, and chemical burns may trigger severe discomfort and vision loss by damaging the cornea, but the signaling mechanisms used by corneal epithelial cells (CECs) to sense extrinsic stressors are not well understood. We therefore investigated the mechanisms of swelling, temperature, strain, and chemical transduction in mouse CECs. Methods Intracellular calcium imaging in conjunction with electrophysiology, pharmacology, transcript analysis, immunohistochemistry, and bioluminescence assays of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release were used to track mechanotransduction in dissociated CECs and epithelial sheets isolated from the mouse cornea. Results The transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) transcriptome in the mouse corneal epithelium is dominated by Trpv4, followed by Trpv2, Trpv3, and low levels of Trpv1 mRNAs. TRPV4 protein was localized to basal and intermediate epithelial strata, keratocytes, and the endothelium in contrast to the cognate TRPV1, which was confined to intraepithelial afferents and a sparse subset of CECs. The TRPV4 agonist GSK1016790A induced cation influx and calcium elevations, which were abolished by the selective blocker HC067047. Hypotonic solutions, membrane strain, and moderate heat elevated [Ca2+]CEC with swelling- and temperature-, but not strain-evoked signals, sensitive to HC067047. GSK1016790A and swelling evoked calcium-dependent ATP release, which was suppressed by HC067027 and the hemichannel blocker probenecid. Conclusions These results demonstrate that cation influx via TRPV4 transduces osmotic and thermal but not strain inputs to CECs and promotes hemichannel-dependent ATP release. The TRPV4-hemichannel-ATP signaling axis might modulate corneal pain induced by excessive mechanical, osmotic, and chemical stimulation.
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Wong HL, Poon SHL, Bu Y, Lo ACY, Jhanji V, Chan YK, Shih KC. A Systematic Review on Cornea Epithelial-Stromal Homeostasis. Ophthalmic Res 2020; 64:178-191. [PMID: 32474566 DOI: 10.1159/000509030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This review aims to summarise the role of different cells, genes, proteins and lipid in regulating cornea epithelial-stromal homeostasis. METHODS We performed an Entrez PubMed literature search using keywords "human," "cornea," "epithelial," "stromal," "homeostasis," "fibrosis response," and "pathogenesis" on 24th of September 2019, resulting in 35 papers, of which 18 were chosen after filtering for "English language" and "published within 10 years" as well as curation for relevance by the authors. RESULTS The 18 selected papers showed that corneal epithelial cells, fibroblasts and telocytes, together with genes such as Klf4, Pax6 and Id found in the cells, play important roles in achieving homeostasis to maintain corneal integrity and transparency. Proteins classified as pro-fibrotic ligands and anti-fibrotic ligands are responsible for regulating cornea stromal fibrosis and extracellular matrix deposition, thus regulators of scar formation during wound healing. Anti-inflammatory ligands and wound repairing ligands are critical in eliciting protective inflammation and promoting epithelial healing, respectively. Protein receptors located on cellular membrane play a role in maintaining intercellular connections as well as corneal hydration. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION These studies prompt development of novel therapeutic strategies such as tear drops or ointments that target certain proteins to maintain corneal homeostasis. However, more in vitro and in vivo studies are required to prove the effectiveness of exogenous administration of molecules in improving healing outcome. Hence, future investigations of the molecular pathways highlighted in this review will reveal novel therapeutic tools such as gene or cell therapy to treat corneal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Lam Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stephanie Hiu Ling Poon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yashan Bu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amy Cheuk Yin Lo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vishal Jhanji
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yau Kei Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kendrick Co Shih
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China,
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Xian-Kui H, Hui-Fang W, Jing-Ran S, Yu-Rong H, Bo-Yu C, Xiu-Jun S. P38 Inhibition Prevents Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) Infection in Cultured Corneal Keratocytes. Curr Eye Res 2020; 45:1342-1351. [PMID: 32250648 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1748658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate keratocyte viability and proinflammatory cytokine secretion induced by HSV-1 infection. Methods: Keratocytes were separated from corneal tissues obtained with the SMILE procedure, and an in vitro system was established to study HSV-1 infection in human keratocytes. Cell viability, HSV-1 genomic DNA copy number, and the expression levels of α-SMA, ALDH1A1, phospho-p38, p38, phospho-IRF3, and IRF3 were evaluated. Antibody array and ELISA kits were used to measure the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Results: We found that HSV-1 infection reduced cell viability and activated keratocyte transdifferentiation into corneal fibroblast-like cells. Furthermore, p38 inhibition improved cell viability and IFN-β production and played an anti-inflammatory role by reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Conclusions: Our study reveals an important role played by keratocytes during innate immune responses and identifies p38 inhibition as a potential therapeutic approach to control ocular HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xian-Kui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shijiazhuang Aier Eye Hospital , Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wang Hui-Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shijiazhuang Aier Eye Hospital , Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shen Jing-Ran
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shijiazhuang Aier Eye Hospital , Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hou Yu-Rong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shijiazhuang Aier Eye Hospital , Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chen Bo-Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shijiazhuang Aier Eye Hospital , Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Song Xiu-Jun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shijiazhuang Aier Eye Hospital , Shijiazhuang, China
