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Mao D, Inoue H, Goda S. Role of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 pathway in the development of periodontitis. J Oral Biosci 2024; 66:105-111. [PMID: 38182046 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES During innate immune defense, host pattern recognition receptors, including toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs), can activate downstream pathways by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns produced by microorganisms, triggering immune responses. NOD1, an important cell membrane protein in the NLR-like receptor protein family, exerts anti-infective effects through γ-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP) recognition. Oral epithelial cells resist bacterial invasion through iE-DAP-induced interleukin (IL)-8 production, recruiting neutrophils to sites of inflammation in response to bacterial threats to periodontal tissues. To date, the regulatory mechanisms of iE-DAP in gingival epithelial cells (GECs) are poorly understood. This study was conducted to investigate the role of the NOD1 pathway in the development of periodontitis by examining the effect of iE-DAP on IL-8 production in Ca9-22 cells. METHODS IL-8 production by iE-DAP-stimulated-Ca9-22 cells was assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Phosphorylation levels of intracellular signaling molecules were evaluated using western blot analyses. RESULTS iE-DAP induced NOD1 receptor expression in Ca9-22 cells. Additionally, iE-DAP induced expression of pro-IL-1β protein without extracellular secretion. Our results suggest that iE-DAP regulates IL-8 production by activating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. iE-DAP also promoted nuclear factor kappa-B p65 phosphorylation, facilitating its nuclear translocation. Notably, p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 inhibitors suppressed iE-DAP-stimulated IL-8 production, suggesting that JNK is not involved in this mechanism. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, but not JNK, are involved in innate immune responses in GECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Mao
- Graduate School of Dentistry, Department of Physiology, Osaka Dental University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Inoue
- Department of Physiology, Osaka Dental University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Seiji Goda
- Department of Physiology, Osaka Dental University, Osaka, Japan.
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2
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Kelty MT, Beattie SR. Development of a murine model to study the cerebral pathogenesis of Aspergillus fumigatus. mSphere 2023; 8:e0046823. [PMID: 38010145 PMCID: PMC10732035 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00468-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Molds are environmental fungi that can cause disease in immunocompromised individuals. The most common pathogenic mold is Aspergillus fumigatus, which is typically inhaled into the lungs and causes invasive pulmonary disease. In a subset of these patients, this infection can spread from the lungs to other organs including the brain, resulting in cerebral aspergillosis. How A. fumigatus causes brain disease is not well understood and these infections are associated with extremely high mortality rates. Thus, we developed an animal model to study the pathogenesis of cerebral aspergillosis to better understand this disease and develop better treatments for these life-threatening infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin T. Kelty
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Sarah R. Beattie
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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3
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Memariani M, Memariani H. Antifungal properties of cathelicidin LL-37: current knowledge and future research directions. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 40:34. [PMID: 38057654 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03852-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The threat of fungal diseases is substantially underestimated worldwide, but they have serious consequences for humans, animals, and plants. Given the limited number of existing antifungal drugs together with the emergence of drug-resistant strains, many researchers have actively sought alternatives or adjuvants to antimycotics. The best way to tackle these issues is to unearth potential antifungal agents with new modes of action. Antimicrobial peptides are being hailed as a promising source of novel antimicrobials since they exhibit rapid and broad-spectrum microbicidal activities with a reduced likelihood of developing drug resistance. Recent years have witnessed an explosion in knowledge on microbicidal activity of LL-37, the sole human cathelicidin. Herein, we provide a summary of the current understanding about antifungal properties of LL-37, with particular emphasis on its molecular mechanisms. We further illustrate fruitful areas for future research. LL-37 is able to inhibit the growth of clinically and agronomically relevant fungi including Aspergillus, Candida, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Malassezia, Pythium, and Trichophyton. Destruction of the cell wall integrity, membrane permeabilization, induction of oxidative stress, disruption of endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis, formation of autophagy-like structures, alterations in expression of numerous fungal genes, and inhibition of cell cycle progression are the key mechanisms underlying antifungal effects of LL-37. Burgeoning evidence also suggests that LL-37 may act as a potential anti-virulence peptide. It is hoped that this review will not only motivate researchers to conduct more detailed studies in this field, but also inspire further innovations in the design of LL-37-based drugs for the treatment of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Memariani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Memariani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Ghosh S, Humera Khathun AH, Athulya GS, Vignesh P, Mathan L, Mudaraddi N, Narendran S, Lalitha P, Venkatesh Prajna N. Host cell-type and pathogen-specific immunomodulatory functions of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in infectious keratitis. Exp Eye Res 2023; 236:109669. [PMID: 37774962 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic management of inflammation in infectious keratitis (IK) requires new strategy and targets for selective immunomodulation. Targeting host cell-type specific inflammatory responses might be a viable strategy to curtail unnecessary inflammation and reduce tissue damage without affecting pathogen clearance. This study explores the possibility of pathogen and host cell-type dependent differences in the inflammatory pathways relevant in the pathogenesis of IK. Human corneal epithelial cell line (HCEC) and phorbol 12-myristate-13 acetate (PMA) differentiated THP-1 macrophage line were infected with either Aspergillus flavus conidia or Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoites and the elicited inflammatory responses were studied in terms of gene expression and secretion of proinflammatory factors interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and an upstream inflammatory regulator and mediator protein-the Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF). Given the pleotropic mode of MIF function in diverse cell types relevant in many human diseases, we tested if MIF driven responses to infection is different in HCECs and THP-1 macrophages by studying its expression, secretion and involvement in inflammation by siRNA mediated knockdown. We also examined IK patient tear samples for MIF levels. Infection with A. flavus or A. castellanii induced IL-8 and TNF-α responses in HCECs and THP-1 macrophages but to different levels. Our preliminary human data showed that the level of secreted MIF protein was elevated in IK patient tear, however, MIF secretion by the two cell types were strikingly different in-vitro, under both normal and infected conditions. We found that HCECs released MIF constitutively, which was significantly inhibited with infection, whereas THP-1 macrophages were stimulated to release MIF during infection. MIF gene expression remained largely unaffected by infection in both the cell lines. Although MIF in HCECs appeared to be intracellularly captured during infection, MIF knockdown in HCECs associated with a partial reduction of the IL-8 and TNF-α expression produced by either of the pathogens, suggesting a pro-inflammatory role for MIF in HCECs, independent of its canonical cytokine like function. In contrast, MIF knockdown in THP-1 macrophages accompanied a dramatic increase in IL-8 and TNF-α expression during A. castellanii infection, while the responses to A. flavus infection remained unchanged. These data imply a host cell-type and pathogen specific distinction in the MIF- related inflammatory signaling and MIF as a potential selective immunomodulatory target in infectious keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, India.
