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Yu X, Yuan J, Chen ZJ, Li K, Yao Y, Xing S, Xue Z, Zhang Y, Peng H, An G, Yu X, Qu J, Su J. Whole-Exome Sequencing Among School-Aged Children With High Myopia. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2345821. [PMID: 38039006 PMCID: PMC10692858 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.45821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance High myopia (HM) is one of the leading causes of visual impairment worldwide. Genetic factors are known to play an important role in the development of HM. Objective To identify risk variants in a large HM cohort and to examine the implications of genetic testing of schoolchildren with HM. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study retrospectively reviewed whole-exome sequencing (WES) results in 6215 schoolchildren with HM who underwent genetic testing between September 2019 and July 2020 in Wenzhou City, China. HM is defined as a spherical equivalent refraction (SER) of -6.00 diopters (D) or less. The study setting was a genetic testing laboratory and a multicenter school census. Data were analyzed from July 2021 to June 2022. Main Outcomes and Measures The frequency and distribution of positive germline variants, the percentage of individuals with HM in both eyes, and subsequent variant yield for common high myopia (CHM; -8.00 D ≤ SER ≤ -6.00 D), ultra myopia (UM; -10.00 D ≤ SER < -8.00 D), and extreme myopia (EM; SER < -10.00 D). Results Of the 6215 schoolchildren with HM, 3278 (52.74%) were male. Their mean (SD) age was 14.87 (2.02) years, including 355 students in primary school, 1970 in junior high school, and 3890 in senior high school. The mean (SD) SER was -7.51 (-1.36) D for the right eye and -7.46 (-1.34) D for the left eye. Among schoolchildren with HM, genetic testing yielded 271 potential pathogenic variants in 75 HM candidate genes in 964 diagnoses (15.52%). A total of 36 known variants were found in 490 HM participants (7.88%) and 235 protein-truncating variants (PTVs) in 506 participants (8.14%). Involved variant yield was significantly positively associated with SER (Cochran-Armitage test for trend Z = 2.5492; P = .01), which ranged from 7.66% in the CHM group, 8.70% in the UM group, to 11.90% in the EM group. We also found that primary school students with EM had the highest variant yield of PTVs (8 of 35 students [22.86%]), which was 1.77 and 4.78 times that of the UM and CHM, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study of WES for HM, several potential pathogenic variants were identified in a substantial number of schoolchildren with HM. The high variation frequency in younger students with EM can provide clues for genetic screening and clinical examinations of HM to promote long-term follow-up assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Yu
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhen Ji Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kai Li
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yinghao Yao
- Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shilai Xing
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Institute of PSI Genomics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhengbo Xue
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hui Peng
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Gang An
- Institute of PSI Genomics, Wenzhou, China
| | | | - Jia Qu
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianzhong Su
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
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Ku H, Chen JJY, Hu M, Tien PT, Lin HJ, Xu G, Wan L, Gan D. Myopia Development in Tree Shrew Is Associated with Chronic Inflammatory Reactions. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:4303-4313. [PMID: 36135208 PMCID: PMC9498061 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44090296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate whether chronic retinal inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of form-deprivation myopia (FDM) using tree shrews as an animal model. Twenty-one tree shrews were randomly divided into 7-day/14-day FDM (FDM7/FDM14) groups and their corresponding 7-day/14-day control groups. Refraction and axial length were measured. To determine the effects of form deprivation on inflammation, we used real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry to assess the expression levels of several proinflammatory cytokines. At day 0, the eyes in the FDM and control groups were hyperopic. However, after 7 and 14 days of form deprivation, the refractive error of the eyes in the FDM7 and FDM14 groups shifted from +6.6 ± 0.3 diopters (D) to +4.0 ± 0.5 D and from +6.4 ± 0.3 D to +5.0 ± 0.3 D, respectively. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and nuclear factor κB were increased in the FDM eyes, compared with those in the control eyes. The increase in matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression was greater in the FDM eyes than in the contralateral and control eyes, whereas collagen type I expression was downregulated. In conclusion, chronic inflammation may play a crucial pathogenic role in form-deprivation myopia in tree shrews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiangyu Ku
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | | | - Min Hu
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Peng-Tai Tien
- Eye Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Lin
- Eye Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
| | - Gezhi Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai 200031, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lei Wan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (D.G.)
| | - Dekang Gan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (D.G.)