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Chen Z, Lu X, McGee-Lawrence ME, Watsky MA. Transient Cell Membrane Disruptions induce Calcium Waves in Corneal Keratocytes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2840. [PMID: 32071321 PMCID: PMC7029045 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59570-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if transient cell membrane disruptions (TPMDs) in single keratocytes can trigger signaling events in neighboring keratocytes. Stromal cells were cultured from human corneas (HCSC) and mouse corneas (MCSC). TPMDs were produced using a multiphoton microscope in Cal-520-AM loaded cells. TPMD-induced calcium increases (Ca++i) were measured in Ca++-containing and Ca++-free solutions containing thapsigargin, ryanodine, BAPTA-AM, 18-α-glycyrrhetinic acid (18α-GA), apyrase, BCTC, AMG 9810, or AMTB. Fluorescence intensity was recorded as the number of cells responding and the area under the fluorescence versus time curve. The maximum distance of responding neighboring cells in ex vivo human corneas was measured. Connexin 43 protein in HCSC and MCSC was examined using immunofluorescence staining, and corneal rubbing was applied to confirm whether TPMDs occur following mechanical manipulation. Our results demonstrate that single cell TPMDs result in Ca++ waves in neighboring keratocytes both in culture and within ex vivo corneas. The source of Ca++ is both intra-and extra-cellular, and the signal can be mediated by ATP and/or gap junctions, and is species dependent. Stromal rubbing confirmed that TPMDs do occur following mechanical manipulation. Keratocyte TPMDs and their associated signaling events are likely common occurrences following minor or major corneal trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Chen
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xiaowen Lu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Meghan E McGee-Lawrence
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mitchell A Watsky
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA. .,The Graduate School, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, Georgia.
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Türker E, Garreis F, Khajavi N, Reinach PS, Joshi P, Brockmann T, Lucius A, Ljubojevic N, Turan E, Cooper D, Schick F, Reinholz R, Pleyer U, Köhrle J, Mergler S. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Induced Downstream Responses to Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and 3-Iodothyronamine (3-T 1AM) in Human Corneal Keratocytes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:670. [PMID: 30524369 PMCID: PMC6262029 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine if crosstalk among the transient receptor potential (TRP) melastatin 8 (TRPM8), TRP vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor triad modulates VEGF-induced Ca2+ signaling in human corneal keratocytes. Using RT-PCR, qPCR and immunohistochemistry, we determined TRPV1 and TRPM8 gene and protein coexpression in a human corneal keratocyte cell line (HCK) and human corneal cross sections. Fluorescence Ca2+ imaging using both a photomultiplier and a single cell digital imaging system as well as planar patch-clamping measured relative intracellular Ca2+ levels and underlying whole-cell currents. The TRPV1 agonist capsaicin increased both intracellular Ca2+ levels and whole-cell currents, while the antagonist capsazepine (CPZ) inhibited them. VEGF-induced Ca2+ transients and rises in whole-cell currents were suppressed by CPZ, whereas a selective TRPM8 antagonist, AMTB, increased VEGF signaling. In contrast, an endogenous thyroid hormone-derived metabolite 3-Iodothyronamine (3-T1AM) suppressed increases in the VEGF-induced current. The TRPM8 agonist menthol increased the currents, while AMTB suppressed this response. The VEGF-induced increases in Ca2+ influx and their underlying ionic currents stem from crosstalk between VEGFR and TRPV1, which can be impeded by 3-T1AM-induced TRPM8 activation. Such suppression in turn blocks VEGF-induced TRPV1 activation. Therefore, crosstalk between TRPM8 and TRPV1 inhibits VEGFR-induced activation of TRPV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersal Türker
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Garreis
- Department of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Noushafarin Khajavi
- Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Walter Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter S. Reinach
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Pooja Joshi
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Brockmann
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Lucius
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Ljubojevic
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Turan
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Drew Cooper
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Schick
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rob Reinholz
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Pleyer
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Mergler
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Stefan Mergler
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Krishnatreyya H, Hazarika H, Saha A, Chattopadhyay P. Capsaicin, the primary constituent of pepper sprays and its pharmacological effects on mammalian ocular tissues. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 819:114-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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18