| | - A H Humera Khathun
- Department of Microbiology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, India
| | - G S Athulya
- Department of Microbiology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, India
| | - P Vignesh
- Department of Microbiology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, India
| | - L Mathan
- Department of Proteomics, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, India
| | - Ninad Mudaraddi
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India
| | - Siddharth Narendran
- Department of Microbiology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, India; Aravind Eye Hospital, Coimbatore, India
| | - Prajna Lalitha
- Department of Ocular Microbiology, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India
| | - N Venkatesh Prajna
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India
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Wang L, Zhang K, Zeng Y, Luo Y, Peng J, Zhang J, Kuang T, Fan G. Gut mycobiome and metabolic diseases: The known, the unknown, and the future. Pharmacol Res 2023; 193:106807. [PMID: 37244385 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity, have become a major public health problem worldwide. In recent years, most research on the role of gut microbes in metabolic diseases has focused on bacteria, whereas fungal microbes have been neglected. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of gut fungal alterations in T2DM, obesity, and NAFLD, and to discuss the mechanisms associated with disease development. In addition, several novel strategies targeting gut mycobiome and/or their metabolites to improve T2DM, obesity and NAFLD, including fungal probiotics, antifungal drugs, dietary intervention, and fecal microbiota transplantation, are critically discussed. The accumulated evidence suggests that gut mycobiome plays an important role in the occurrence and development of metabolic diseases. The possible mechanisms by which the gut mycobiome affects metabolic diseases include fungal-induced immune responses, fungal-bacterial interactions, and fungal-derived metabolites. Candida albicans, Aspergillus and Meyerozyma may be potential pathogens of metabolic diseases because they can activate the immune system and/or produce harmful metabolites. Moreover, Saccharomyces boulardii, S. cerevisiae, Alternaria, and Cochliobolus fungi may have the potential to improve metabolic diseases. The information may provide an important reference for the development of new therapeutics for metabolic diseases based on gut mycobiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy and School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy and School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yujiao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy and School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yuting Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy and School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jiayan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy and School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy and School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Tingting Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy and School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Gang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy and School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Meishan Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Meishan, 620010, China.
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6
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Loh JT, Lam KP. Fungal infections: Immune defense, immunotherapies and vaccines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 196:114775. [PMID: 36924530 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infection is an under recognized and emerging global health threat. Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) released the first ever list of health-threatening fungi to guide research and public health interventions to strengthen global response to fungi infections and antifungal resistance. Currently, antifungal drugs only demonstrate partial success in improving prognosis of infected patients, and this is compounded by the rapid evolution of drug resistance among fungi species. The increased prevalence of fungal infections in individuals with underlying immunological deficiencies reflects the importance of an intact host immune system in controlling mycoses, and further highlights immunomodulation as a potential new avenue for the treatment of disseminated fungal diseases. In this review, we will summarize how host innate immune cells sense invading fungi through their pattern recognition receptors, and subsequently initiate a series of effector mechanisms and adaptive immune responses to mediate fungal clearance. In addition, we will discuss emerging preclinical and clinical data on antifungal immunotherapies and fungal vaccines which can potentially expand our antifungal armamentarium in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Tong Loh
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, S138648, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Kong-Peng Lam
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, S138648, Republic of Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5, Science Drive 2, S117545, Republic of Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60, Nanyang Drive, S637551, Republic of Singapore.
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7
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Fang X, Lian H, Bi S, Liu S, Yuan X, Liao C. Roles of pattern recognition receptors in response to fungal keratitis. Life Sci 2022; 307:120881. [PMID: 35963303 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fungal keratitis is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide, which has become an increasingly serious threat to public ocular health, but no effective treatment strategies are available now. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the innate immune system are the first line of host defense against fungal infections. They could recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and trigger an array of inflammatory responses. Over the last decades, research has resulted in significant progress regarding the roles of PRRs in fungal keratitis. This review will highlight the importance of several pattern recognition receptors (C-type lectin-like receptors, Toll-like receptors, and NOD-like receptors) in regulating the innate immunity under fungal keratitis and describe the crosstalk and collaboration in PRRs contributing to disease pathology. Meanwhile, some potential therapy-based PRRs against corneal fungal infections are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Fang
- The School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin 300020, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Huifang Lian
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, China; Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin 300020, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Shihao Bi
- Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaoyong Yuan
- The School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, China; Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin 300020, China.
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Galectin-3 Is a Crucial Immunological Disease Marker in Patients with Fungal Keratitis. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:1380560. [PMID: 35845133 PMCID: PMC9286934 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1380560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fungal keratitis, one of the most common infectious eye diseases in China, often results in a poor prognosis due to a delayed diagnosis and the insufficiency of effective therapy. There is an urgent need to identify specific biomarkers for the disease. In this study, we screened out tear proteins in patients with fungal keratitis by microsphere-based immunoassay analysis. Levels of cytokine expression were determined in both human corneal epithelial cell models in vitro and the corneas of patients by western blot, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and immunofluorescence analysis. Neutrophil activation was examined by flow cytometry analysis. The relationship between the cytokine expression and neutrophils was evaluated by immunofluorescence costaining and correlation analysis. These results demonstrated that the galectin-3 expression level was increased in both cell model and patient samples at the early and late stages of fungal keratitis. The neutrophils were significantly activated during the disease course of fungal keratitis. Meanwhile, colocalization and a positive correlation between galectin-3 and neutrophils were observed, suggesting that galectin-3 may play a crucial role in the recruitment of neutrophils and immune regulation of fungal keratitis. In conclusion, galectin-3 could be a key disease marker implying a beneficial immune response in the pathogenesis of fungal keratitis, which might be a target of therapeutic strategy in the future.
