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Lépine M, Robert MC, Sleno L. Discovery and Verification of Sjögren's Syndrome Protein Biomarkers in Tears by Targeted LC-MRM. J Proteome Res 2024. [PMID: 38682820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune rheumatic disorder characterized by exocrine gland dysfunction, mainly from the lacrimal and salivary glands. The disease causes severe aqueous dry eye syndrome (DED) and is associated with high rates of complications, including corneal ulceration, scaring, and perforation. Systemic complications may occur as well as a higher risk of developing lymphoma. Diagnosis of SS-DED is often delayed and difficult to establish. With the aim of discovering biomarkers to help discriminate SS-DED patients, a combination of untargeted and targeted LC-MS/MS analyses were performed on tear samples collected on Schirmer strips and subjected to tryptic digestion. Following the analysis of three cohorts and the development of two targeted LC-sMRM methods for the verification of putative biomarkers found in the first cohort of samples, 64 proteins could be linked to Sjögren's syndrome, in the hopes of helping to confirm diagnoses as well as potentially stratifying the severity of disease in these patients. Proteins that were increased in SS-DED showed activation of the immune system and alterations in homeostasis. Several proteases and protease inhibitors were found to be significantly changing in SS-DED, as well as a consistent decrease in specific proteins known to be secreted by the lacrimal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggy Lépine
- University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Chemistry Department, PO Box 8888, Downtown Station, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada
- CERMO-FC, Centre d'Excellence de Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois, 141 Avenue du President Kennedy, Montreal, Quebec H2X 3Y7, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Robert
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de (CR-CHUM), Ophthalmology Department, 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
- CERMO-FC, Centre d'Excellence de Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois, 141 Avenue du President Kennedy, Montreal, Quebec H2X 3Y7, Canada
| | - Lekha Sleno
- University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Chemistry Department, PO Box 8888, Downtown Station, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada
- CERMO-FC, Centre d'Excellence de Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois, 141 Avenue du President Kennedy, Montreal, Quebec H2X 3Y7, Canada
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2
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Peng H, Kaplan N, Liu M, Jiang H, Lavker RM. Keeping an Eye Out for Autophagy in the Cornea: Sample Preparation for Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing. Methods Mol Biol 2023:10.1007/7651_2023_502. [PMID: 37930627 PMCID: PMC11162605 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2023_502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a powerful technique that can barcode individual cells and thus used to obtain a gene expression profile for every individual cell within a tissue. This makes scRNA-seq an excellent method for characterizing rare cell populations such as stem cells. We describe how scRNA-seq can be utilized to examine limbal epithelial stem cell population as well as investigate the contribution of autophagy to the function of limbal epithelial stem cells. To accomplish this, we used the Beclin1 heterozygous (Beclin1 het) mouse, a well-established model of autophagy deficiency. We provide a protocol that we developed for the isolation of viable, single-cell suspensions of limbal/corneal tissues, as well as the analysis of scRNA-seq data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nihal Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Huimin Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Robert M Lavker
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Urbančič J, Košak Soklič T, Demšar Luzar A, Hočevar Boltežar I, Korošec P, Rijavec M. Transcriptomic Differentiation of Phenotypes in Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Its Implications for Understanding the Underlying Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065541. [PMID: 36982612 PMCID: PMC10051401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a multifaceted disease with variable clinical courses and outcomes. We aimed to determine CRS-associated nasal-tissue transcriptome in clinically well-characterized and phenotyped individuals, to gain a novel insight into the biological pathways of the disease. RNA-sequencing of tissue samples of patients with CRS with polyps (CRSwNP), without polyps (CRSsNP), and controls were performed. Characterization of differently expressed genes (DEGs) and functional and pathway analysis was undertaken. We identified 782 common CRS-associated nasal-tissue DEGs, while 375 and 328 DEGs were CRSwNP- and CRSsNP-specific, respectively. Common key DEGs were found to be involved in dendritic cell maturation, the neuroinflammation pathway, and the inhibition of the matrix metalloproteinases. Distinct CRSwNP-specific DEGs were involved in NF-kβ canonical pathways, Toll-like receptor signaling, HIF1α regulation, and the Th2 pathway. CRSsNP involved the NFAT pathway and changes in the calcium pathway. Our findings offer new insights into the common and distinct molecular mechanisms underlying CRSwNP and CRSsNP, providing further understanding of the complex pathophysiology of the CRS, with future research directions for novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jure Urbančič
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Cervicofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
| | - Tanja Košak Soklič
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Cervicofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ajda Demšar Luzar
- Laboratory for Clinical Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik 36, SI-4204 Golnik, Slovenia
| | - Irena Hočevar Boltežar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Cervicofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Korošec
- Laboratory for Clinical Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik 36, SI-4204 Golnik, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matija Rijavec
- Laboratory for Clinical Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik 36, SI-4204 Golnik, Slovenia