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Khajavi N, Mergler S, Biebermann H. 3-Iodothyronamine, a Novel Endogenous Modulator of Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 8? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:198. [PMID: 28861042 PMCID: PMC5561014 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The decarboxylated and deiodinated thyroid hormone (TH) derivative, 3-iodothyronamine (3-T1AM), is suggested to be involved in energy metabolism and thermoregulation. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are known as the main targets for 3-T1AM; however, transient receptor potential channels (TRPs) were also recently identified as new targets of 3-T1AM. This article reviews the current knowledge of a putative novel role of 3-T1AM in the modulation of TRPs. Specifically, the TRP melastatin 8 (TRPM8) was identified as a target of 3-T1AM in different cell types including neoplastic cells, whereby 3-T1AM significantly increased cytosolic Ca2+ through TRPM8 activation. Similarly, the β-adrenergic receptor is involved in 3-T1AM-induced Ca2+ influx. Therefore, it has been suggested that 3-T1AM-induced Ca2+ mobilization might be due to β-adrenergic receptor/TRPM8 channel interaction, which adds to the complexity of GPCR regulation by TRPs. It has been revealed that TRPM8 activation leads to a decline in TRPV1 activity, which may be of therapeutic benefit in clinical circumstances such as treatment of TRPV1-mediated inflammatory hyperalgesia, colitis, and dry eye syndrome. This review also summarizes the inverse association between changes in TRPM8 and TRPV1 activity after 3-T1AM stimulation. This finding prompted further detailed investigations of the interplay between 3-T1AM and the GPCR/TRPM8 axis and indicated the probability of additional GPCR/TRP constellations that are modulated by this TH derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushafarin Khajavi
- Institute for Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité University of Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Noushafarin Khajavi,
| | - Stefan Mergler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité University of Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institute for Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité University of Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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TRPV6 modulates proliferation of human pancreatic neuroendocrine BON-1 tumour cells. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:BSR20160106. [PMID: 27450545 PMCID: PMC4995500 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly Ca2+ permeable receptor potential channel vanilloid type 6 (TRPV6) modulates a variety of biological functions including calcium-dependent cell growth and apoptosis. So far, the role of TRPV6 in controlling growth of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour (NET) cells is unknown. In the present study, we characterize the expression of TRPV6 in pancreatic BON-1 and QGP-1 NET cells. Furthermore, we evaluate the impact of TRPV6 on intracellular calcium, the activity of nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) and proliferation of BON-1 cells. TRPV6 expression was assessed by real-time PCR and Western blot. TRPV6 mRNA expression and protein production were down-regulated by siRNA. Changes in intracellular calcium levels were detected by fluorescence calcium imaging (fura-2/AM). NFAT activity was studied by NFAT reporter assay; cell proliferation by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), MTT and propidium iodine staining. TRPV6 mRNA and protein are present in BON-1 and QGP-1 NET-cells. Down-regulation of TRPV6 attenuates BON-1 cell proliferation. TRPV6 down-regulation is associated with decreased Ca2+ response pattern and reduced NFAT activity. In conclusion, TRPV6 is expressed in pancreatic NETs and modulates cell proliferation via Ca2+-dependent mechanism, which is accompanied by NFAT activation.
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Abstract
Corneal transparency is dependent on the maintenance of the structural integrity and functional activity of its epithelial and endothelial limiting layers and the stroma. Different transient receptor potential (TRP) channel subtypes are expressed in cells and on corneal sensory nerve endings. They serve as sensors and transducers of environmental stimuli that can reduce tissue transparency. These nonselective cation channels are members of a superfamily sharing TRP box protein sequence homology having 6 membrane spanning domains with a pore between the fifth and sixth segments. TRP channels are composed of 4 monomeric subunits that oligomerize in homomeric or heteromeric configurations derived from different TRP subtypes belonging to the same or any of 6 different subfamilies. TRP subfamily members identified in the cornea include those belonging to the canonical, vanilloid, ankyrin, or melastatin subfamilies. In this review, we specifically focus on the functional roles of TRPV1 and TRPA1 expression in the cornea as their activation provides adaptive nociceptive and immune responses to noxious environmental stresses such as irritating ligands, temperature fluctuations, rises in ambient osmolarity, mechanical stretch, decline in pH, and tissue injury. Our previous studies have indicated that TRPV1 and TRPA1 subtypes are potential drug targets for improving corneal wound healing after alkali burns, because injury-induced fibrosis, neovascularization, and inflammation in either TRPV1 or TRPA1 gene-silenced mice were all significantly reduced.
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Saika S, Yamanaka O, Okada Y, Sumioka T. Modulation of Smad signaling by non-TGFβ components in myofibroblast generation during wound healing in corneal stroma. Exp Eye Res 2016; 142:40-8. [PMID: 26675402 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Corneal scarring/fibrosis disturbs normal transparency and curvature of the tissue and thus impairs vision. The lesion is characterized by appearance of myofibroblasts, the key player of the fibrogenic reaction, and excess accumulation of extracellular matrix. Inflammatory/fibrogenic growth factors or cytokines expressed in inflammatory cells that infiltrate into injured tissues play a pivotal role in fibrotic tissue formation. In this article the pathogenesis of fibrosis/scarring in the corneal stroma is reviewed focusing on the roles of myofibroblast, the key player in corneal stromal wound healing and fibrosis, and cytoplasmic signals activated by the fibrogenic cytokine, transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). Although it is established that TGFβ/Smad signal is essential to the process of keratocyte-myofibroblast transformation in a healing corneal stroma post-injury. This article emphasizes the involvement of non-TGFβ molecular mechanisms in modulating Smad signal. We focus on the roles of matricellular proteins, i.e., osteopontin and tenascin C, and as cellular components, the roles of transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channel receptors are discussed. Our intent is to draw attention to the possibility of signal transduction cascade modulation (e.g., Smad signal and mitogen-activated protein kinases, by gene transfer and other related technology) as being beneficial in a clinical setting to reduce or even prevent corneal stromal tissue fibrosis/scarring and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuya Saika
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan.