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3
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Elnahry AG, Khafagy MM, Esmat SM, Mortada HA. Prevalence and Associations of Posterior Segment Manifestations in a Cohort of Egyptian Patients with Pathological Myopia. Curr Eye Res 2019; 44:955-962. [PMID: 30964360 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1606252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To determine the prevalence of posterior segment manifestations among consecutive patients with pathological myopia attending our University Hospital general ophthalmology clinic and their association with age, refractive error, axial length and each other. Methods: Patients diagnosed with pathological myopia underwent full ophthalmological examination, optical coherence tomography, fluorescein angiography, and ocular ultrasonography. Manifestations detected were recorded for each eye and their prevalence and association with age, refractive error, axial length and each other was determined. Results: A total of 127 eyes of 77 patients with pathological myopia were examined. The most prevalent manifestation was peripheral retinal lesions, found in 63.8% of examined eyes, followed by tigroid fundus, found in 59.1%. Peripheral lesions were significantly associated with more myopia (P = .02) and longer axial length (P = .046). The commonest peripheral lesion was white without pressure, found in 37.8% of eyes. Lattice degeneration was found in 11.8% and snail track degeneration in 4.7% and was not associated with degree of myopia or axial length. Diffuse chorioretinal atrophy was present in 40.9% of eyes, while patchy atrophy was present in 18.9%. Macular holes were present in 4.7% of eyes and were significantly associated with foveoschisis (P = .035) and retinal detachment (P = .003), while foveoschisis was present in 5.5% and was significantly associated with older age (P = .012), longer axial length (P = .010) and patchy chorioretinal atrophy (P = .024). Retinal detachment was found in 6.3% of eyes and retinal breaks in 4.7%. Posterior staphyloma was detected in 33.1% and lacquer cracks and choroidal neovascular membranes in 6.3% of eyes. Conclusions: The prevalence of pathological myopia manifestations may differ between different populations. This may be due to the multiple genetic and environmental factors involved which may result in a variable natural history of the condition among different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman G Elnahry
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Khafagy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Soheir M Esmat
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Hassan A Mortada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
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Tedja MS, Haarman AEG, Meester-Smoor MA, Kaprio J, Mackey DA, Guggenheim JA, Hammond CJ, Verhoeven VJM, Klaver CCW. IMI - Myopia Genetics Report. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:M89-M105. [PMID: 30817828 PMCID: PMC6892384 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The knowledge on the genetic background of refractive error and myopia has expanded dramatically in the past few years. This white paper aims to provide a concise summary of current genetic findings and defines the direction where development is needed. We performed an extensive literature search and conducted informal discussions with key stakeholders. Specific topics reviewed included common refractive error, any and high myopia, and myopia related to syndromes. To date, almost 200 genetic loci have been identified for refractive error and myopia, and risk variants mostly carry low risk but are highly prevalent in the general population. Several genes for secondary syndromic myopia overlap with those for common myopia. Polygenic risk scores show overrepresentation of high myopia in the higher deciles of risk. Annotated genes have a wide variety of functions, and all retinal layers appear to be sites of expression. The current genetic findings offer a world of new molecules involved in myopiagenesis. As the missing heritability is still large, further genetic advances are needed. This Committee recommends expanding large-scale, in-depth genetic studies using complementary big data analytics, consideration of gene-environment effects by thorough measurement of environmental exposures, and focus on subgroups with extreme phenotypes and high familial occurrence. Functional characterization of associated variants is simultaneously needed to bridge the knowledge gap between sequence variance and consequence for eye growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milly S. Tedja
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annechien E. G. Haarman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Magda A. Meester-Smoor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David A. Mackey
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Menzies Institute of Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jeremy A. Guggenheim
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Virginie J. M. Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - for the CREAM Consortium
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Menzies Institute of Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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5
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Troilo D, Smith EL, Nickla DL, Ashby R, Tkatchenko AV, Ostrin LA, Gawne TJ, Pardue MT, Summers JA, Kee CS, Schroedl F, Wahl S, Jones L. IMI - Report on Experimental Models of Emmetropization and Myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:M31-M88. [PMID: 30817827 PMCID: PMC6738517 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of many studies in a variety of species have significantly advanced our understanding of the role of visual experience and the mechanisms of postnatal eye growth, and the development of myopia. This paper surveys and reviews the major contributions that experimental studies using animal models have made to our thinking about emmetropization and development of myopia. These studies established important concepts informing our knowledge of the visual regulation of eye growth and refractive development and have transformed treatment strategies for myopia. Several major findings have come from studies of experimental animal models. These include the eye's ability to detect the sign of retinal defocus and undergo compensatory growth, the local retinal control of eye growth, regulatory changes in choroidal thickness, and the identification of components in the biochemistry of eye growth leading to the characterization of signal cascades regulating eye growth and refractive state. Several of these findings provided the proofs of concepts that form the scientific basis of new and effective clinical treatments for controlling myopia progression in humans. Experimental animal models continue to provide new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of eye growth control, including the identification of potential new targets for drug development and future treatments needed to stem the increasing prevalence of myopia and the vision-threatening conditions associated with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Troilo