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Dias-Teixeira KL, Sharifian Gh M, Romano J, Norouzi F, Laurie GW. Autophagy in the normal and diseased cornea. Exp Eye Res 2022; 225:109274. [PMID: 36252655 PMCID: PMC10083687 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The cornea and covering tear film are together the 'objective lens' of the eye through which 80% of light is refracted. Despite exposure to a physically harsh and at times infectious or toxic environment, transparency essential for sight is in most cases maintained. Such resiliency makes the avascular cornea a superb model for the exploration of autophagy in the regulation of homeostasis with relevancy to all organs. Nonetheless, missense mutations and inflammation respectively clog or apparently overwhelm autophagic flux to create dystrophies much like in neurodegenerative diseases or further exacerbate inflammation. Here there is opportunity to generate novel topical therapies towards the restoration of homeostasis with potential broad application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeff Romano
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Fatemeh Norouzi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Gordon W Laurie
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Ling Y, Liang H, Tang Q. Protective Role of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs) in Repairing Epithelial Cells of Diabetic Retinopathy. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.3133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the main causes of blindness. By directly employing mesenchymal stem cells to repair damaged retinal tissues, we aim to study the underlying repair mechanisms. 30 DR patients were included, along with 30 healthy control cases. Western-blot and qRT-PCR
were conducted to measure PI3K/Akt pathway-related genes. The PI3K/Akt antagonist (Rigosertib) was utilized in the induction process of cell differentiation to analyze the effects of PI3K/Akt pathwayspecific proteins and mRNAs. DR patients showed significantly elevated expression of PI3K/Akt
compared to control. With prolongation of induction, the expression of normal epithelial cell-related genes (SpC, SpB, SpA, CK18, KGF and Occludin) was elevated along with upregulated Occludin and KGF, two specific proteins of healthy epithelial cells. Meanwhile, the quantities of Occludin
and KGF in cell culture medium showed a gradual downward trend. In the differentiation of BMSCs towards epithelial cells, addition of PI3K/Akt antagonist Rigosertib was negatively correlated with the expression of several genes (IGF-1, shh, EGF, mTOR, AKT and PI3K) and decreased the quantities
of PI3K/Akt pathway-specific proteins (mTOR, PI3K and AKT). In conclusion, BMSCs can effectively reduce the release of cytokines in DR and promote the repair of damaged diabetic retina, possibly through regulation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ling
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, The First People’s Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, China
| | - Haiming Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, The First People’s Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, China
| | - Qi Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, The First People’s Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, China
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Wang R, Yuan J. Regulation of Autophagy and Inflammation Improves the Corneal Injury in the Model of Rats with Xerophthalmia. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.3085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the mechanism of regulation of autophagy and inflammation on corneal injury in the model of rats with xerophthalmia. The level of inducer and inhibitor of autophagy in the model of rats with xerophthalmia was detected and cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay
together with analysis of colony formation, cell apoptosis and cycle by FCM. The effect of inducer on the corneal injury and inflammation was assessed. The level of autophagy marker LC3 was elevated significantly after treatment with autophagy inducer along with increased cell proliferation
and migration and strengthened sensibility of corneal epithelial cells on corneal injury and inflammation and autophagy rate. In addition, cells in the established model was blocked at G2/M phase. Moreover, autophagy inducer significantly upregulated MMP-10 expression. Furthermore, there was
a target relationship between LC3 and P62. In conclusion, the cell migration, growth and autophagy is induced with autophagy inducer in the model of rats with xerophthalmia, indicating that autophagy inducer might be a brand-new therapeutic target spot for the treatment of xerophthalmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jianghan University Affiliated Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430015, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jianghan University Affiliated Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430015, China
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Qu C, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Xu W, Zhang X. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs)-Derived Exosomes Promotes Proliferation and Differentiation of Retinal Neuron-Like Cells to Repair Corneal Epithelial Damage. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.2897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a common ocular surface disease. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) can differentiate into various cells, and BMSC-derived exosomes (BMSC-exo) is essential to maintaining BMSCs stemness. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism underlying BMSCexo
in DED. Sixty rats with corneal epithelial injury were treated with BMSCs or BMSC-exo and untreated (each group, n = 20) followed by analysis of the effect of BMSCs and BMSC-exo by evaluating the corneal epithelium damage via measuring the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) score on 1st,
3rd, 7th, 14th, 28th day after treatments. TUNEL staining assessed cell apoptosis, NF200 expression and the number of BrdU-positive cells. There was no significant difference in BBB scores among three groups on the 1st and 3rd day after treatment (p > 0.05) with significant difference
on the 7th, 14th, and 28th day (p <0.05); compared with control group, BMSCs group and combination group had significantly higher BBB score (p < 0.05). The amount of apoptotic cells rose on 3rd and then gradually decreased since 7th day. Moreover, BMSCs and BMSC-exo decreased
the apoptotic index and increased absorbance of NF200 and BrdU-positive rate (p < 0.05). BMSC-exo alleviates corneal epithelial damage in DED and facilitates wound healing possibly through reducing cell apoptosis and increasing retinal neuron-like cell proliferation protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Qu