| | - Osamu Yamanaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan
| | - Yuka Okada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Sumioka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan
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Por ED, Choi JH, Lund BJ. Low-Level Blast Exposure Increases Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) Expression in the Rat Cornea. Curr Eye Res 2016; 41:1294-1301. [PMID: 27049881 PMCID: PMC5351794 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1122812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background: Blast-related ocular injuries sustained by military personnel have led to rigorous efforts to elucidate the effects of blast exposure on neurosensory function. Recent studies have provided some insight into cognitive and visual deficits sustained following blast exposure; however, limited data are available on the effects of blast on pain and inflammatory processes. Investigation of these secondary effects of blast exposure is necessary to fully comprehend the complex pathophysiology of blast-related injuries. The overall purpose of this study is to determine the effects of single and repeated blast exposure on pain and inflammatory mediators in ocular tissues. Methods: A compressed air shock tube was used to deliver a single or repeated blast (68.0 ± 2.7 kPa) to anesthetized rats daily for 5 days. Immunohistochemistry was performed on ocular tissues to determine the expression of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), and endothelin-1 (ET-1) following single and repeated blast exposure. Neutrophil infiltration and myeloperoxidase (MPO) expression were also assessed in blast tissues via immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis, respectively. Results: TRPV1 expression was increased in rat corneas exposed to both single and repeated blast. Increased secretion of CGRP, SP, and ET-1 was also detected in rat corneas as compared to control. Moreover, repeated blast exposure resulted in neutrophil infiltration in the cornea and stromal layer as compared to control animals. Conclusion: Single and repeated blast exposure resulted in increased expression of TRPV1, CGRP, SP, and ET-1 as well as neutrophil infiltration. Collectively, these findings provide novel insight into the activation of pain and inflammation signaling mediators following blast exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine D Por
- a Ocular Trauma, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston , Texas , USA
| | - Jae-Hyek Choi
- a Ocular Trauma, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston , Texas , USA
| | - Brian J Lund
- a Ocular Trauma, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston , Texas , USA
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Matsuura K, Seta H, Haraguchi Y, Alsayegh K, Sekine H, Shimizu T, Hagiwara N, Yamazaki K, Okano T. TRPV-1-mediated elimination of residual iPS cells in bioengineered cardiac cell sheet tissues. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21747. [PMID: 26888607 PMCID: PMC4757885 DOI: 10.1038/srep21747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a suitable strategy for eliminating remaining undifferentiated cells is indispensable for the use of human-induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived cells in regenerative medicine. Here, we show for the first time that TRPV-1 activation through transient culture at 42 °C in combination with agonists is a simple and useful strategy to eliminate iPS cells from bioengineered cardiac cell sheet tissues. When human iPS cells were cultured at 42 °C, almost all cells disappeared by 48 hours through apoptosis. However, iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts maintained transcriptional and protein expression levels, and cardiac cell sheets were fabricated after reducing the temperature. TRPV-1 expression in iPS cells was upregulated at 42 °C, and iPS cell death at 42 °C was TRPV-1-dependent. Furthermore, TRPV-1 activation through thermal or agonist treatment eliminated iPS cells in cardiac tissues for a final concentration of 0.4% iPS cell contamination. These findings suggest that the difference in tolerance to TRPV-1 activation between iPS cells and iPS cell-derived cardiac cells could be exploited to eliminate remaining iPS cells in bioengineered cell sheet tissues, which will further reduce the risk of tumour formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Matsuura
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.,Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Seta
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Yuji Haraguchi
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Khaled Alsayegh
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Sekine
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Shimizu
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Hagiwara
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamazaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Teruo Okano
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
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24
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Giblin JP, Comes N, Strauss O, Gasull X. Ion Channels in the Eye: Involvement in Ocular Pathologies. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2015; 104:157-231. [PMID: 27038375 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The eye is the sensory organ of vision. There, the retina transforms photons into electrical signals that are sent to higher brain areas to produce visual sensations. In the light path to the retina, different types of cells and tissues are involved in maintaining the transparency of avascular structures like the cornea or lens, while others, like the retinal pigment epithelium, have a critical role in the maintenance of photoreceptor function by regenerating the visual pigment. Here, we have reviewed the roles of different ion channels expressed in ocular tissues (cornea, conjunctiva and neurons innervating the ocular surface, lens, retina, retinal pigment epithelium, and the inflow and outflow systems of the aqueous humor) that are involved in ocular disease pathophysiologies and those whose deletion or pharmacological modulation leads to specific diseases of the eye. These include pathologies such as retinitis pigmentosa, macular degeneration, achromatopsia, glaucoma, cataracts, dry eye, or keratoconjunctivitis among others. Several disease-associated ion channels are potential targets for pharmacological intervention or other therapeutic approaches, thus highlighting the importance of these channels in ocular physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Giblin
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Comes
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Xavier Gasull
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
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25
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Reinach PS, Mergler S, Okada Y, Saika S. Ocular transient receptor potential channel function in health and disease. BMC Ophthalmol 2015; 15 Suppl 1:153. [PMID: 26818117 PMCID: PMC4895786 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-015-0135-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels sense and transduce environmental stimuli into Ca(2+) transients that in turn induce responses essential for cell function and adaptation. These non-selective channels with variable Ca(2+) selectivity are grouped into seven different subfamilies containing 28 subtypes based on differences in amino acid sequence homology. Many of these subtypes are expressed in the eye on both neuronal and non-neuronal cells where they affect a host of stress-induced regulatory responses essential for normal vision maintenance. This article reviews our current knowledge about the expression, function and regulation of TRPs in different eye tissues. We also describe how under certain conditions TRP activation can induce responses that are maladaptive to ocular function. Furthermore, the possibility of an association between TRP mutations and disease is considered. These findings contribute to evidence suggesting that drug targeting TRP channels may be of therapeutic benefit in a clinical setting. We point out issues that must be more extensively addressed before it will be possible to decide with certainty that this is a realistic endeavor. Another possible upshot of future studies is that disease process progression can be better evaluated by profiling changes in tissue specific functional TRP subtype activity as well as their gene and protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Reinach
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xuejuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, P. R. China.