- SUNY College of Optometry, State University of New York, New York, New York, United States
| | - Earl L. Smith
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Debora L. Nickla
- Biomedical Sciences and Disease, New England College of Optometry, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Regan Ashby
- Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Andrei V. Tkatchenko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Lisa A. Ostrin
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Timothy J. Gawne
- School of Optometry, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Machelle T. Pardue
- Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States31
| | - Jody A. Summers
- College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Chea-su Kee
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Falk Schroedl
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Zeiss Vision Science Laboratory, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Lyndon Jones
- CORE, School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Szczerkowska KI, Petrezselyova S, Lindovsky J, Palkova M, Dvorak J, Makovicky P, Fang M, Jiang C, Chen L, Shi M, Liu X, Zhang J, Kubik-Zahorodna A, Schuster B, Beck IM, Novosadova V, Prochazka J, Sedlacek R. Myopia disease mouse models: a missense point mutation (S673G) and a protein-truncating mutation of the Zfp644 mimic human disease phenotype. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:21. [PMID: 30834109 PMCID: PMC6385473 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-019-0280-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc finger 644 (Zfp644 in mouse, ZNF644 in human) gene is a transcription factor whose mutation S672G is considered a potential genetic factor of inherited high myopia. ZNF644 interacts with G9a/GLP complex, which functions as a H3K9 methyltransferase to silence transcription. In this study, we generated mouse models to unravel the mechanisms leading to symptoms associated with high myopia. Employing TALEN technology, two mice mutants were generated, either with the disease-carrying mutation (Zfp644S673G) or with a truncated form of Zfp644 (Zfp644Δ8). Eye morphology and visual functions were analysed in both mutants, revealing a significant difference in a vitreous chamber depth and lens diameter, however the physiological function of retina was preserved as found under the high-myopia conditions. Our findings prove that ZNF644/Zfp644 is involved in the development of high-myopia, indicating that mutations such as, Zfp644S673G and Zfp644Δ8 are causative for changes connected with the disease. The developed models represent a valuable tool to investigate the molecular basis of myopia pathogenesis and its potential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna I Szczerkowska
- 1Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics CAS, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Silvia Petrezselyova
- 1Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics CAS, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50 Prague, Czech Republic.,2Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Lindovsky
- 2Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Palkova
- 2Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Dvorak
- 1Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics CAS, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Makovicky
- 2Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mingyan Fang
- 3Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,4BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China.,5China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120 China
| | - Chongyi Jiang
- 4BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China.,5China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120 China
| | - Lingyan Chen
- 4BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China.,5China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120 China
| | - Mingming Shi
- 4BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China.,5China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120 China
| | - Xiao Liu
- 4BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China.,5China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120 China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- 4BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China.,5China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120 China
| | | | - Bjoern Schuster
- 2Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Inken M Beck
- 2Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics CAS, Prague, Czech Republic.,6Animal Research Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Vendula Novosadova
- 2Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Prochazka
- 1Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics CAS, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50 Prague, Czech Republic.,2Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- 1Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics CAS, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50 Prague, Czech Republic.,2Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
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7
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Prevalence and risk factors of refractive errors among preparatory school students in Beni-Suef, Egypt. J Public Health (Oxf) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-018-0930-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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8
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Molecular genetic aspects of complicated myopia pathogenesis. OPHTHALMOLOGY JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.17816/ov11348-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Complicated myopia (CM) is not only a refractive error but a complex, multifactorial disorder characterized by a mismatch between the optical power of the eye and the axial length that causes the image to be focused off the retina. Genetic factors in progressive myopia play a key role in determining the impact of ecologic factors on refraction development. The majority of genetic variants underlying CM are characterized by modest effect and/or low frequency, which makes them difficult to identify using classic genetic approaches. The genes identified to date account for less than 10% of all myopia cases, suggesting the existence of a large number of yet unidentified low-frequency and/or small-effect variants, which underlie the majority of myopia cases. Genome analysis revealed dozens of loci associated with non-syndromic myopia, and showed that refractive errors are associated with mutations in genes that are involved in the growth and development of the eye by regulating ion transport, neurotransmission, remodeling of extracellular matrix of the retina and other ocular structures. Genetic study of refractive error provides a unique opportunity to detect key molecules that may play important roles in the development of refractive error. Identifying the molecular basis of refractive error helps to understand mechanisms, and subsequently to design rational therapeutic intervention for this condition.