- Department of Medical Cosmetology, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, 161000, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, 161000, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- International Medical Department, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116001, China
| | - Wenshuang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qiqihar Wuguan Hospital, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, 161006, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, 161000, China
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Verjee MA, Brissette AR, Starr CE. Dry Eye Disease: Early Recognition with Guidance on Management and Treatment for Primary Care Family Physicians. Ophthalmol Ther 2020; 9:877-888. [PMID: 33090327 PMCID: PMC7708574 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-020-00308-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary care presentations of dry eye disease (DED) are common and pose a diagnostic challenge due to the variety of symptoms and the absence of certainty for family practitioners. While there are many published articles on the topic, the 2017 Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society Dry Eye Workshop was a landmark report in distinguishing multifactorial differences. Redefined terms clarified the DED disorder. The ocular surface—the tear/air interface—is the primary refractive component of the eye, which is why DED is so significant and impacts vision. There is a high prevalence of DED in the community, ranging from 5% to 30% of people across multiple studies. Elderly patients have up to 75% increased risk of DED and receive more intensive treatment than younger age groups. DED is also more common in women than men, occurring in 9.8% of postmenopausal women. The causes of DED span defective lacrimal apparatus and systemic disorders. Despite its prevalence, up to one-half of patients with confirmed DED do not receive proper alleviating treatment. Risk factors on functional and environmental bases follow. Tools to elicit a diagnosis more confidently are outlined using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and the Symptom Assessment in Dry Eye questionnaires (SANDE). Lacritin, lutein, vitamin A, and balanced nutrition are essential contributors to maintaining healthy eyes with appropriate management and treatment. The authors hope that this paper will prompt a more accurate and expedient diagnosis of DED in primary care practice and an earlier recognition of specialist referrals. Dry eye disease (DED) poses a diagnostic challenge to primary care physicians. The condition involves the tear/air interface, at the corneal (ocular) surface, where light enters the eye. Any change in light refraction affects regular sight. Symptoms of DED include itching, grittiness, foreign body sensation, redness, excessive tearing, and visual blurring, the lattermost being the most common presentation. Ultimately, the untreated disease leads to continued discomfort and visual deficit, but when severe, it can result in blindness. Up to 30% of the population suffers from DED, with the elderly, particularly women, more affected. Unfortunately, up to 50% of those affected have inadequate treatment. Questionnaires help in diagnosis. Simple office tests can indicate the severity of eye problems. Technology with smartphone photography can take high-resolution images, which are useful in education and teaching. A multitude of conditions cause DED, including blepharitis, an infection of the eyelids. Environmental risks also abound. Proper nutrition is essential in maintaining eye health. Intermittent eye symptoms are likely to be underrated by the public, by purchasing over-the-counter products such as artificial tears rather than seeking a proper medical check. Newer prescription medications are now available for DED relief before advancing to debility requiring specialist treatment. Dry Eye Disease: Early Recognition with Guidance on Management and Treatment for Primary CareFamily Physicians (MP4 95031 kb)
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamud A Verjee
- Medical Student Affairs, & Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
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Justis BM, Coburn CE, Tyler EM, Showalter RS, Dissler BJ, Li M, McNamara NA, Laurie GW, McKown RL. Development of a Quantitative Immunoassay for Tear Lacritin Proteoforms. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:13. [PMID: 32879769 PMCID: PMC7442861 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.9.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Lacritin is a tear glycoprotein with pro-tearing and pro-ocular surface homeostasis activities that is selectively deficient in most dry eye tears. Proteoforms include an active monomer, inactive polymers, and a splice variant termed lacritin-c. Quantitation of the different proteoforms of tear lacritin may provide a diagnostic tool for ocular diseases. Here, we report the development of an immunoassay for the quantification of multiple lacritin proteoforms in human tear samples. Methods Basal tears collected on Schirmer test strips with anesthesia were eluted by diffusion and centrifugation under optimized conditions. Tear protein concentrations were determined, and 2.56 µg of each sample was separated by SDS-PAGE followed by western blot analysis. Blots were challenged with anti-Pep Lac N-term antibodies. Detection was with fluorescent secondary antibodies visualized by the LI-COR Odyssey CLx imaging system and quantified with standard curves of recombinant lacritin. Results The percent total lacritin (ng lacritin/100 ng total protein) ranged from 1.8% to 14.8%. Monomer, lacritin-c, and polymer proteoform percent total protein ranged from 1.1% to 6.3%, 0.3% to 5.4%, and 0.7% to 5.7%, respectively. Monomer lacritin was detected at concentrations of 6 to 176 µM, with lacritin-c and polymer proteoforms at 2 to 46 µM and 1 to 23 µM, respectively. Conclusions This assay greatly exceeds the power and sensitivity of our prior lacritin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that was not capable of distinguishing monomer from polymers and lacritin-c proteoforms. Translational Relevance A new method has been developed to quantitate multiple proteoforms of tear lacritin in preparation for analyses of samples from clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke M Justis
- School of Integrated Sciences, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA USA
| | - Casey E Coburn
- School of Integrated Sciences, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA USA
| | - Ethan M Tyler
- School of Integrated Sciences, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA USA
| | - Ryan S Showalter