| | - Stefan Mergler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow-Clinic, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Yuka Okada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan.
| | - Shizuya Saika
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan.
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26
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Lucius A, Khajavi N, Reinach PS, Köhrle J, Dhandapani P, Huimann P, Ljubojevic N, Grötzinger C, Mergler S. 3-Iodothyronamine increases transient receptor potential melastatin channel 8 (TRPM8) activity in immortalized human corneal epithelial cells. Cell Signal 2015; 28:136-147. [PMID: 26689735 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
3-Iodothyronamine (3T1AM) is an endogenous thyroid hormone metabolite that interacts with the human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (hTAAR1), a G-protein-coupled receptor, to induce numerous physiological responses including dose-dependent body temperature lowering in rodents. 3T1AM also directly activates cold-sensitive transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) channels in human conjunctival epithelial cells (HCjEC) at constant temperature as well as reducing rises in IL-6 release induced by transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) activation by capsaicin (CAP). Here, we describe that 3T1AM-induced TRPM8 activation suppresses through crosstalk TRPV1 activation in immortalized human corneal epithelial cells (HCEC). RT-PCR and immunofluorescent staining identified TRPM8 gene and protein expression. Increases in Ca(2+) influx induced by the TRPM8 agonists either 3T1AM (0.1-10 μM), menthol (500 μM), icilin (15-60 μM) or temperature lowering (either <17°C or >17°C) were all blocked by 10-20 μM BCTC, a mixed TRPV1/TRPM8 antagonist. BCTC blocked 3T1AM-induced recombinant TRPM8 activation of Ca(2+) transients in an osteosarcoma heterologous expression system. The effects of BCTC in HCEC were attributable to selective TRPM8 inhibition since whole-cell patch-clamp currents underlying Ca(2+) rises induced by 20 μM CAP were BCTC insensitive. On the other hand, Ca(2+) transients induced by activating TRPV1 with either CAP or a hyperosmolar medium were suppressed during exposure to either 1 μM 3T1AM or 15 μM icilin. All of these modulatory effects on intracellular Ca(2+) regulation induced by the aforementioned agents were attributable to changes in underlying inward and outward current. Taken together, TRPM8 activation by 3T1AM markedly attenuates and even eliminates hyperosmolar and CAP induced TRPV1 activation through crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lucius
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Noushafarin Khajavi
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter S Reinach
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, PR China
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Priyavathi Dhandapani
- Gastroenterology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Huimann
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Ljubojevic
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Grötzinger
- Gastroenterology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Mergler
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
Myofibroblasts are activated in response to tissue injury with the primary task to repair lost or damaged extracellular matrix. Enhanced collagen secretion and subsequent contraction - scarring - are part of the normal wound healing response and crucial to restore tissue integrity. Due to myofibroblasts ability to repair but not regenerate, accumulation of scar tissue is always associated with reduced organ performance. This is a fair price to pay by the body for not falling apart. Whereas myofibroblasts typically vanish after successful repair, dysregulation of the normal repair process can lead to persistent myofibroblast activation, for instance by chronic inflammation or mechanical stress in the tissue. Excessive repair leads to the accumulation of stiff collagenous ECM contractures - fibrosis - with dramatic consequences for organ function. The clinical need to terminate detrimental myofibroblast activities has stimulated researchers to answer a number of essential questions: where do myofibroblasts come from, what are the factors leading to their activation, how do we discriminate myofibroblasts from other cells, what is the molecular basis for their contractile activity, and how can we stop or at least control them? This article reviews the current state of the myofibroblast literature by emphasizing their role in ocular repair and fibrosis. It appears that although the eye is quite an extraordinary organ, ocular myofibroblasts behave or misbehave just like their siblings in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, FitzGerald Building, Room 234, Toronto, M5S 3E2 Ontario, Canada.