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Flitcroft DI, Loughman J, Wildsoet CF, Williams C, Guggenheim JA. Novel Myopia Genes and Pathways Identified From Syndromic Forms of Myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:338-348. [PMID: 29346494 PMCID: PMC5773233 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To test the hypothesis that genes known to cause clinical syndromes featuring myopia also harbor polymorphisms contributing to nonsyndromic refractive errors. Methods Clinical phenotypes and syndromes that have refractive errors as a recognized feature were identified using the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database. One hundred fifty-four unique causative genes were identified, of which 119 were specifically linked with myopia and 114 represented syndromic myopia (i.e., myopia and at least one other clinical feature). Myopia was the only refractive error listed for 98 genes and hyperopia and the only refractive error noted for 28 genes, with the remaining 28 genes linked to phenotypes with multiple forms of refractive error. Pathway analysis was carried out to find biological processes overrepresented within these sets of genes. Genetic variants located within 50 kb of the 119 myopia-related genes were evaluated for involvement in refractive error by analysis of summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) conducted by the CREAM Consortium and 23andMe, using both single-marker and gene-based tests. Results Pathway analysis identified several biological processes already implicated in refractive error development through prior GWAS analyses and animal studies, including extracellular matrix remodeling, focal adhesion, and axon guidance, supporting the research hypothesis. Novel pathways also implicated in myopia development included mannosylation, glycosylation, lens development, gliogenesis, and Schwann cell differentiation. Hyperopia was found to be linked to a different pattern of biological processes, mostly related to organogenesis. Comparison with GWAS findings further confirmed that syndromic myopia genes were enriched for genetic variants that influence refractive errors in the general population. Gene-based analyses implicated 21 novel candidate myopia genes (ADAMTS18, ADAMTS2, ADAMTSL4, AGK, ALDH18A1, ASXL1, COL4A1, COL9A2, ERBB3, FBN1, GJA1, GNPTG, IFIH1, KIF11, LTBP2, OCA2, POLR3B, POMT1, PTPN11, TFAP2A, ZNF469). Conclusions Common genetic variants within or nearby genes that cause syndromic myopia are enriched for variants that cause nonsyndromic, common myopia. Analysis of syndromic forms of refractive errors can provide new insights into the etiology of myopia and additional potential targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ian Flitcroft
- Children's University Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,College of Sciences and Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James Loughman
- College of Sciences and Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christine F Wildsoet
- Center for Eye Disease and Development, School of Optometry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Cathy Williams
- Bristol Eye Hospital and Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy A Guggenheim
- School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Axial Elongation in Myopic Children and its Association With Myopia Progression in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial. Eye Contact Lens 2018; 44:248-259. [PMID: 29923883 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Describe axial elongation using 14-year longitudinal data in a large, ethnically diverse group of myopic children, estimate age and axial length (AL) at stabilization, and evaluate associations between the progression and stabilization of AL and myopia. METHODS Axial length was measured by A-scan ultrasonography annually. Axial length data were fit with individual polynomial functions and curve-based parameters (AL at stabilization and age at stabilization when annual rate of axial elongation ≤0.06 mm) were estimated. For myopia progression, noncycloplegic spherical equivalent refractions were fit with Gompertz functions. RESULTS Four hundred thirty-one participants, with AL and myopia data fit successfully, were classified into four cohorts: Younger (n=30); Older (n=334); AL Stabilized at Baseline (n=19); and AL Not Stabilized (n=48). At AL stabilization, for participants in the Younger and Older Cohorts, mean (SD) age and AL were 16.3 (2.4) years and 25.2 (0.9) mm, respectively. No associations were found between age at AL stabilization and ethnicity, sex, or number of myopic parents. At stabilization, sex and number of myopic parents (both P<0.003), but not ethnicity, were significantly associated with AL. Axial length and myopia progression curves were highly correlated overall (all r>0.77, P<0.0001). However, unlike AL, the amount of myopia did not differ significantly between males and females. CONCLUSIONS In most of the participants, AL increased rapidly at younger ages and then slowed and stabilized. The close association between growth and stabilization of AL and myopia is consistent with the suggestion that axial elongation is the primary ocular component in myopia progression and stabilization.
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE To systematically review epidemiologic and laboratory studies on the etiology of high myopia and its links to pathologic myopia. METHODS Regular Medline searches have been performed for the past 20 years, using "myopia" as the basic search term. The abstracts of all articles have been scrutinized for relevance, and where necessary, translations of articles in languages other than English were obtained. RESULTS Systematic review shows that there is an epidemic of myopia and high myopia in young adults in East and Southeast Asia, with similar but smaller trends in other parts of the world. This suggests an impending epidemic of pathologic myopia. High myopia in young adults in East and Southeast Asia is now predominantly associated with environmental factors, rather than genetic background. Recent clinical trials show that the onset of myopia can be reduced by increasing the time children spend outdoors, and methods to slow the progression of myopia are now available. CONCLUSION High myopia is now largely associated with environmental factors that have caused the epidemic of myopia in East and Southeast Asia. An important clinical question is whether the pathologic consequences of acquired high myopia are similar to those associated with classic genetic high myopia. Increased time outdoors can be used to slow the onset of myopia, whereas methods for slowing progression are now available clinically. These approaches should enable the current epidemics of myopia and high myopia to be turned around, preventing an explosion of pathologic myopia.
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12
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Riddell N, Crewther SG. Novel evidence for complement system activation in chick myopia and hyperopia models: a meta-analysis of transcriptome datasets. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9719. [PMID: 28852117 PMCID: PMC5574905 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia (short-sightedness) and hyperopia (long-sightedness) occur when the eye grows too long or short, respectively, for its refractive power. There are currently approximately 1.45 billion myopes worldwide and prevalence is rising dramatically. Although high myopia significantly increases the risk of developing a range of sight-threatening disorders, the molecular mechanisms underlying ocular growth regulation and its relationship to these secondary complications remain poorly understood. Thus, this study meta-analyzed transcriptome datasets collected in the commonly used chick model of optically-induced refractive error. Fifteen datasets (collected across five previous studies) were obtained from GEO, preprocessed in Bioconductor, and divided into 4 conditions representing early (≤1 day) and late (>1 day) myopia and hyperopia induction. Differentially expressed genes in each condition were then identified using Rank Product meta-analysis. The results provide novel evidence for transcriptional activation of the complement system during both myopia and hyperopia induction, and confirm existing literature implicating cell signaling, mitochondrial, and structural processes in refractive error. Further comparisons demonstrated that the meta-analysis results also significantly improve concordance with broader omics data types (i.e., human genetic association and animal proteomics studies) relative to previous transcriptome studies, and show extensive similarities with the genes linked to age-related macular degeneration, choroidal neovascularization, and cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Riddell
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Sheila G Crewther
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia.