- School of Integrated Sciences, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA USA
| | - Brianna J Dissler
- School of Integrated Sciences, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA USA
| | - Melissa Li
- School of Optometry and Vision Science Program, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nancy A McNamara
- School of Optometry and Vision Science Program, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gordon W Laurie
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Robert L McKown
- School of Integrated Sciences, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA USA
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Lyu D, Chen Z, Almansoob S, Chen H, Ye Y, Song F, Zhang L, Qin Z, Tang Q, Yin H, Xu W, Yao K, Fu Q. Transcriptomic profiling of human corneal epithelial cells exposed to airborne fine particulate matter (PM 2.5). Ocul Surf 2020; 18:554-564. [PMID: 32565256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the molecular mechanisms of PM2.5-induced dysfunction in human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) and the potential role of the plasminogen activator inhibitor type-2 (PAI-2) in PM2.5-induced autophagy in vitro and in vivo. METHODS RNA-Seq was performed to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in PM2.5-exposed HCECs compared to unexposed condition, followed by validation via real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Corneal fluorescein staining and tear secretion were assessed in the PM2.5-exposed rat model. The expression of PAI-2 and autophagy-related markers were examined via immunoblotting, immunofluorescence staining and/or qRT-PCR in PM2.5-exposed or unexposed HCECs and rat corneas. PAI-2-knockdown HCECs were generated to study PAI-2's role in the PM2.5-induced autophagy in HCECs. RESULTS A total of 434 DEGs-240 up-regulated and 194 down-regulated-were identified in PM2.5-exposed HCECs rather than unexposed HCECs. The expression of a few genes related to proliferation, inflammation, and aryl hydrocarbon stimulation were significantly altered by PM2.5 exposure. PAI-2 expression was up-regulated in PM2.5-exposed HCECs, sharing a similar fluctuation trend with autophagy-related markers LC3B II and BECN1 according to various exposure periods. Moreover, PAI-2 knockdown significantly suppressed the expression of LC3B and BECN1 in PM2.5-exposed HCECs. The corneal fluorescein staining was enhanced and tear secretion was significantly reduced in PM2.5-exposed rat eyes. PAI-2 expression was also increased in PM2.5-exposed rat corneas, together with the up-regulation of several autophagy-related markers. CONCLUSION The present study identified the altered expression of hundreds of genes in PM2.5-exposed HCECs, which suggests the importance of PM2.5 for cornea health. The involvement of PAI-2 was discovered in the PM2.5-induced autophagy in HCECs as well as likely in rat corneas, which implied that PAI-2 may become a potential target of clinical treatment of PM2.5-associated ocular surface diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Lyu
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhijian Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Siham Almansoob
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yang Ye
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fan Song
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhenwei Qin
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiaomei Tang
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Houfa Yin
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ke Yao
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Qiuli Fu
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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11
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Jakobiec FA, Eagle RC, Selig M, Ma L, Shields C. Clinical Implications of Goblet Cells in Dacryoadenosis and Normal Human Lacrimal Glands. Am J Ophthalmol 2020; 213:267-282. [PMID: 32006483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate an enlarged dacryoadenotic lacrimal gland and normal lacrimal glands for the presence of goblet cells (mucocytes). DESIGN Retrospective clinicopathologic series. METHODS An enlarged lacrimal gland (dacryoadenosis) without obvious histopathologic alterations was extensively evaluated histochemically, immunohistochemically, and ultrastructurally to detect the presence of goblet cells and to compare the findings with those in five normal lacrimal glands. RESULTS Granular, zymogen-rich pyramidal acinar cells in normal glands predominated over a previously not reported subpopulation of nongranular, pale-staining cells in both dacryoadenotic and normal lacrimal glands. These cells histochemically stained positively with mucicarmine and Alcian blue. Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic evaluations established that there was a displacement or replacement of cytoplasmic gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 and CK 7-positive tonofilaments in the pale acinar cells by myriad mucus granules. The goblet cells constituted approximately 2% of the normal acinar cells and 5% of dacryoadenotic acinar cells. A depletion of myoepithelial cells and ectopic intra-acinar ductular cells were also observed in dacryoadenosis. CONCLUSION Dacryoadenosis is caused by an increase in the number of acini without individual acinar cell hyperplasia. A normal cytologic feature of the lacrimal gland is the presence of acinar goblet cells that had been long overlooked; they are increased in number in dacryoadenosis. Intra-acinar ductular cells and the scattered loss of myoepithelial cells are other abnormalities in dacryoadenosis. The presence of lacrimal gland goblet cells may have physiologic implications for the precorneal tear film and its derangements as well as for the histogenesis of mucus-producing carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick A Jakobiec
- David G. Cogan Laboratory of Ophthalmic Pathology, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Ralph C Eagle
- Department of Pathology, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Martin Selig
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lina Ma
- David G. Cogan Laboratory of Ophthalmic Pathology, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carol Shields
- Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Rintz E, Gaffke L, Podlacha M, Brokowska J, Cyske Z, Węgrzyn G, Pierzynowska K. Transcriptomic Changes Related to Cellular Processes with Particular Emphasis on Cell Activation in Lysosomal Storage Diseases from the Group of Mucopolysaccharidoses. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093194. [PMID: 32366041 PMCID: PMC7246638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS), inherited metabolic diseases from the group of lysosomal storage diseases (LSD), are monogenic disorders, recent studies indicated that their molecular mechanisms are complicated. Storage of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), arising from a deficiency in one of the enzymes involved in the degradation of these compounds, is the primary cause of each MPS type. However, dysfunctions of various cellular organelles and disturbance of cellular processes have been reported which contribute considerably to pathomechanisms of the disease. Here, we present a complex transcriptomic analysis in which all types and subtypes of MPS were investigated, with special emphasis on genes related to cell activation processes. Complex changes in expression of these genes were found in fibroblasts of all MPS types, with number of transcripts revealing higher or lower levels (relative to control fibroblasts) between 19 and over 50, depending on MPS type. Genes in which expression was significantly affected in most MPS types code for proteins involved in following processes, classified according to Gene Ontology knowledge database: cell activation, cell growth, cell recognition, and cell division. Levels of some transcripts (including CD9, CLU, MME and others) were especially significantly changed (over five times relative to controls). Our results are discussed in the light of molecular pathomechanisms of MPS, indicating that secondary and/or tertiary changes, relative to GAG storage, might significantly modulate cellular dysfunctions and contribute to molecular mechanisms of the disease. This may influence the efficacy of various therapies and suggests why various treatments are not fully effective in improving the complex symptoms of MPS.
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13
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Song JY, Wang XG, Zhang ZY, Che L, Fan B, Li GY. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the protein degradation system in ophthalmic diseases. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8638. [PMID: 32117642 PMCID: PMC7036270 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is involved in the pathogenesis of various ophthalmic diseases, and ER stress-mediated degradation systems play an important role in maintaining ER homeostasis during ER stress. The purpose of this review is to explore the potential relationship between them and to find their equilibrium sites. Design This review illustrates the important role of reasonable regulation of the protein degradation system in ER stress-mediated ophthalmic diseases. There were 128 articles chosen for review in this study, and the keywords used for article research are ER stress, autophagy, UPS, ophthalmic disease, and ocular. Data sources The data are from Web of Science, PubMed, with no language restrictions from inception until 2019 Jul. Results The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy are important degradation systems in ER stress. They can restore ER homeostasis, but if ER stress cannot be relieved in time, cell death may occur. However, they are not independent of each other, and the relationship between them is complementary. Therefore, we propose that ER stability can be achieved by adjusting the balance between them. Conclusion The degradation system of ER stress, UPS and autophagy are interrelated. Because an imbalance between the UPS and autophagy can cause cell death, regulating that balance may suppress ER stress and protect cells against pathological stress damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yao Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, ChangChun, China
| | - Xue-Guang Wang
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Third People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Zi-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, ChangChun, China
| | - Lin Che
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, ChangChun, China
| | - Bin Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, ChangChun, China
| | - Guang-Yu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, ChangChun, China
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14
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Gaffke L, Pierzynowska K, Podlacha M, Brokowska J, Węgrzyn G. Changes in cellular processes occurring in mucopolysaccharidoses as underestimated pathomechanisms of these diseases. Cell Biol Int 2020; 45:498-506. [PMID: 31855304 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of genetic disorders belonging to lysosomal storage diseases. They are caused by genetic defects leading to a lack or severe deficiency of activity of one of lysosomal hydrolases involved in degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Partially degraded GAGs accumulate in lysosomes, which results in dysfunctions of cells, tissues, and organs. Until recently, it was assumed that GAG accumulation in cells is the major, if not the only, mechanism of pathogenesis in MPS, as GAGs may be a physical ballast for lysosomes causing inefficiency of cells due to a large amount of a stored material. However, recent reports suggest that in MPS cells there are changes in many different processes, which might be even more important for pathogenesis than lysosomal accumulation of GAGs per se. Moreover, there are many recently published results indicating that lysosomes not only are responsible for degradation of various macromolecules, but also play crucial roles in the regulation of cellular metabolism. Therefore, it appears plausible that previous failures in treatment of MPS (i.e., possibility to correct only some symptoms and slowing down of the disease rather than fully effective management of MPS) might be caused by underestimation of changes in cellular processes and concentration solely on decreasing GAG levels in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Gaffke
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Karolina Pierzynowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Podlacha
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Brokowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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15