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28
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Singh U, Bernstein JA, Haar L, Luther K, Jones WK. Azelastine desensitization of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1: a potential mechanism explaining its therapeutic effect in nonallergic rhinitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2015; 28:215-24. [PMID: 24980233 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2014.28.4059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Capsaicin, a prototypic transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) agonist, has been shown to be more clinically effective in the treatment of nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) compared with other rhinitis subtypes. Azelastine has also been found to be clinically effective in the treatment of NAR but its mechanism(s) of action is still poorly elucidated. This study was designed to determine, using in vitro cell lines, whether topical therapies including azelastine have activity on TRPV1 ion channels similar to capsaicin. METHODS The effects of capsaicin (1 μM), azelastine (30 μM), bepotastine (10 μM), olopatadine (10 μM), and fluticasone (200 μM) on TRPV1 channels using mice neuronal cells (Cath.a), as surrogates for submucosal sensory neurons, and human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) were determined and compared. For azelastine, bepotastine, and capsaicin, which elicited an agonist effect on TRPV1, live cell [Ca(2+)] signaling in Cath.a cells and hNECs expressing TRPV1 were performed in the absence and presence of capsazepine at 10 μM (a TRPV1 antagonist) or using wild-type mouse embryonic fibroblasts (wtMEFs) that express TRPV1 ion channels and TRPV1 homozygous null mutant (TRPV1-/-) knockout MEF cells as controls to establish TRPV1 channel selectivity. As azelastine has previously been found clinically effective in NAR, additional experiments were performed to determine its ability to desensitize TRPV1 ion channels and its effect on regulating intracellular calcium homeostasis. RESULTS Cath.a cells treated with azelastine, bepotastine, or capsaicin showed a significant increase in TRPV1-dependant (Ca(2+)) specific cytosolic fluorescence. Continuous treatment with azelastine or capsaicin resulted in desensitization of TRPV1 channels. In hNECs, azelastine stimulation resulted in Ca(2+) shifts from the cytosol to mitochondria and overexpression of hematopoietic cell-specific Lyn substrate 1-associated protein X1, which may thus be effective in cytosolic Ca(2+) homeostasis. CONCLUSION Azelastine, similar to capsaicin, exhibits direct activity on TRPV1 ion channels that may represent a novel mechanistic pathway explaining its clinical efficacy in NAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Singh
- Division of Allergy Section, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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29
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Reinach PS, Chen W, Mergler S. Polymodal roles of transient receptor potential channels in the control of ocular function. EYE AND VISION 2015; 2:5. [PMID: 26605361 PMCID: PMC4655450 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-015-0016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of intracellular Ca2+ levels at orders of magnitude below those in the extracellular environment is a requisite for preserving cell viability. Membrane channels contribute to such control through modulating their time-dependent opening and closing behaviour. Such regulation requires Ca2+ to serve as a second messenger mediating receptor control of numerous life-sustaining responses. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels signal transduce a wide variety of different sensory stimuli to induce responses modulating cellular function. These channels are non-selective cation channels with variable Ca2+ selectivity having extensive sequence homology. They constitute a superfamily made up of 28 different members that are subdivided into 7 different subfamilies based on differences in sequence homology. Some of these TRP channel isotypes are expressed in the eye and localized to both neuronal and non-neuronal cell membranes. Their activation generates intracellular Ca2+ transients and other downstream-linked signalling events that affect numerous responses required for visual function. As there is an association between changes in functional TRP expression in various ocular diseases, there are efforts underway to determine if these channels can be used as drug targets to reverse declines in ocular function. We review here our current knowledge about the expression, function and regulation of TRPs in different eye tissues in health and disease. Furthermore, some of the remaining hurdles are described to developing safe and efficacious TRP channel modulators for use in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Reinach
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027 P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027 P.R. China
| | - Stefan Mergler
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
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30
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Khajavi N, Reinach PS, Slavi N, Skrzypski M, Lucius A, Strauß O, Köhrle J, Mergler S. Thyronamine induces TRPM8 channel activation in human conjunctival epithelial cells. Cell Signal 2014; 27:315-25. [PMID: 25460045 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
3-Iodothyronamine (T1AM), an endogenous thyroid hormone (TH) metabolite, induces numerous responses including a spontaneously reversible body temperature decline. As such an effect is associated in the eye with increases in basal tear flow and thermosensitive transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) channel activation, we determined in human conjunctival epithelial cells (IOBA-NHC) if T1AM also acts as a cooling agent to directly affect TRPM8 activation at a constant temperature. RT-PCR and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) along with immunocytochemistry probed for TRPM8 gene and protein expression whereas functional activity was evaluated by comparing the effects of T1AM with those of TRPM8 mediators on intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i) and whole-cell currents. TRPM8 gene and protein expression was evident and icilin (20μM), a TRPM8 agonist, increased Ca(2+) influx as well as whole-cell currents whereas BCTC (10μM), a TRPM8 antagonist, suppressed these effects. Similarly, either temperature lowering below 23°C or T1AM (1μM) induced Ca(2+) transients that were blocked by this antagonist. TRPM8 activation by both 1µM T1AM and 20μM icilin prevented capsaicin (CAP) (20μM) from inducing increases in Ca(2+) influx through TRP vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) activation, whereas BCTC did not block this response. CAP (20μM) induced a 2.5-fold increase in IL-6 release whereas during exposure to 20μM capsazepine this rise was completely blocked. Similarly, T1AM (1μM) prevented this response. Taken together, T1AM like icilin is a cooling agent since they both directly elicit TRPM8 activation at a constant temperature. Moreover, there is an inverse association between changes in TRPM8 and TRPV1 activity since these cooling agents blocked both CAP-induced TRPV1 activation and downstream rises in IL-6 release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushafarin Khajavi