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13
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Kloss BA, Tompson SW, Whisenhunt KN, Quow KL, Huang SJ, Pavelec DM, Rosenberg T, Young TL. Exome Sequence Analysis of 14 Families With High Myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:1982-1990. [PMID: 28384719 PMCID: PMC5382835 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To identify causal gene mutations in 14 families with autosomal dominant (AD) high myopia using exome sequencing. Methods Select individuals from 14 large Caucasian families with high myopia were exome sequenced. Gene variants were filtered to identify potential pathogenic changes. Sanger sequencing was used to confirm variants in original DNA, and to test for disease cosegregation in additional family members. Candidate genes and chromosomal loci previously associated with myopic refractive error and its endophenotypes were comprehensively screened. Results In 14 high myopia families, we identified 73 rare and 31 novel gene variants as candidates for pathogenicity. In seven of these families, two of the novel and eight of the rare variants were within known myopia loci. A total of 104 heterozygous nonsynonymous rare variants in 104 genes were identified in 10 out of 14 probands. Each variant cosegregated with affection status. No rare variants were identified in genes known to cause myopia or in genes closest to published genome-wide association study association signals for refractive error or its endophenotypes. Conclusions Whole exome sequencing was performed to determine gene variants implicated in the pathogenesis of AD high myopia. This study provides new genes for consideration in the pathogenesis of high myopia, and may aid in the development of genetic profiling of those at greatest risk for attendant ocular morbidities of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A Kloss
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Stuart W Tompson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Kristina N Whisenhunt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Krystina L Quow
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Samuel J Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Derek M Pavelec
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Thomas Rosenberg
- The National Eye Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Kennedy Center, Glostrup, Denmark 5Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Terri L Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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14
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Bio-environmental factors associated with myopia: An updated review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 92:307-325. [PMID: 28162831 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies in animals, as well as observational and intervention studies in humans, seem to support the premise that the development of juvenile myopia is promoted by a combination of the effect of genetic and environmental factors, with a complex interaction between them. The very rapid increase in myopia rates in some parts of the world, such as Southeast Asia, supports a significant environmental effect. Several lines of evidence suggest that humans might respond to various external factors, such as increased activity in near vision, increased educational pressure, decreased exposure to sunlight outdoors, dietary changes (including increased intake of carbohydrates), as well as low light levels indoors. All these factors could be associated with a higher prevalence of myopia.
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15
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Violet Light Exposure Can Be a Preventive Strategy Against Myopia Progression. EBioMedicine 2016; 15:210-219. [PMID: 28063778 PMCID: PMC5233810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevalence of myopia is increasing worldwide. Outdoor activity is one of the most important environmental factors for myopia control. Here we show that violet light (VL, 360–400 nm wavelength) suppresses myopia progression. First, we confirmed that VL suppressed the axial length (AL) elongation in the chick myopia model. Expression microarray analyses revealed that myopia suppressive gene EGR1 was upregulated by VL exposure. VL exposure induced significantly higher upregulation of EGR1 in chick chorioretinal tissues than blue light under the same conditions. Next, we conducted clinical research retrospectively to compare the AL elongation among myopic children who wore eyeglasses (VL blocked) and two types of contact lenses (partially VL blocked and VL transmitting). The data showed the VL transmitting contact lenses suppressed myopia progression most. These results suggest that VL is one of the important outdoor environmental factors for myopia control. Since VL is apt to be excluded from our modern society due to the excessive UV protection, VL exposure can be a preventive strategy against myopia progression. Violet light (360–400 nm wavelengths) suppressed the axial length elongation both in a chick myopia model and in human. The myopia suppressive gene EGR1 was upregulated by the violet light exposure. Violet light, one of the myopia suppressive factors in the outdoor environment, is deficient from our modern society.
Short-sightedness (myopia) has been increasing worldwide especially over the past 50 years. Our studies on chicks and humans revealed that violet light (360–400 nm wavelength) suppressed myopia progression. At a molecular level we found that violet light increased the expression of the gene EGR1 known to prevent myopia. Interestingly, violet light is deficient in our modern society because various ultraviolet-protected products are not transmitting violet light, and light sources such as LED irradiate no violet light. Ultraviolet protection is important for ocular health, but excessive ultraviolet protection, including violet light, should be reconsidered from the aspect of myopia control.