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Dias-Teixeira K, Horton X, McKown R, Romano J, Laurie GW. The Lacritin-Syndecan-1-Heparanase Axis in Dry Eye Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:747-757. [PMID: 32274735 PMCID: PMC7398572 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis and visual acuity of the surface of the eye are dependent on tears, a thin film comprising at least 1800 different extracellular proteins and numerous species of lipids through which 80% of entering light is refracted at the air interface. Loss of homeostasis in dry eye disease affects 5-7% of the world's population, yet little is known about key molecular players. Our story began as an unbiased screen for regulators of tearing that led to the discovery of homeostasis-restorative 'lacritin', a tear protein whose active form is selectively deficient in dry eye. Heparanase acts as a novel 'on-switch' for lacritin ligation of syndecan-1 necessary to trigger basal tearing, as well as pertussis toxin-sensitive and FOXO-dependent signaling pathways for healing of inflammation-damaged epithelia and restoring epithelial oxidative phosphorylation by mitochondrial fusion downstream of transiently accelerated autophagy. A phase 2 clinical trial has tested the applicability of this mechanism to the resolution of dry eye disease. Results are not yet available. With lacritin proteoforms detected in cerebral spinal fluid, plasma, and urine, the capacity of the lacritin-syndecan-1-heparanase axis to restore homeostasis might have wide systemic relevance to other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xavier Horton
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Robert McKown
- School of Integrated Sciences, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Romano
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Gordon W Laurie
- Departments of Cell Biology, Biomedical Engineering and Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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16
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Georgiev GA, Eftimov P, Yokoi N. Contribution of Mucins towards the Physical Properties of the Tear Film: A Modern Update. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6132. [PMID: 31817367 PMCID: PMC6941008 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Instability of the tear film (TF) protecting the ocular surface results in dry eye syndrome (DES), the most prevalent public health ophthalmic disease affecting the quality of life of 10 to 30% of the human population worldwide. Although the impact of the tear film lipid layer (TFLL) and of the aqueous tears (AT) to the TF stability is extensively studied, in contrast the contribution of the secretory mucins (SM) and of the membrane-associated mucins (MAM), i.e., one of the most abundant molecular classes in AT and in the corneal epithelium respectively, remains poorly defined. However, it is well known that in DES both types of mucins are quantitatively or qualitatively deficient. Numerous studies since the 1990s until now have proposed direct involvement of SM and MAM in the material properties (viscoelasticity, hydration, and protection of the ocular surface; synergistic cooperation with the rest of the TF layers; etc.) and stability of TF. These theories will be reviewed here in the context of the classical and modern in vitro and in vivo results that allow their reappraisal and in view of the novel mucin secretion enhancing pharmaceuticals, which have opened innovative routes for the therapy of DES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi As Georgiev
- Department of Optics and Spectroscopy, Faculty of Physics, St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, 5 James Bourchier Blvd, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Petar Eftimov
- Department of Cytology, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Norihiko Yokoi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan
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17
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Pierzynowska K, Gaffke L, Podlacha M, Brokowska J, Węgrzyn G. Mucopolysaccharidosis and Autophagy: Controversies on the Contribution of the Process to the Pathogenesis and Possible Therapeutic Applications. Neuromolecular Med 2019; 22:25-30. [PMID: 31372809 PMCID: PMC7021662 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-019-08559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) consists of a group of 11 enzymatic defects which result in accumulation of undegraded glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in lysosomes. MPS is a severe metabolic disease for which only bone marrow/hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and enzyme replacement therapy are current therapeutic options. However, they are available for only a few of MPS types, and are ineffective in treatment of central nervous system. Recent studies indicated that the autophagy process can be impaired in MPS, but various contradictory conclusions have been published in this matter. Nevertheless, stimulation of autophagy has been proposed as a potential therapeutic option for MPS, and very recent results suggest that such approach might be effective in improving MPS symptoms. Still the mechanisms of autophagy changes in MPS are not clear, and efficiency of autophagy activation in clearing the storage material requires further investigation. These problems are summarized and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Pierzynowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lidia Gaffke
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Podlacha
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Brokowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
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18
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Corneal autophagy and ocular surface inflammation: A new perspective in dry eye. Exp Eye Res 2019; 184:126-134. [PMID: 31018117 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED), a multifactorial ocular surface disorder affecting millions of individuals worldwide, is characterized by inflammation and damage to the ocular surface. It is unclear whether corneal autophagy participates in ocular surface inflammation observed in DED. To test this involvement, dry eye (DE) was induced in female C57BL/6 mice housed in a controlled environment by subcutaneous injection of scopolamine. Expression of the autophagy-related proteins LC3B and ATG5 and activation of autophagy were detected in the corneas of these mice. Treatment with LYN-1604, an activator of autophagy, alleviated the clinical indications in DE mice, including tear production and corneal fluorescence staining. LYN-1604 also reduced the corneal levels of inflammatory response products, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and matrix metalloproteinases-3 and -9. By contrast, treatment of DE mice with the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA, exacerbated the clinical indications of DE and increased the levels of inflammatory response products. This is the first study to show that autophagy could regulate the level of ocular surface inflammation, suggesting that agents that regulate autophagy could relieve ocular surface inflammation and treat DED.