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Lian H, Fang X, Li Q, Liu S, Wei Q, Hua X, Li W, Liao C, Yuan X. NLRP3 Inflammasome-Mediated Pyroptosis Pathway Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Candida albicans Keratitis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:845129. [PMID: 35463001 PMCID: PMC9020473 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.845129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Fungal keratitis is a sight-threatening corneal infection caused by fungal pathogens, and the pathogenic mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine whether NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis contributes to Candida albicans (C. albicans) keratitis and explore the underlying mechanism. Methods An in vivo mouse model of C. albicans keratitis and an in vitro culture model of human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) challenged with heat-killed C. albicans (HKCA) were established in this study. The degree of corneal infection was evaluated by clinical scoring. Gene expression was assessed using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis or immunofluorescence staining was performed to evaluate protein expression. TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining was performed to examine the pyroptotic cell death. A lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay was performed to assess cytotoxicity. Results Compared with the mock-infected group, we observed that the mRNA levels of NLRP3, caspase-1 (CASP1), interleukin (IL)−1β and gasdermin-D (GSDMD) in C. albicans-infected mice cornea was significantly increased. Our data also demonstrated that the protein expression of NLRP3 and the pyroptosis-related markers apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), cleaved CASP1, N-GSDMD, cleaved IL-1β and cleaved IL-18 as well as pyroptotic cell death were dramatically elevated in the mouse model of C. albicans keratitis. More importantly, NLRP3 knockdown markedly alleviated pyroptosis and consequently reduced corneal inflammatory reaction in C. albicans keratitis. In vitro, the presence of activated NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptotic cell death were validated in HCECs exposed to HKCA. Furthermore, the potassium (K+) channel inhibitor glyburide decreased LDH release and suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in HCECs exposed to HKCA. Conclusion In conclusion, the current study revealed for the first time that NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis occur in C. albicans-infected mouse corneas and HCECs. Moreover, NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis signaling is involved in the disease severity of C. albicans keratitis. Therefore, This NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent pathway may be an attractive target for the treatment of fungal keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Lian
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding, China.,State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - XiaoLong Fang
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,The School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingyu Li
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuhong Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Xia Hua
- Aier Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenguang Li
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyong Yuan
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin, China.,The School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Piatek M, Sheehan G, Kavanagh K. Galleria mellonella: The Versatile Host for Drug Discovery, In Vivo Toxicity Testing and Characterising Host-Pathogen Interactions. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121545. [PMID: 34943757 PMCID: PMC8698334 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Larvae of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, are a convenient in vivo model for assessing the activity and toxicity of antimicrobial agents and for studying the immune response to pathogens and provide results similar to those from mammals. G. mellonella larvae are now widely used in academia and industry and their use can assist in the identification and evaluation of novel antimicrobial agents. Galleria larvae are inexpensive to purchase and house, easy to inoculate, generate results within 24–48 h and their use is not restricted by legal or ethical considerations. This review will highlight how Galleria larvae can be used to assess the efficacy of novel antimicrobial therapies (photodynamic therapy, phage therapy, metal-based drugs, triazole-amino acid hybrids) and for determining the in vivo toxicity of compounds (e.g., food preservatives, ionic liquids) and/or solvents (polysorbate 80). In addition, the disease development processes are associated with a variety of pathogens (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Aspergillus fumigatus, Madurella mycotomatis) in mammals are also present in Galleria larvae thus providing a simple in vivo model for characterising disease progression. The use of Galleria larvae offers many advantages and can lead to an acceleration in the development of novel antimicrobials and may be a prerequisite to mammalian testing.
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Yang RB, Wu LP, Lu XX, Zhang C, Liu H, Huang Y, Jia Z, Gao YC, Zhao SZ. Immunologic mechanism of fungal keratitis. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:1100-1106. [PMID: 34282397 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.07.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal keratitis (FK) is a refractory disease that poses a serious threat to vision, with common risk factors like eye trauma, contact lens wearing, topical corticosteroids and antibiotic abuse. Nowadays, topical and systemic anti-fungal drugs and ocular surgeries are still the main therapeutic modalities. However, the pathogenesis of FK, especially the immunologic mechanism within it, has not yet been deeply clarified. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of FK is imperative for more effective therapies and prognosis. Meanwhile, the immune protection strategies are also urgently required to manage FK. This review highlights recent advances in the immunologic mechanism in the pathogenesis of FK, in hope of providing valuable reference information for more effective anti-fungal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Bo Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Li-Ping Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zhe Jia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yi-Chen Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Shao-Zhen Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
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NLRP12- and NLRC4-mediated corneal epithelial pyroptosis is driven by GSDMD cleavage accompanied by IL-33 processing in dry eye. Ocul Surf 2020; 18:783-794. [PMID: 32735949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dry eye disease (DED) is a common and multifactor-induced autoimmune ocular surface disease. Environmental factors, such as desiccating stress (DS) and hyperosmolarity, affect the corneal epithelium to induce ocular surface inflammation in DED. We aimed to explore the potential mechanisms by which innate immunity and pyroptosis are initiated in the mucosal epithelium in response to environmental stress. METHODS Experimental dry eye was established in C57BL/6 J mice and genetic mice on the background of C57BL/6 J mice by subcutaneous injection of scopolamine and exposure to a desiccating environment. SDHCEC cell line was subjected to hyperosmolarity stress (450 mOsM). The phenol red thread tear test and corneal epithelial defects evaluation were used as assessments of severity of DED. RNA-sequencing, quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were performed in this study. RESULTS Loss-of-function studies indicated that genetic deletion of GSDMD alleviates DS-induced corneal epithelium defects, and GSDMD is needed for IL-33 processing. We further found that NLRP12 collaborates with NLRC4 inflammasome to initiate GSDMD-dependent pyroptosis, which requires TLR4-induced caspase-8 (CASP8) activation in the mucosal corneal epithelium in response to DS. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide compelling evidence that GSDMD-dependent pyroptosis plays a pivotal role in DED. A novel mechanism involving NLRP12 and NLRC4 inflammasomes-induced GSDMD-dependent pyroptosis, accompanied by IL-33 processing is responsible for ocular surface epithelial defects in response to environmental stress. GSDMD is required for IL-33 processing and the subsequent amplification of inflammatory cascades. These findings reveal novel therapeutic targets for treating DED.