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Jiang B, Huo Y, Gu Y, Wang J. The role of microRNAs in myopia. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016; 255:7-13. [PMID: 27837278 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-016-3532-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In recent years, research on microRNAs (miRNAs) has become popular because of the critical role these macromolecules play in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Recent efforts have been made to identify miRNAs and their possible roles in myopia. The aim of this review was to summarize the expression and function of miRNAs during the development of myopia. METHODS In this article, we reviewed the current research on the mechanisms that regulate miRNA expression, the potential for miRNAs as a diagnostic biomarker for myopia, and the mechanisms by which miRNAs promote the development of myopia. We also discussed the miRNA expression profiles in human fetal sclera. RESULTS We summarized the miRNA expression profiles in myopia, including miR-328, miR-184, miR-29a, and miR-let-7i, and also the miRNA expression profiles in fetal sclera, including miR-214, miR-let-7, miR-103, miR-107, miR-29b, miR-328, and miR-98. CONCLUSIONS Such knowledge could lead to more precise diagnosis, prognosis, and response predictions for future treatments for myopia, and the pace of discovery is expected to accelerate dramatically in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qinchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Yanan Huo
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yangshun Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qinchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Jianyong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qinchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China.
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17
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Olsen JB, Wong L, Deimling S, Miles A, Guo H, Li Y, Zhang Z, Greenblatt JF, Emili A, Tropepe V. G9a and ZNF644 Physically Associate to Suppress Progenitor Gene Expression during Neurogenesis. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 7:454-470. [PMID: 27546533 PMCID: PMC5031922 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferating progenitor cells undergo changes in competence to give rise to post-mitotic progeny of specialized function. These cell-fate transitions typically involve dynamic regulation of gene expression by histone methyltransferase (HMT) complexes. However, the composition, roles, and regulation of these assemblies in regulating cell-fate decisions in vivo are poorly understood. Using unbiased affinity purification and mass spectrometry, we identified the uncharacterized C2H2-like zinc finger protein ZNF644 as a G9a/GLP-interacting protein and co-regulator of histone methylation. In zebrafish, functional characterization of ZNF644 orthologs, znf644a and znf644b, revealed complementary roles in regulating G9a/H3K9me2-mediated gene silencing during neurogenesis. The non-overlapping requirements for znf644a and znf644b during retinal differentiation demarcate critical aspects of retinal differentiation programs regulated by differential G9a-ZNF644 associations, such as transitioning proliferating progenitor cells toward differentiation. Collectively, our data point to ZNF644 as a critical co-regulator of G9a/H3K9me2-mediated gene silencing during neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Olsen
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Loksum Wong
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Steven Deimling
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Amanda Miles
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Hongbo Guo
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Yue Li
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Zhaolei Zhang
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Jack F Greenblatt
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Andrew Emili
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada.
| | - Vincent Tropepe
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3A9, Canada; Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada.
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18
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Lin FY, Huang Z, Lu N, Chen W, Fang H, Han W. Controversial opinion: evaluation of EGR1 and LAMA2 loci for high myopia in Chinese populations. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2016; 17:225-35. [PMID: 26984843 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1500233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Functional studies have suggested the important role of early growth response 1 (EGR1) and Laminin α2-chain (LAMA2) in human eye development. Genetic studies have reported a significant association of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the LAMA2 gene with myopia. This study aimed to evaluate the association of the tagging SNPs (tSNPs) in the EGR1 and LAMA2 genes with high myopia in two independent Han Chinese populations. Four tSNPs (rs11743810 in the EGR1 gene; rs2571575, rs9321170, and rs1889891 in the LAMA2 gene) were selected, according to the HapMap database (http://hapmap.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), and were genotyped using the ligase detection reaction (LDR) approach for 167 Han Chinese nuclear families with extremely highly myopic offspring (<-10.0 diopters) and an independent group with 485 extremely highly myopic cases (<-10.0 diopters) and 499 controls. Direct sequencing was used to confirm the LDR results in twenty randomly selected subjects. Family-based association analysis was performed using the family-based association test (FBAT) software package (Version 1.5.5). Population-based association analysis was performed using the Chi-square test. The association analysis power was estimated using online software (http://design.cs.ucla.edu). The FBAT demonstrated that all four tSNPs tested did not show association with high myopia (P>0.05). Haplotype analysis of tSNPs in the LAMA2 genes also did not show a significant association (P>0.05). Meanwhile, population-based association analysis also showed no significant association results with high myopia (P>0.05). On the basis of our family- and population-based analyses for the Han Chinese population, we did not find positive association signals of the four SNPs in the LAMA2 and EGR1 genes with high myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-yu Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhu Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Ning Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hui Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
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19