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19
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Markoulli M, Hui A. Emerging targets of inflammation and tear secretion in dry eye disease. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1427-1432. [PMID: 30802601 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms of dry eye are thought to be part of a vicious circle involving a hyperosmolarity-triggered inflammatory cascade, resulting in loss of goblet cells and glycocalyx mucin and observed corneal and conjunctival epithelial cell damage. This damage leads to increased tear film instability, further hyperosmolarity and hence perpetuating of a vicious circle. The aim of dry eye management is to restore the homeostasis of the tear film and break the perpetuation of this vicious circle. Despite the plethora of treatment options available, many of these are largely palliative, short-lived and require repeated instillations. Two emerging areas in dry eye therapy aim to promote tear secretion and to safely manage dry eye-associated inflammation and are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Markoulli
- School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Alex Hui
- School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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20
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Zhang FD, Hao ZQ, Gao W, Xing YQ. Effect of topical 0.05% cyclosporine A on the tear protein lacritin in a rat model of dry eye. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:189-193. [PMID: 30809471 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.02.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To observe the effect of topical 0.05% cyclosporine A (CsA) on the ocular surface and tear protein lacritin in a botulinum B-induced dry eye rat model. METHODS A total of 36 female SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, botulinum B was injected into the right lacrimal gland of all rats. Group A and group B were treated with 0.05% CsA and 0.1% sodium hyaluronate, respectively, 3 times daily. The control group was not treated. Basal tear flow, corneal epithelial defects, and lacritin levels were measured. RESULTS Tear secretion in all rats was reduced on day 3 and was even lower on day 7 postoperation (P<0.05). Tear secretion in group A increased by day 14 and was at the preoperative level on day 42. Tear secretion in group B and control rats was lower on days 14 and 42 compared with preoperative level (P<0.05). Corneal fluorescein staining in group A was higher on day 3, peaked on day 7, and then decreased gradually from day 7 until day 14, returning to normal by day 42 post-procedure. However, in group B, corneal fluorescein staining had improved, but was not fully recovered by day 42. Corneal fluorescein staining was more intense than before the operation and then in the control group at all time points. Tear protein lacritin levels reached the lowest levels on day 7 in all groups. In group A, tear protein lacritin levels began to increase on day 14 and were normal on day 42. In group B, tear protein lacritin levels began to increase on day 14, but had not completely recovered on day 42. In the control group, tear protein lacritin levels remained low post-procedure. CONCLUSION CsA 0.05% prompts tear protein lacritin expression in a rat model of dry eye and improves the signs and symptoms of dry eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen-Dui Zhang
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhao-Qin Hao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xi'an No.1 Hospital, Xi'an 710002, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xi'an No.1 Hospital, Xi'an 710002, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yi-Qiao Xing
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
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21
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Miao Q, Xu Y, Zhang H, Xu P, Ye J. Cigarette smoke induces ROS mediated autophagy impairment in human corneal epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:389-397. [PMID: 30453137 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is an important indoor air pollutant which has deleterious effects on human health. Continued daily exposure to cigarette smoke has been attributed to the risk factor of ocular surface diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying the ocular surface damage are not fully elucidated. In this study, exposure to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) induced a dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity in human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells, supported by the observation of reduced cell viability, increased apoptotic cells, elevated intracellular oxidative stress and loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In addition, CSE exposure led to the impairment of proteostasis and autophagy, which resulted in the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins as aggregates in peri-nuclear spaces. Furthermore, the autophagy inducer, cysteamine was shown to attenuate the CSE induced cell damage, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in HCE cells. Moreover, cysteamine inhibited the formation of ubiquitin-positive aggregates around the peri-nuclear region, through regulating the autophagic activity of HCE cells. Similar to in vitro experiments, cigarette smoke induced proteostasis and autophagy impairment in corneal epithelial cells could be rescued by cysteamine in a cigarette smoke-exposed murine model. Therefore, this study may provide first evidence that dysfunction of autophagy contributes to the pathogenesis of ocular surface diseases associated with cigarette smoke exposure. Besides, it also suggests the potential therapeutic value of cysteamine in the prevention and treatment of cigarette smoke induced ocular surface injury. CSE induces cytotoxicity and accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in HCE cells due to impairment of proteostasis and autophagy, which can be rescued by cysteamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Miao
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yufeng Xu
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Huina Zhang
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Peifang Xu
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Juan Ye
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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22