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13
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Trindade BC, Chen GY. NOD1 and NOD2 in inflammatory and infectious diseases. Immunol Rev 2020; 297:139-161. [PMID: 32677123 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It has been long recognized that NOD1 and NOD2 are critical players in the host immune response, primarily by their sensing bacterial peptidoglycan-conserved motifs. Significant advances have been made from efforts that characterize their upstream activators, assembly of signaling complexes, and activation of downstream signaling pathways. Disruption in NOD1 and NOD2 signaling has also been associated with impaired host defense and resistance to the development of inflammatory diseases. In this review, we will describe how NOD1 and NOD2 sense microbes and cellular stress to regulate host responses that can affect disease pathogenesis and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno C Trindade
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Grace Y Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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14
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Kuss-Duerkop SK, Keestra-Gounder AM. NOD1 and NOD2 Activation by Diverse Stimuli: a Possible Role for Sensing Pathogen-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Infect Immun 2020; 88:e00898-19. [PMID: 32229616 PMCID: PMC7309630 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00898-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prompt recognition of microbes by cells is critical to eliminate invading pathogens. Some cell-associated pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize and respond to microbial ligands. However, others can respond to cellular perturbations, such as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Nucleotide oligomerization domains 1 and 2 (NOD1/2) are PRRs that recognize and respond to multiple stimuli of microbial and cellular origin, such as bacterial peptidoglycan, viral infections, parasitic infections, activated Rho GTPases, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. How NOD1/2 are stimulated by such diverse stimuli is not fully understood but may partly rely on cellular changes during infection that result in ER stress. NOD1/2 are ER stress sensors that facilitate proinflammatory responses for pathogen clearance; thus, NOD1/2 may help mount broad antimicrobial responses through detection of ER stress, which is often induced during a variety of infections. Some pathogens may subvert this response to promote infection through manipulation of NOD1/2 responses to ER stress that lead to apoptosis. Here, we review NOD1/2 stimuli and cellular responses. Furthermore, we discuss pathogen-induced ER stress and how it might potentiate NOD1/2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon K Kuss-Duerkop
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - A Marijke Keestra-Gounder
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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15
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Cheng Z, Li M, Wang Y, Chai T, Cai Y, Li N. Pathogenicity and Immune Responses of Aspergillus fumigatus Infection in Chickens. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:143. [PMID: 32219102 PMCID: PMC7078108 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous pathogen in poultry farms, causing aspergillosis in chickens. To study the pathogenicity of A. fumigatus, 14-days-old chickens were infected with fungal conidia (2 × 107 CFU/mL) via thoracic intra-air sacs inoculation. The clinical symptoms, gross and histopathological lesions, and fungal load in the lungs were examined. Additionally, the mRNAs of Toll like receptors (TLR) and pro-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated by quantitative PCR to explore the immune responses induced by A. fumigatus. The results showed that overt depression, ruffled feathers, and dyspnea were observed in the infected chickens as early as 3 days post infection (dpi). Eleven out of 25 infected chickens died from 5 to 9 dpi, and A. fumigatus could also be reisolated from the infected lung. Histopathological examination revealed obvious airsacculitis and pneumonia, characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration (heterophils and macrophages), and granulomatous lesions in the lung. The mRNA expressions of TLR1 and TLR2 were upregulated in the lung and spleen, and most pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, Cxcl-8, TNF-α, IL-12, and IFN-γ were increased in both the lung and spleen during the tested period, suggesting that the innate immune responses were triggered by A. fumigatus infection, and these cytokines participated in the inflammatory responses against A. fumigatus. These results indicate that A. fumigatus infection by thoracic intra-air sacs inoculation can cause severe respiratory damage in chickens, activate TLR1 and TLR2 mediated immune responses, and elicit large expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, Cxcl-8, and IFN-γ. These data will help further understanding of the pathogenesis and immune responses of A. fumigatus infection in the chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Mengxuan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Tongjie Chai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yumei Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Ning Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
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16
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Lim RR, Wieser ME, Ganga RR, Barathi VA, Lakshminarayanan R, Mohan RR, Hainsworth DP, Chaurasia SS. NOD-like Receptors in the Eye: Uncovering Its Role in Diabetic Retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E899. [PMID: 32019187 PMCID: PMC7037099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an ocular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). International Diabetic Federations (IDF) estimates up to 629 million people with DM by the year 2045 worldwide. Nearly 50% of DM patients will show evidence of diabetic-related eye problems. Therapeutic interventions for DR are limited and mostly involve surgical intervention at the late-stages of the disease. The lack of early-stage diagnostic tools and therapies, especially in DR, demands a better understanding of the biological processes involved in the etiology of disease progression. The recent surge in literature associated with NOD-like receptors (NLRs) has gained massive attraction due to their involvement in mediating the innate immune response and perpetuating inflammatory pathways, a central phenomenon found in the pathogenesis of ocular diseases including DR. The NLR family of receptors are expressed in different eye tissues during pathological conditions suggesting their potential roles in dry eye, ocular infection, retinal ischemia, cataract, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic macular edema (DME) and DR. Our group is interested in studying the critical early components involved in the immune cell infiltration and inflammatory pathways involved in the progression of DR. Recently, we reported that NLRP3 inflammasome might play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of DR. This comprehensive review summarizes the findings of NLRs expression in the ocular tissues with special emphasis on its presence in the retinal microglia and DR pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayne R. Lim
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 652011, USA; (R.R.L.); (M.E.W.); (R.R.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 652011, USA
- Ophthalmology, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO 652011, USA
| | - Margaret E. Wieser
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 652011, USA; (R.R.L.); (M.E.W.); (R.R.M.)
| | - Rama R. Ganga
- Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 652011, USA;
| | | | | | - Rajiv R. Mohan
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 652011, USA; (R.R.L.); (M.E.W.); (R.R.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 652011, USA
- Ophthalmology, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO 652011, USA
- Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 652011, USA;
| | - Dean P. Hainsworth
- Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 652011, USA;
| | - Shyam S. Chaurasia
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 652011, USA; (R.R.L.); (M.E.W.); (R.R.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 652011, USA
- Ophthalmology, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO 652011, USA
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17
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Jiang HY, Najmeh S, Martel G, MacFadden-Murphy E, Farias R, Savage P, Leone A, Roussel L, Cools-Lartigue J, Gowing S, Berube J, Giannias B, Bourdeau F, Chan CHF, Spicer JD, McClure R, Park M, Rousseau S, Ferri LE. Activation of the pattern recognition receptor NOD1 augments colon cancer metastasis. Protein Cell 2020; 11:187-201. [PMID: 31956962 PMCID: PMC7026222 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-019-00687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
While emerging data suggest nucleotide oligomerization domain receptor 1 (NOD1), a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor, may play an important and complementary role in the immune response to bacterial infection, its role in cancer metastasis is entirely unknown. Hence, we sought to determine the effects of NOD1 on metastasis. NOD1 expression in paired human primary colon cancer, human and murine colon cancer cells were determined using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting (WB). Clinical significance of NOD1 was assessed using TCGA survival data. A series of in vitro and in vivo functional assays, including adhesion, migration, and metastasis, was conducted to assess the effect of NOD1. C12-iE-DAP, a highly selective NOD1 ligand derived from gram-negative bacteria, was used to activate NOD1. ML130, a specific NOD1 inhibitor, was used to block C12-iE-DAP stimulation. Stable knockdown (KD) of NOD1 in human colon cancer cells (HT29) was constructed with shRNA lentiviral transduction and the functional assays were thus repeated. Lastly, the predominant signaling pathway of NOD1-activation was identified using WB and functional assays in the presence of specific kinase inhibitors. Our data demonstrate that NOD1 is highly expressed in human colorectal cancer (CRC) and human and murine CRC cell lines. Clinically, we demonstrate that this increased NOD1 expression negatively impacts survival in patients with CRC. Subsequently, we identify NOD1 activation by C12-iE-DAP augments CRC cell adhesion, migration and metastasis. These effects are predominantly mediated via the p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. This is the first study implicating NOD1 in cancer metastasis, and thus identifying this receptor as a putative therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Y Jiang
- Thoracic and Upper GI Cancer Research Laboratories, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Block E, Lab #E02-4134, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.,Department of Experimental Surgery and Department of Surgery, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Sara Najmeh
- Thoracic and Upper GI Cancer Research Laboratories, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Block E, Lab #E02-4134, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.,Department of Experimental Surgery and Department of Surgery, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Guy Martel
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Elyse MacFadden-Murphy
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Raquel Farias
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Paul Savage
- The Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Arielle Leone
- Thoracic and Upper GI Cancer Research Laboratories, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Block E, Lab #E02-4134, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.,Department of Experimental Surgery and Department of Surgery, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Lucie Roussel
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jonathan Cools-Lartigue
- Thoracic and Upper GI Cancer Research Laboratories, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Block E, Lab #E02-4134, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.,Department of Experimental Surgery and Department of Surgery, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Stephen Gowing
- Thoracic and Upper GI Cancer Research Laboratories, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Block E, Lab #E02-4134, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.,Department of Experimental Surgery and Department of Surgery, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Julie Berube
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Betty Giannias
- Thoracic and Upper GI Cancer Research Laboratories, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Block E, Lab #E02-4134, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - France Bourdeau
- Thoracic and Upper GI Cancer Research Laboratories, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Block E, Lab #E02-4134, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Carlos H F Chan
- Department of Surgery, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jonathan D Spicer
- Thoracic and Upper GI Cancer Research Laboratories, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Block E, Lab #E02-4134, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.,Department of Experimental Surgery and Department of Surgery, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Rebecca McClure
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences North, 41 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Morag Park
- The Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Simon Rousseau
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Lorenzo E Ferri
- Thoracic and Upper GI Cancer Research Laboratories, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Block E, Lab #E02-4134, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada. .,Department of Experimental Surgery and Department of Surgery, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada.