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Polling JR, Verhoeven VJ, Tideman JWL, Klaver CC. Duke-Elder’s Views on Prognosis, Prophylaxis, and Treatment of Myopia: Way Ahead of His Time. Strabismus 2016; 24:40-3. [DOI: 10.3109/09273972.2015.1137706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Williams KM, Hammond CJ. GWAS in myopia: insights into disease and implications for the clinic. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2016.1164597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Matamoros E, Ingrand P, Pelen F, Bentaleb Y, Weber M, Korobelnik JF, Souied E, Leveziel N. Prevalence of Myopia in France: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1976. [PMID: 26559276 PMCID: PMC4912270 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Refractive error (RE), particularly myopia, is the first cause of visual impairment throughout the world. This study aimed to depict the prevalence of myopia in a multicentric series of French individuals.This cross-sectional analysis was carried out between January 2012 and November 2013 in eye clinics dedicated to REs. Data collection included age, gender, best-corrected visual acuity, RE, and any relevant medical history involving laser refractive surgery and cataract surgery. Exclusion criteria consisted of monophthalm patients or those with incomplete demographic data.Prevalences in the overall population, by gender and by age groups were reported for mild myopia (-0.50 to -2.75 diopter [D]), moderate myopia (-3 to -5.75 D), high myopia (less than -6 D), and very high myopia (less than -10 D).The analysis included 100,429 individuals, mean age 38.5 years (± 16.9). Overall prevalence of myopia was 39.1% (95% CI 38.8-39.4). Prevalences of mild, moderate, high and very high myopia were respectively 25.1% (95% CI 25.4-24.9), 10.6% (95% CI 10.4-10.8), 3.4% (95% CI 3.3-3.5) and 0.5% (95% CI 0.48-0.57).Even if possible bias occurred in recruitment, our results are similar to RE data collected in nationally representative samples of Caucasians in other studies. This is to our knowledge, one of the largest European series of individuals dedicated to myopia prevalences in different age groups. These results confirm the importance of myopia as a major health issue in Western countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Matamoros
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Poitiers (EM, NL); Epidemiology & Biostatistics, INSERM CIC 1402, University of Poitiers, Poitiers (PI); Ophtapointvision, Paris (FP, YB); Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes (MW); Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (JFK); Department of Ophthalmology, Creteil Eye University (ES); and Inserm 1084, University of Poitiers, Paris, France (NL)
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Abstract
Visual defects affect a large proportion of humanity, have a significant negative impact on quality of life, and cause significant economic burden. The wide variety of visual disorders and the large number of gene mutations responsible require a flexible animal model system to carry out research for possible causes and cures for the blinding conditions. With eyes similar to humans in structure and function, zebrafish are an important vertebrate model organism that is being used to study genetic and environmental eye diseases, including myopia, glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, ciliopathies, albinism, and diabetes. This review details the use of zebrafish in modeling human ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Link
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226; ,
| | - Ross F Collery
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226; ,
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23
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Cases O, Joseph A, Obry A, Santin MD, Ben-Yacoub S, Pâques M, Amsellem-Levera S, Bribian A, Simonutti M, Augustin S, Debeir T, Sahel JA, Christ A, de Castro F, Lehéricy S, Cosette P, Kozyraki R. Foxg1-Cre Mediated Lrp2 Inactivation in the Developing Mouse Neural Retina, Ciliary and Retinal Pigment Epithelia Models Congenital High Myopia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129518. [PMID: 26107939 PMCID: PMC4480972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia is a common ocular disorder generally due to increased axial length of the eye-globe. Its extreme form high myopia (HM) is a multifactorial disease leading to retinal and scleral damage, visual impairment or loss and is an important health issue. Mutations in the endocytic receptor LRP2 gene result in Donnai-Barrow (DBS) and Stickler syndromes, both characterized by HM. To clearly establish the link between Lrp2 and congenital HM we inactivated Lrp2 in the mouse forebrain including the neural retina and the retinal and ciliary pigment epithelia. High resolution in vivo MRI imaging and ophthalmological analyses showed that the adult Lrp2-deficient eyes were 40% longer than the control ones mainly due to an excessive elongation of the vitreal chamber. They had an apparently normal intraocular pressure and developed chorioretinal atrophy and posterior scleral staphyloma features reminiscent of human myopic retinopathy. Immunomorphological and ultrastructural analyses showed that increased eye lengthening was first observed by post-natal day 5 (P5) and that it was accompanied by a rapid decrease of the bipolar, photoreceptor and retinal ganglion cells, and eventually the optic nerve axons. It was followed by scleral thinning and collagen fiber disorganization, essentially in the posterior pole. We conclude that the function of LRP2 in the ocular tissues is necessary for normal eye growth and that the Lrp2-deficient eyes provide a unique tool to further study human HM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Cases
- INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Antoine Joseph
- INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Antoine Obry
- CNRS, UMR_6270, PISSARO Proteomics Platform, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, F-76821, France
- INSERM, U905, PISSARO Proteomics Platform, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, F-76821, France
| | | | - Sirine Ben-Yacoub
- INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Michel Pâques
- INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France
- Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophthalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 503, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Sabine Amsellem-Levera
- INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Ana Bribian
- Grupo de Neurobiologia del Desarollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain
| | - Manuel Simonutti
- INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Sébastien Augustin
- INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France
| | | | - José Alain Sahel
- INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France
- Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophthalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 503, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Annabel Christ
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, D-13125, Germany
| | - Fernando de Castro
- Grupo de Neurobiologia del Desarollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Pascal Cosette