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Fu Q, Lyu D, Zhang L, Qin Z, Tang Q, Yin H, Lou X, Chen Z, Yao K. Airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) triggers autophagy in human corneal epithelial cell line. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 227:314-322. [PMID: 28477555 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate particulate matter (PM2.5)-induced damage to human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) and to determine the underlying mechanisms. METHODS HCECs were exposed to PM2.5 at a series of concentrations for various periods. Cell viability was measured by using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Cell proliferation was evaluated via 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) analysis, while autophagy was determined by immunofluorescence and Western blot. RESULTS PM2.5-induced cell damage of HCECs occurred in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Decreased cell viability and proliferation as well as increased apoptosis were observed in HCECs after PM2.5 exposure for 24 h. Autophagy in HCECs was slightly inhibited in the early stage (before 4 h) of exposure but significantly activated in the late stage (after 24 h), as evidenced by a decrease in the former and increase in the latter of the expression of the autophagy-associated markers LC3B, ATG5, and BECN1. Interestingly, rapamycin, an autophagy activator, attenuated early-stage but aggravated late-stage PM2.5-induced cell damage, suggesting that the role of autophagy in HCECs may change over time during PM2.5 exposure. In addition, in the early stage, the expression of LC3B and ATG5 increased in cells co-treated with rapamycin and PM2.5 compared to rapamycin-only or PM2.5-only treated cells, suggesting that autophagy may benefit cell viability after PM2.5 exposure. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate the potential role of autophagy in the treatment of PM2.5-induced ocular corneal diseases and provide direct evidence for the cytotoxicity, possibly involving an autophagic process, of PM2.5 in HCECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuli Fu
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Danni Lyu
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhenwei Qin
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiaomei Tang
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Houfa Yin
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaoming Lou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhijian Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Ke Yao
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Pan X, Wang Y, Lübke T, Hinek A, Pshezhetsky AV. Mice, double deficient in lysosomal serine carboxypeptidases Scpep1 and Cathepsin A develop the hyperproliferative vesicular corneal dystrophy and hypertrophic skin thickenings. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172854. [PMID: 28234994 PMCID: PMC5325571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive and mitogenic peptide, endothelin-1 (ET-1) plays an important role in physiology of the ocular tissues by regulating the growth of corneal epithelial cells and maintaining the hemodynamics of intraocular fluids. We have previously established that ET-1 can be degraded in vivo by two lysosomal/secreted serine carboxypeptidases, Cathepsin A (CathA) and Serine Carboxypeptidase 1 (Scpep1) and that gene-targeted CathAS190A/Scpep1-/- mice, deficient in CathA and Scpep1 have a prolonged half-life of circulating ET-1 associated with systemic hypertension. In the current work we report that starting from 6 months of age, ~43% of CathAS190A/Scpep1-/- mice developed corneal clouding that eventually caused vision impairment. Histological evaluation of these mice demonstrated a selective fibrotic thickening and vacuolization of the corneas, resembling human hyperproliferative vesicular corneal stromal dystrophy and coexisting with a peculiar thickening of the skin epidermis. Moreover, we found that cultured corneal epithelial cells, skin fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells derived from CathA/Scpep1-deficient mice, demonstrated a significantly higher proliferative response to treatment with exogenous ET-1, as compared with cells from wild type mice. We also detected increased activation level of ERK1/2 and AKT kinases involved in cell proliferation in the ET-1-treated cultured cells from CathA/Scpep1 deficient mice. Together, results from our experimental model suggest that; in normal tissues the tandem of serine carboxypeptidases, Scpep1 and CathA likely constitutes an important part of the physiological mechanism responsible for the balanced elimination of heightened levels of ET-1 that otherwise would accumulate in tissues and consequently contribute to development of the hyper-proliferative corneal dystrophy and abnormal skin thickening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefang Pan
- Department of Medical Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yanting Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Program, the Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Torben Lübke
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Aleksander Hinek
- Cardiovascular Research Program, the Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexey V. Pshezhetsky
- Department of Medical Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Peng H, Park JK, Lavker RM. Autophagy and Macropinocytosis: Keeping an Eye on the Corneal/Limbal Epithelia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:416-423. [PMID: 28118670 PMCID: PMC5270618 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-21111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy and macropinocytosis are processes that are vital for cellular homeostasis, and help cells respond to stress and take up large amounts of material, respectively. The limbal and corneal epithelia have the machinery necessary to carry out both processes; however, autophagy and macropinocytosis are relatively understudied in these two epithelia. In this Perspectives, we describe the basic principles behind macropinocytosis and autophagy, discuss how these two processes are regulated in the limbal and corneal epithelia, consider how these two processes impact on the physiology of limbal and corneal epithelia, and elaborate on areas of future research in autophagy and macropinocytosis as related to the limbal/corneal epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Jong Kook Park
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Robert M. Lavker
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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