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18
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Luo XL, Li JX, Huang HR, Duan JL, Dai RX, Tao RJ, Yang L, Hou JY, Jia XM, Xu JF. LL37 Inhibits Aspergillus fumigatus Infection via Directly Binding to the Fungus and Preventing Excessive Inflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:283. [PMID: 30842778 PMCID: PMC6391356 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of Aspergillus fumigatus infection and the rate of resistance to antifungal drugs have sharply increased in recent years. LL37 has been reported as a host defense peptide with broad-spectrum antibacterial activities. However, the role of LL37 during A. fumigatus infection remains unclear. Here, we examined the interaction between LL37 and A. fumigatus and found that synthetic LL37 could directly bind to the surface of A. fumigatus, disrupting the integrity of the cell wall in vitro. LL37 inhibited mycelial growth in a concentration-dependent manner, rather than fungicidal effect even at high concentration (e.g., 20 μM). Interestingly, low concentrations of LL37 (e.g., 4 μM) significantly attenuated mycelial adhesion and prevented the invasion and destruction of epithelial cells. Following LL37 treatment, the levels of proinflammatory cytokines released by A. fumigatus-stimulated macrophages decreased significantly, accompanied by downregulation of M1 type markers. In a mouse model of pulmonary A. fumigatus infection, LL37-treated mice showed lower amounts of fungi load, moderate pathological damage, and reduced proinflammatory cytokines. Further, LL37 transgenic mice (LL37+/+) were examined to investigate the effects of endogenous LL37 in an A. fumigatus infection model and showed lower susceptibility to A. fumigatus infection in comparison with wild-type mice. In addition, LL37 also played a protective role in an immunosuppressed mouse model of A. fumigatus infection. Thus, LL37 inhibits A. fumigatus infection via directly binding to mycelia and reducing excessive inflammation. LL37 or its analogs may therefore constitute potential drug components for A. fumigatus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Xiong Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua-Rong Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie-Lin Duan
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruo-Xuan Dai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ru-Jia Tao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Yun Hou
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Ming Jia
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Fu Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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19
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Genetic deficiency of NOD2 confers resistance to invasive aspergillosis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2636. [PMID: 29980664 PMCID: PMC6035256 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04912-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a severe infection that can occur in severely immunocompromised patients. Efficient immune recognition of Aspergillus is crucial to protect against infection, and previous studies suggested a role for NOD2 in this process. However, thorough investigation of the impact of NOD2 on susceptibility to aspergillosis is lacking. Common genetic variations in NOD2 has been associated with Crohn's disease and here we investigated the influence of these genetic variations on the anti-Aspergillus host response. A NOD2 polymorphism reduced the risk of IA after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Mechanistically, absence of NOD2 in monocytes and macrophages increases phagocytosis leading to enhanced fungal killing, conversely, NOD2 activation reduces the antifungal potential of these cells. Crucially, Nod2 deficiency results in resistance to Aspergillus infection in an in vivo model of pulmonary aspergillosis. Collectively, our data demonstrate that genetic deficiency of NOD2 plays a protective role during Aspergillus infection.
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20
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Characterisation of the cellular and proteomic response of Galleria mellonella larvae to the development of invasive aspergillosis. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:63. [PMID: 29954319 PMCID: PMC6025711 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Galleria mellonella larvae were infected with conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus and the cellular and humoral immune responses of larvae to the pathogen were characterized as invasive aspergillosis developed. Results At 2 h post-infection there was an increase in hemocyte density to 7.43 ± 0.50 × 106/ml from 0.98 ± 0.08 × 106/ml at 0 h. Hemocytes from larvae immune primed for 6 h with heat killed A. fumigatus conidia displayed superior anti-fungal activity. Examination of the spread of the fungus by Cryo-imaging and fluorescent microscopy revealed dissemination of the fungus through the larvae by 6 h and the formation of distinct nodules in tissue. By 24 h a range of nodules were visible at the site of infection and at sites distant from that indicating invasion of tissue. Proteomic analysis of larvae infected with viable conidia for 6 h demonstrated an increase in the abundance of gustatory receptor candidate 25 (37 fold), gloverin-like protein (14 fold), cecropin-A (11 fold). At 24 h post-infection gustatory receptor candidate 25 (126 fold), moricin-like peptide D (33 fold) and muscle protein 20-like protein (12 fold) were increased in abundance. Proteins decreased in abundance included fibrohexamerin (13 fold) and dimeric dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (8 fold). Conclusion The results presented here indicate that G. mellonella larvae may be a convenient model for studying the stages in the development of invasive aspergillosis and may offer an insight into this process in mammals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1208-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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21
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TSLP-activated dendritic cells induce T helper type 2 inflammation in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. Exp Eye Res 2018; 171:120-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Over the last decade, invasive fungal infections have emerged as a growing threat to human health worldwide and novel treatment strategies are urgently needed. In this context, investigations into host-pathogen interactions represent an important and promising field of research. Antigen presenting cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells are strategically located at the frontline of defence against potential invaders. Importantly, these cells express germline encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which sense conserved entities from pathogens and orchestrate innate immune responses. Herein, we review the latest findings regarding the biology and functions of the different classes of PRRs involved in pathogenic fungal recognition. We also discuss recent literature on PRR collaboration/crosstalk and the mechanisms involved in inhibiting/regulating PRR signalling. Finally, we discuss how the accumulated knowledge on PRR biology, especially Dectin-1, has been used for the design of new immunotherapies against fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel C Patin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Aiysha Thompson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Selinda J Orr
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom.