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter S Reinach
- Biological Sciences, SUNY College of Optometry, New York, NY 10036, USA; School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, PR China
| | - Nefeli Slavi
- Biological Sciences, SUNY College of Optometry, New York, NY 10036, USA
| | - Marek Skrzypski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Alexander Lucius
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Strauß
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Mergler
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
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31
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Mergler S, Valtink M, Takayoshi S, Okada Y, Miyajima M, Saika S, Reinach PS. Temperature-sensitive transient receptor potential channels in corneal tissue layers and cells. Ophthalmic Res 2014; 52:151-9. [PMID: 25301091 DOI: 10.1159/000365334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We here provide a brief summary of the characteristics of transient receptor potential channels (TRPs) identified in corneal tissue layers and cells. In general, TRPs are nonselective cation channels which are Ca(2+) permeable. Most TRPs serve as thermosensitive molecular sensors (thermo-TRPs). Based on their functional importance, the possibilities are described for drug-targeting TRP activity in a clinical setting. TRPs are expressed in various tissues of the eye including both human corneal epithelial and endothelial layers as well as stromal fibroblasts and stromal nerve fibers. TRP vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) heat receptor, also known as capsaicin receptor, along with TRP melastatin type 8 (TRPM8) cold receptor, which is also known as menthol receptor, are prototypes of the thermo-TRP family. The TRPV1 functional channel is the most investigated TRP channel in these tissues, owing to its contribution to maintaining tissue homeostasis as well as eliciting wound healing responses to injury. Other thermo-TRP family members identified in these tissues are TRPV2, 3 and 4. Finally, there is the TRP ankyrin type 1 (TRPA1) cold receptor. All of these thermo-TRPs can be activated within specific temperature ranges and transduce such inputs into chemical and electrical signals. Although several recent studies have begun to unravel complex roles for thermo-TRPs such as TRPV1 in corneal layers and resident cells, additional studies are needed to further elucidate their roles in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mergler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Arranz-Valsero I, Soriano-Romaní L, García-Posadas L, López-García A, Diebold Y. IL-6 as a corneal wound healing mediator in an in vitro scratch assay. Exp Eye Res 2014; 125:183-92. [PMID: 24971496 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Corneal healing process under inflammatory conditions is not fully understood. We aimed at determining the effect of an inflammatory (presence of IL-6) or anti-inflammatory (presence of IL-10) environment and a mixture of both in the expression of IL-6 signaling pathway mediators, and on corneal wound healing in an in vitro scratch assay. For that purpose, human corneal epithelial cells were cultured until confluence. The effect of IL-6 (10 ng/ml), IL-10 (20 ng/ml) or IL-6 + IL-10 exposure on the expression of IL-6R, gp130, and STAT3 was determined by Western blotting and quantitative PCR, at different time points. The monolayer was mechanically wounded using a sterile 10 μl pipette tip. Wound healing rate in the presence or absence of these cytokines was measured immediately after cytokine exposure and after 4, 8, and 24 h. The effect of mitomycin C on wound healing rate, in control and IL-6-stimulated cells, was also evaluated. Detection of proliferative cells was performed with an EdU imaging kit. For the visualization of migrating cells, cold methanol-fixed cells were incubated with an α-actinin antibody. For the statistical analysis a two-factor design of experiment method was applied. Levene test was used to contrast equality of variances. If variances were equal, ANOVA was performed to test the equality of means. If variances were not equal, a Mood's median test was performed. We observed that IL-6 and IL-10 stimulation, and their combination, increased gp130 production at different time points. STAT3 production was increased in IL-6-stimulated cells, at 72 h. An increase in pSTAT3 production was found in IL-6- and IL-10-stimulated cells, that was sustained in time in IL-6 + IL-10 co-stimulated cultures. Scraped areas had an initial width of 570.57 ± 75.82 μm. In IL-6-exposed cells wound healing closure was faster than in control cells or IL-10-exposed cells. After 8 h, wound width in IL-10-exposed cells, was also significantly smaller than that of control cells. Cells exposed to IL-6 + IL-10 had the slowest wound healing rate, similar to control cells. Wounds were closed after 24 h regardless the experimental condition. Mitomycin C exposure increased the wound closure rate in every experimental condition. No significant differences in the percentage of proliferative cells at the edge of the scratch and in distant areas of the monolayer were found. At the edge of the scratch, some actin filaments of non-proliferative cells were directed through the cell-free area, independently of the stimulating condition. In conclusion, the presence of IL-10 and, most importantly, of IL-6, increased the wound healing rate in an in vitro corneal wound healing model. The combination of both cytokines did not have a synergistic action in wound healing. In our model, wound closure was the result of the combination of cell proliferation and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Arranz-Valsero
- Ocular Surface Group-IOBA, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Laura Soriano-Romaní
- Ocular Surface Group-IOBA, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Laura García-Posadas
- Ocular Surface Group-IOBA, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Antonio López-García
- Ocular Surface Group-IOBA, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Yolanda Diebold
- Ocular Surface Group-IOBA, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain.