- CNRS, UMR_6270, PISSARO Proteomics Platform, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, F-76821, France
| | - Renata Kozyraki
- INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France
- * E-mail:
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24
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Janowski M, Bulte JWM, Handa JT, Rini D, Walczak P. Concise Review: Using Stem Cells to Prevent the Progression of Myopia-A Concept. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2104-13. [PMID: 25752937 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of myopia has increased in modern society due to the educational load of children. This condition is growing rapidly, especially in Asian countries where it has already reached a pandemic level. Typically, the younger the child's age at the onset of myopia, the more rapidly the condition will progress and the greater the likelihood that it will develop the known sight-threatening complications of high myopia. This rise in incidence of severe myopia has contributed to an increased frequency of eye diseases in adulthood, which often complicate therapeutic procedures. Currently, no treatment is available to prevent myopia progression. Stem cell therapy can potentially address two components of myopia. Regardless of the exact etiology, myopia is always associated with scleral weakness. In this context, a strategy aimed at scleral reinforcement by transplanting connective tissue-supportive mesenchymal stem cells is an attractive approach that could yield effective and universal therapy. Sunlight exposure appears to have a protective effect against myopia. It is postulated that this effect is mediated via local ocular production of dopamine. With a variety of dopamine-producing cells already available for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, stem cells engineered for dopamine production could be used for the treatment of myopia. In this review, we further explore these concepts and present evidence from the literature to support the use of stem cell therapy for the treatment of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslaw Janowski
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James T Handa
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David Rini
- Department of Art as Applied to Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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25
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Collery RF, Veth KN, Dubis AM, Carroll J, Link BA. Rapid, accurate, and non-invasive measurement of zebrafish axial length and other eye dimensions using SD-OCT allows longitudinal analysis of myopia and emmetropization. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110699. [PMID: 25334040 PMCID: PMC4205002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Refractive errors in vision can be caused by aberrant axial length of the eye, irregular corneal shape, or lens abnormalities. Causes of eye length overgrowth include multiple genetic loci, and visual parameters. We evaluate zebrafish as a potential animal model for studies of the genetic, cellular, and signaling basis of emmetropization and myopia. Axial length and other eye dimensions of zebrafish were measured using spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). We used ocular lens and body metrics to normalize and compare eye size and relative refractive error (difference between observed retinal radial length and controls) in wild-type and lrp2 zebrafish. Zebrafish were dark-reared to assess effects of visual deprivation on eye size. Two relative measurements, ocular axial length to body length and axial length to lens diameter, were found to accurately normalize comparisons of eye sizes between different sized fish (R2=0.9548, R2=0.9921). Ray-traced focal lengths of wild-type zebrafish lenses were equal to their retinal radii, while lrp2 eyes had longer retinal radii than focal lengths. Both genetic mutation (lrp2) and environmental manipulation (dark-rearing) caused elongated eye axes. lrp2 mutants had relative refractive errors of -0.327 compared to wild-types, and dark-reared wild-type fish had relative refractive errors of -0.132 compared to light-reared siblings. Therefore, zebrafish eye anatomy (axial length, lens radius, retinal radius) can be rapidly and accurately measured by SD-OCT, facilitating longitudinal studies of regulated eye growth and emmetropization. Specifically, genes homologous to human myopia candidates may be modified, inactivated or overexpressed in zebrafish, and myopia-sensitizing conditions used to probe gene-environment interactions. Our studies provide foundation for such investigations into genetic contributions that control eye size and impact refractive errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross F. Collery
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kerry N. Veth
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Adam M. Dubis
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Joseph Carroll
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brian A. Link
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Hysi PG, Wojciechowski R, Rahi JS, Hammond CJ. Genome-wide association studies of refractive error and myopia, lessons learned, and implications for the future. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:3344-51. [PMID: 24876304 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The investigation of the genetic basis of refractive error and myopia entered a new stage with the introduction of genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Multiple GWAS on many ethnic groups have been published over the years, providing new insight into the genetic architecture and pathophysiology of refractive error. This is a review of the GWAS published to date, the main lessons learned, and future possible directions of genetic studies of myopia and refractive error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirro G Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jugnoo S Rahi
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris J Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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27
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Stambolian D. Genetic susceptibility and mechanisms for refractive error. Clin Genet 2013; 84:102-8. [PMID: 23647423 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Refractive errors, myopia and hyperopia, are the most common causes of visual impairment worldwide. Recent advances in genetics have been utilized to identify a wealth of genetic loci believed to contain susceptibility genes for refractive error (RE). The current genetic evidence confirms that RE is influenced by both common and rare variants with a significant environmental component. These studies argue that only by combining genetic and environmental knowledge with in vivo measurements of biological states will it be possible to understand the underlying biology of RE that will lead to novel therapeutic targets and accurate genetic predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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