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23
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Khosravi AR, Shokri H, Hassan Al-Heidary S, Ghafarifar F. Evaluation of murine lung epithelial cells (TC-1 JHU-1) line to develop Th2-promoting cytokines IL-25/IL-33/TSLP and genes Tlr2/Tlr4 in response to Aspergillus fumigatus. J Mycol Med 2018. [PMID: 29525270 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to determine the role of live and heat-killed Aspergillus fumigatus conidia in releasing interleukin (IL)-25, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and to express Toll-like receptor (Tlr)2 and Tlr4 genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Murine lung epithelial cells were incubated with live and heat-killed A. fumigatus conidia at 37°C for 6, 24 and 48h. After treatments, ELISA was performed to measure the concentrations of IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP in the supernatants. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was performed to assess the expression levels of Tlr2 and Tlr4 genes. RESULTS The concentrations of IL-25 and IL-33 significantly increased after exposure to live and heat-killed conidia for various times when compared with untreated control (P<0.05). The secretion of TSLP at different concentrations of heat-killed conidia was significantly higher than both live conidia and untreated control (P<0.05). qRT-PCR results indicated a up-regulation from 1.08 to 3.60-fold for Tlr2 gene expression and 1.20 to 1.80-fold for Tlr4 gene expression exposed to heat-killed conidia. CONCLUSION A. fumigatus has a potential ability to stimulate murine lung epithelial cells to produce IL-25/IL-33/TSLP, as well as to express Tlr2/Tlr4 genes, indicating an important role of lung epithelial cells in innate immune responses to A. fumigatus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Khosravi
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - H Shokri
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
| | - S Hassan Al-Heidary
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Ghafarifar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Tarbiat Modarres, Tehran, Iran
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Gresnigt MS, Jaeger M, Subbarao Malireddi RK, Rasid O, Jouvion G, Fitting C, Melchers WJG, Kanneganti TD, Carvalho A, Ibrahim-Granet O, van de Veerdonk FL. The Absence of NOD1 Enhances Killing of Aspergillus fumigatus Through Modulation of Dectin-1 Expression. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1777. [PMID: 29326692 PMCID: PMC5733348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major life-threatening infections for which severely immunocompromised patients are at risk is invasive aspergillosis (IA). Despite the current treatment options, the increasing antifungal resistance and poor outcome highlight the need for novel therapeutic strategies to improve outcome of patients with IA. In the current study, we investigated whether and how the intracellular pattern recognition receptor NOD1 is involved in host defense against Aspergillus fumigatus. When exploring the role of NOD1 in an experimental mouse model, we found that Nod1−/− mice were protected against IA and demonstrated reduced fungal outgrowth in the lungs. We found that macrophages derived from bone marrow of Nod1−/− mice were more efficiently inducing reactive oxygen species and cytokines in response to Aspergillus. Most strikingly, these cells were highly potent in killing A. fumigatus compared with wild-type cells. In line, human macrophages in which NOD1 was silenced demonstrated augmented Aspergillus killing and NOD1 stimulation decreased fungal killing. The differentially altered killing capacity of NOD1 silencing versus NOD1 activation was associated with alterations in dectin-1 expression, with activation of NOD1 reducing dectin-1 expression. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate that Nod1−/− mice have elevated dectin-1 expression in the lung and bone marrow, and silencing of NOD1 gene expression in human macrophages increases dectin-1 expression. The enhanced dectin-1 expression may be the mechanism of enhanced fungal killing of Nod1−/− cells and human cells in which NOD1 was silenced, since blockade of dectin-1 reversed the augmented killing in these cells. Collectively, our data demonstrate that NOD1 receptor plays an inhibitory role in the host defense against Aspergillus. This provides a rationale to develop novel immunotherapeutic strategies for treatment of aspergillosis that target the NOD1 receptor, to enhance the efficiency of host immune cells to clear the infection by increasing fungal killing and cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Gresnigt
- Unité de recherche Cytokines and Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Laboratory for Experimental Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Martin Jaeger
- Laboratory for Experimental Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - R K Subbarao Malireddi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Orhan Rasid
- Unité de recherche Cytokines and Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Grégory Jouvion
- Unité Histopathologie Humaine et Modèles Animaux, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Fitting
- Unité de recherche Cytokines and Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Willem J G Melchers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Agostinho Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | | | - Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Laboratory for Experimental Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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25
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Kale SD, Ayubi T, Chung D, Tubau-Juni N, Leber A, Dang HX, Karyala S, Hontecillas R, Lawrence CB, Cramer RA, Bassaganya-Riera J. Modulation of Immune Signaling and Metabolism Highlights Host and Fungal Transcriptional Responses in Mouse Models of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17096. [PMID: 29213115 PMCID: PMC5719083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17000-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Incidences of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, an infection caused predominantly by Aspergillus fumigatus, have increased due to the growing number of immunocompromised individuals. While A. fumigatus is reliant upon deficiencies in the host to facilitate invasive disease, the distinct mechanisms that govern the host-pathogen interaction remain enigmatic, particularly in the context of distinct immune modulating therapies. To gain insights into these mechanisms, RNA-Seq technology was utilized to sequence RNA derived from lungs of 2 clinically relevant, but immunologically distinct murine models of IPA on days 2 and 3 post inoculation when infection is established and active disease present. Our findings identify notable differences in host gene expression between the chemotherapeutic and steroid models at the interface of immunity and metabolism. RT-qPCR verified model specific and nonspecific expression of 23 immune-associated genes. Deep sequencing facilitated identification of highly expressed fungal genes. We utilized sequence similarity and gene expression to categorize the A. fumigatus putative in vivo secretome. RT-qPCR suggests model specific gene expression for nine putative fungal secreted proteins. Our analysis identifies contrasting responses by the host and fungus from day 2 to 3 between the two models. These differences may help tailor the identification, development, and deployment of host- and/or fungal-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv D Kale
- Nutrional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Tariq Ayubi
- Nutrional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Dawoon Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
- National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seochun-gun, 33662, Republic of Korea
| | - Nuria Tubau-Juni
- Nutrional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Andrew Leber
- Nutrional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Ha X Dang
- Nutrional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Saikumar Karyala
- Nutrional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Raquel Hontecillas
- Nutrional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | | | - Robert A Cramer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Josep Bassaganya-Riera
- Nutrional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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NOD1 and NOD2: Molecular targets in prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 54:385-400. [PMID: 29207344 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) 1 and NOD2 are pattern-recognition receptors responsible for sensing fragments of bacterial peptidoglycan known as muropeptides. Stimulation of innate immunity by systemic or local administration of NOD1 and NOD2 agonists is an attractive means to prevent and treat infectious diseases. In this review, we discuss novel data concerning structural features of selective and non-selective (dual) NOD1 and NOD2 agonists, main signaling pathways and biological effects induced by NOD1 and NOD2 stimulation, including induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, type I interferons and antimicrobial peptides, induction of autophagy, alterations of metabolism. We also discuss interactions between NOD1/NOD2 and Toll-like receptor agonists in terms of synergy and cross-tolerance. Finally, we review available animal data on the role of NOD1 and NOD2 in protection against infections, and discuss how these data could be applied in human infectious diseases.