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33
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Yang Y, Wang Z, Yang H, Wang L, Gillespie SR, Wolosin JM, Bernstein AM, Reinach PS. TRPV1 potentiates TGFβ-induction of corneal myofibroblast development through an oxidative stress-mediated p38-SMAD2 signaling loop. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77300. [PMID: 24098582 PMCID: PMC3788725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Injuring mouse corneas with alkali causes myofibroblast expression leading to tissue opacification. However, in transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 channel (TRPV1-/-) knockout mice healing results in transparency restoration. Since TGFβ is the primary inducer of the myofibroblast phenotype, we examined the mechanism by which TRPV1 affects TGFβ-induced myofibroblast development. Experiments were performed in pig corneas and human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs). Immunohistochemical staining of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) stress fibers was used to visualize myofibroblasts. Protein and phosphoprotein were determined by Western blotting. siRNA transfection silenced TRPV1 gene expression. Flow cytometry with a reactive oxygen species (ROS) reporting dye analyzed intracellular ROS. [Ca2+]I was measured by loading HCF with fura2. In organ cultured corneas, the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine drastically reduced by 75% wound-induced myofibroblast development. In HCF cell culture, TGF-β1 elicited rapid increases in Ca2+ influx, phosphorylation of SMAD2 and MAPKs (ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and p38), ROS generation and, after 72 hrs myofibroblast development. SMAD2 and p38 activation continued for more than 16 h, whereas p-ERK1/2 and p-JNK1/2 waned within 90 min. The long-lived SMAD2 activation was dependent on activated p38 and vice versa, and it was essential to generate a > 13-fold increase in α-SMA protein and a fully developed myofibroblast phenotype. These later changes were markedly reduced by inhibition of TRPV1 or reduction of the ROS generation rate. Taken together our results indicate that in corneal derived fibroblasts, TGFβ- induced myofibroblast development is highly dependent on a positive feedback loop where p-SMAD2-induced ROS activates TRPV1, TRPV1 causes activation of p38, the latter in turn further enhances the activation of SMAD2 to establish a recurrent loop that greatly extends the residency of the activated state of SMAD2 that drives myofibroblast development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanquan Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, State College of Optometry, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, State College of Optometry, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lingyan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephanie R. Gillespie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - J. Mario Wolosin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Audrey M. Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PSR); (AMB)
| | - Peter S. Reinach
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, State College of Optometry, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PSR); (AMB)
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34
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Mergler S, Derckx R, Reinach PS, Garreis F, Böhm A, Schmelzer L, Skosyrski S, Ramesh N, Abdelmessih S, Polat OK, Khajavi N, Riechardt AI. Calcium regulation by temperature-sensitive transient receptor potential channels in human uveal melanoma cells. Cell Signal 2013; 26:56-69. [PMID: 24084605 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is both the most common and fatal intraocular cancer among adults worldwide. As with all types of neoplasia, changes in Ca(2+) channel regulation can contribute to the onset and progression of this pathological condition. Transient receptor potential channels (TRPs) and cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) are two different types of Ca(2+) permeation pathways that can be dysregulated during neoplasia. We determined in malignant human UM and healthy uvea and four different UM cell lines whether there is gene and functional expression of TRP subtypes and CB1 since they could serve as drug targets to either prevent or inhibit initiation and progression of UM. RT-PCR, Ca(2+) transients, immunohistochemistry and planar patch-clamp analysis probed for their gene expression and functional activity, respectively. In UM cells, TRPV1 and TRPM8 gene expression was identified. Capsaicin (CAP), menthol or icilin induced Ca(2+) transients as well as changes in ion current behavior characteristic of TRPV1 and TRPM8 expression. Such effects were blocked with either La(3+), capsazepine (CPZ) or BCTC. TRPA1 and CB1 are highly expressed in human uvea, but TRPA1 is not expressed in all UM cell lines. In UM cells, the CB1 agonist, WIN 55,212-2, induced Ca(2+) transients, which were suppressed by La(3+) and CPZ whereas CAP-induced Ca(2+) transients could also be suppressed by CB1 activation. Identification of functional TRPV1, TRPM8, TRPA1 and CB1 expression in these tissues may provide novel drug targets for treatment of this aggressive neoplastic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mergler
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Clinic, Department of Ophthalmology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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