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27
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Liu J, Yu L, Chen C, Zhou J, Gong X, Li D, Hou D, Song Y, Shao C. The Expression of Dectin-1, Irak1 and Rip2 During the Host Response to Aspergillus fumigatus. Mycopathologia 2017; 183:337-348. [PMID: 29058172 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-017-0210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and Nod-like receptors (NLRs) have the ability to recognize Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigates) and induce innate immune response. Dectin-1 is a well-described CLR, while interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (Irak1) and receptor-interacting protein 2 (Rip2) are pivotal adaptor proteins of TLRs and NLRs signaling pathways, respectively. OBJECTIVES Our primary aim is to elucidate whether Dectin-1 regulates the expression of Irak1 and Rip2, and confirm that CLRs, TLRs, and NLRs pathways act synergistically in response to A. fumigatus infection. METHODS Pulmonary infection mouse models were established. Myeloid cells were differentiated in cell culture and examined by inverted microscopy, flow cytometry, and scanning electron microscopy. The relative mRNA levels were determined by qRT-PCR. The protein expression levels were determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. RESULTS The expression of Dectin-1, Irak1, Rip2, and phosphorylation level of nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 were induced by conidia in immunocompetent mice, while their expression and phosphorylation level were inhibited in immunocompromised mice after the administration of conidia. Conidia increased the expression of Dectin-1, Irak1, and Rip2 in myeloid cells, while Dectin-1 silencing significantly reduced their expression. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that Dectin-1, Irak1, and Rip2 are involved in response to A. fumigatus infection. Dectin-1 modulates the expression of Irak1 and Rip2. Additionally, these three signaling pathways are interconnected, and CLRs pathway plays a dominant role against A. fumigatus invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinguo Liu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University and Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Yu
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuicui Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University and Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University and Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Gong
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University and Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University and Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongni Hou
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University and Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanlin Song
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University and Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changzhou Shao
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University and Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
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Kolar SS, Baidouri H, McDermott AM. Role of Pattern Recognition Receptors in the Modulation of Antimicrobial Peptide Expression in the Corneal Epithelial Innate Response to F. solani. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:2463-2472. [PMID: 28460048 PMCID: PMC5413214 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Fusarium solani (F. solani) keratitis is a potentially sight-threatening fungal infection of the cornea. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), such as human β-defensins (hBDs) and cathelicidins, essential components of the immune system, likely have a protective role against F. solani keratitis. We examined the role of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), Dectin-1, and TLR2 in F. solani–induced modulation of AMP expression in vitro. Methods Human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) were exposed to heat-inactivated F. solani or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of F. solani (Zymosan or Zymosan Depleted) for 6, 12, or 24 hours following which AMP mRNA and protein levels were determined. Involvement of TLR2 and Dectin-1 was confirmed by using siRNA knock-down (TLR2 and Dectin-1) or chemical inhibitor BAY 61-3606 (Dectin-1). The functional significance of AMP upregulation was tested using culture supernatant from F. solani or PAMP-treated HCECs against F. solani in the presence of hBD2 or LL37 neutralizing antibody. Results We confirm that HCECs express Dectin-1 and TLR2. HCECs demonstrated upregulation of AMPs hBD2 and cathelicidin LL37 following exposure to heat-inactivated F. solani or PAMPs. TLR2 and Dectin-1 knockdown and BAY 61-3606 treatment decreased AMP mRNA upregulation confirming PRR involvement. The culture supernatant from F. solani or PAMP-treated HCECs showed substantial killing of F. solani and hBD2 or LL37 neutralizing antibody significantly decreased this effect implicating involvement of these AMPs. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that Dectin-1 and TLR2 have an important role in regulating F. solani-induced AMP expression in corneal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Sree Kolar
- The Ocular Surface Institute, University of Houston, College of Optometry, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Hasna Baidouri
- The Ocular Surface Institute, University of Houston, College of Optometry, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Alison M McDermott
- The Ocular Surface Institute, University of Houston, College of Optometry, Houston, Texas, United States
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29
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Acharya Y, Acharya B, Karki P. Fungal keratitis: study of increasing trend and common determinants. Nepal J Epidemiol 2017; 7:685-693. [PMID: 29181230 PMCID: PMC5673246 DOI: 10.3126/nje.v7i2.17975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal keratitis is one of the leading cause of ocular morbidity. Fungal keratitis possesses a clinical challenge due to its slow pathologic process, overlapping features, diagnostic difficulty, and potential complications. Its increasing trend can be attributed to the use of contact lens, non-judiciary corticosteroid, and vegetative trauma. Early diagnosis and treatment is the cornerstone for its effective control. Knowledge of pathological course and clinical characteristics of fungal keratitis will definitely add in early diagnosis and treatment, with reduction in ocular morbidity. This review article explores the risk factor of fungal keratitis, its clinical course and management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Acharya
- Assistant professor, Avalon University School of Medicine, Willemstad Curacao, Netherland Antilles
| | - Bhawana Acharya
- Registered nurse, VHA home health care, Toronto Ontario, Canada
| | - Priyanka Karki
- Medical officer, Nobel Medical College and Hospital, Biratnagar Morang, Nepal
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30
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Abstract
Pathogenic fungi cause a wide range of syndromes in immune-competent and immune-compromised individuals, with life-threatening disease primarily seen in humans with HIV/AIDS and in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapies for cancer, autoimmunity, and end-organ failure. The discovery that specific primary immune deficiencies manifest with fungal infections and the development of animal models of mucosal and invasive mycoses have facilitated insight into fungus-specific recognition, signaling, effector pathways, and adaptive immune responses. Progress in deciphering the molecular and cellular basis of immunity against fungi is guiding preclinical studies into vaccine and immune reconstitution strategies for vulnerable patient groups. Furthermore, recent work has begun to address the role of endogenous fungal communities in human health and disease. In this review, we summarize a contemporary understanding of protective immunity against fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Iliyan D Iliev
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in IBD, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tobias M Hohl
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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Inhibition of NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway by Butyrate Improves Corneal Wound Healing in Corneal Alkali Burn. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030562. [PMID: 28273882 PMCID: PMC5372578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells are involved in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity in response to different stresses. The purpose of this study was to investigate if alkali-injured corneal epithelia activate innate immunity through the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein (NOD)-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway. A unilateral alkali burn (AB) was created in the central cornea of C57BL/6 mice. Mice received either no topical treatment or topical treatment with sodium butyrate (NaB), β-hydroxybutyric acid (HBA), dexamethasone (Dex), or vehicle (balanced salt solution, BSS) quater in die (QID) for two or five days (d). We evaluated the expression of inflammasome components including NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), and caspase-1, as well as the downstream cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β. We found elevation of NLRP3 and IL-1β messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts, as well as levels of inflammasome component proteins in the alkali-injured corneas compared to naïve corneas. Treatment with NLRP3 inhibitors using NaB and HBA preserved corneal clarity and decreased NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β mRNA transcripts, as well as NLRP3 protein expression on post-injury compared to BSS-treated corneas. These findings identified a novel innate immune signaling pathway activated by AB. Blocking the NLRP3 pathway in AB mouse model decreases inflammation, resulting in greater corneal clarity. These results provide a mechanistic basis for optimizing therapeutic intervention in alkali injured eyes.
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Wu J, Zhang WS, Zhao J, Zhou HY. Review of clinical and basic approaches of fungal keratitis. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:1676-1683. [PMID: 27990375 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.11.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal keratitis (FK) is a serious disease which can cause blindness. This review has current information about the pathogenesis, limitations of traditional diagnosis and therapeutic strategies, immune recognition and the diagnosis and therapy of FK. The information of this summary was reviewed regularly and updated as what we need in the diagnosis and therapy of FK nowadays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wen-Song Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hong-Yan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
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Wang L, Wang L, Wu X. Aspergillus fumigatus promotes T helper type 2 responses through thymic stromal lymphopoietin production by human corneal epithelial cells. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016; 44:492-501. [PMID: 26759304 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungal keratitis is a major cause of blindness. To understand the mechanism of both innate and adaptive immunity in corneal infection is of great significance in the treatment and prevention of fungal keratitis. Our previous study concerned innate immunity. Here, we explored the potential role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in adaptive immunity of fungal keratitis. METHODS Human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) were stimulated with Aspergillus fumigatus hyphae (10(6) pieces per millilitre) with or without TSLP siRNA, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured with or without TSLP. HCECs and PBMCs were co-cultured in a transwell system for various periods. Then we collected PBMCs and detected the proliferation and activation as well as T helper type 2 (Th2) differentiation by flow cytometry and quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. IgG and IgA levels in supernatants of PBMCs were measured by means of ELISA. RESULTS Thymic stromal lymphopoietin could induce a Th2 response in vitro, and the expression of TSLP was highly increased in HCECs stimulated with A. fumigatus hyphae. A. fumigatus-infected HCECs were capable of promoting human lymphocyte proliferation and activating human CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells and B cells by up-regulating the expression of activation marker CD69. Importantly, Th2 differentiation of CD4(+) T cells was induced during co-culture with A. fumigatus-infected HCECs in a transwell system. Interestingly, blockade of TSLP using siRNA prevented the proliferation and activation of lymphocytes as well as Th2 differentiation. We also detected an increased IgG level that was associated with TSLP. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that HCEC-derived TSLP has a key role in adaptive immune responses of fungal keratitis via skewing Th2 differentiation and promoting humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Leyi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinyi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Ren X, Wang L, Wu X. A potential link between TSLP/TSLPR/STAT5 and TLR2/MyD88/NFκB-p65 in human corneal epithelial cells for Aspergillus fumigatus tolerance. Mol Immunol 2016; 71:98-106. [PMID: 26874828 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies reported that pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including the cell surface Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytoplasmic NOD-like receptors (NLRs), recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) to initiate downstream signal cascades to active immunity responses. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) has recently emerged as a key cytokine in the development of type 2 adaptive immune responses. However, the crosstalk between PRRs and TSLP has not been well elucidated in Aspergillus fumigates keratitis. Our studies demonstrated that HCECs not only respond to TSLP, but also initiate immunological regulation through TSLP/TSLPR/STAT5 signaling pathway. In addition, we revealed that zymosan TLR2 agonist enhanced the expression of TSLP and TSLPR and phosphorylation of STAT5. Furthermore, neutralization of TLR2 with monoclonal Ab prevented the production of TSLP and TSLPR and phosphorylation of STAT5 from increasing which induced by A. fumigatus hyphae. Interestingly, we also found that human recombinant TSLP induced the increase of TLR2 downstream signal molecules, and TSLP knockdown could reduce the increase of TLR2 downstream signaling molecules(MyD88 and NF-κB-p65) induced by A. fumigatus hyphae. These studies indicated that HCECs represent a novel target of TSLP, TSLP/TSLPR/STAT5 signaling plays an important role in response to A. fumigatus infection in HCECs, and TLR2 downstream signaling molecules up regulate TSLP/TSLPR/STAT5 signaling as well as TSLP downstream signaling molecules up regulate TLR2/MyD88/NFκB-p65 signaling in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Ren
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road 107, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Leyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road 107, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhua Xi Road 107, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Peng XD, Zhao GQ, Lin J, Jiang N, Xu Q, Zhu CC, Qu JQ, Cong L, Li H. Fungus induces the release of IL-8 in human corneal epithelial cells, via Dectin-1-mediated protein kinase C pathways. Int J Ophthalmol 2015; 8:441-7. [PMID: 26085988 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.03.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To identify whether Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) hyphae antigens induced the release of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in anti-fungal innate immunity of cultured human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) and determine the involvement of intracellular signalling pathways. METHODS HCECs were treated with A. fumigatus hyphae antigens with different concentrations and time. The cytoplasmic calcium of HCECs were assessed by fluorescence imaging. Western blot was used to detect the expression of Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase C (PKC). The IL-8 levels were determined by specific human IL-8 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Using a series of pharmacological inhibitors, we examined the upstream signalling pathway responsible for IL-8 expression in response to A. fumigatus hyphae antigens. RESULTS Cells exposed to A. fumigatus hyphae antigens showed higher level of IL-8 mRNA expression and protein production. We demonstrated here that stimulation of HCECs with A. fumigatus hyphae triggers an intracellular Ca(2+) flux and results in the activation of Ca(2+)-dependent PKC (α, βI and βII) which can be attenuated by pre-treatment of cells with laminarin, suggesting that Dectin-1 signals pathway induced cytoplasmic calcium and influence the activation of PKC in HCECs. Inhibitors of Ca(2+)-dependent PKC (Ro-31-8220 and Go6976) significantly abolished hyphae-induced expression of IL-8. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that A. fumigatus hyphae-induced IL-8 expression was regulated by the activation of Dectin-1-mediated Ca(2+)-dependent PKC in HCECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Dong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Gui-Qiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jian-Qiu Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lin Cong
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
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