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Aguirre B, Lin MC, Araujo E, Lu CH, Casero D, Sun M, Nusinowitz S, Hanson J, Calkins K, Gordon L, Wadehra M, Chu A. Epithelial Membrane Protein 2 (EMP2) Blockade Attenuates Pathological Neovascularization in Murine Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:10. [PMID: 38958972 PMCID: PMC11223617 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.8.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) results from postnatal hyperoxia exposure in premature infants and is characterized by aberrant neovascularization of retinal blood vessels. Epithelial membrane protein-2 (EMP2) regulates hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production in the ARPE-19 cell line and genetic knock-out of Emp2 in a murine oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model attenuates neovascularization. We hypothesize that EMP2 blockade via intravitreal injection protects against neovascularization. Methods Ex vivo choroid sprouting assay was performed, comparing media and human IgG controls versus anti-EMP2 antibody (Ab) treatment. In vivo, eyes from wild-type (WT) mice exposed to hyperoxia from postnatal (P) days 7 to 12 were treated with P12 intravitreal injections of control IgG or anti-EMP2 Abs. Neovascularization was assessed at P17 by flat mount imaging. Local and systemic effects of anti-EMP2 Ab treatment were assessed. Results Choroid sprouts treated with 30 µg/mL of anti-EMP2 Ab demonstrated a 48% reduction in vessel growth compared to control IgG-treated sprouts. Compared to IgG-treated controls, WT OIR mice treated with 4 µg/g of intravitreal anti-EMP2 Ab demonstrated a 42% reduction in neovascularization. They demonstrated down-regulation of retinal gene expression in pathways related to vasculature development and up-regulation in genes related to fatty acid oxidation and tricarboxylic acid cycle respiratory electron transport, compared to controls. Anti-EMP2 Ab-treated OIR mice did not exhibit gross retinal histologic abnormalities, vision transduction abnormalities, or weight loss. Conclusions Our results suggest that EMP2 blockade could be a local and specific treatment modality for retinal neovascularization in oxygen-induced retinopathies, without systemic adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Aguirre
- Department of Pathology Lab Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Meng-Chin Lin
- Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Eduardo Araujo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Cheng-Hsiang Lu
- F. Widjaja Inflammatory Bowel Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - David Casero
- F. Widjaja Inflammatory Bowel Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Michel Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Steven Nusinowitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Justin Hanson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Kara Calkins
- Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Lynn Gordon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Madhuri Wadehra
- Department of Pathology Lab Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Alison Chu
- Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
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Lin P, Cao W, Chen X, Zhang N, Xing Y, Yang N. Role of mRNA-binding proteins in retinal neovascularization. Exp Eye Res 2024; 242:109870. [PMID: 38514023 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Retinal neovascularization (RNV) is a pathological process that primarily occurs in diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, and retinal vein occlusion. It is a common yet debilitating clinical condition that culminates in blindness. Urgent efforts are required to explore more efficient and less limiting therapeutic strategies. Key RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), crucial for post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by binding to RNAs, are closely correlated with RNV development. RBP-RNA interactions are altered during RNV. Here, we briefly review the characteristics and functions of RBPs, and the mechanism of RNV. Then, we present insights into the role of the regulatory network of RBPs in RNV. HuR, eIF4E, LIN28B, SRSF1, METTL3, YTHDF1, Gal-1, HIWI1, and ZFR accelerate RNV progression, whereas YTHDF2 and hnRNPA2B1 hinder it. The mechanisms elucidated in this review provide a reference to guide the design of therapeutic strategies to reverse abnormal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road #238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
| | - Wenye Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road #238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road #238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
| | - Ningzhi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road #238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
| | - Yiqiao Xing
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road #238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Aier Eye Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China.
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road #238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
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Yang N, Zhang N, Lu G, Zeng S, Xing Y, Du L. RNA-binding proteins potentially regulate the alternative splicing of cell cycle-associated genes in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6731. [PMID: 38509306 PMCID: PMC10954754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) contribute to the pathogenesis of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) by regulating gene expression through alternative splicing events (ASEs). However, the RBPs differentially expressed in PDR and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Thus, this study aimed to identify the differentially expressed genes in the neovascular membranes (NVM) and retinas of patients with PDR. The public transcriptome dataset GSE102485 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, and samples of PDR and normal retinas were analyzed. A mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy was used to confirm the results. The top 20 RBPs were screened for co-expression with alternative splicing genes (ASGs). A total of 403 RBPs were abnormally expressed in the NVM and retina samples. Functional analysis demonstrated that the ASGs were enriched in cell cycle pathways. Cell cycle-associated ASEs and an RBP-AS regulatory network, including 15 RBPs and their regulated ASGs, were extracted. Splicing factor proline/glutamine rich (SFPQ), microtubule-associated protein 1 B (MAP1B), heat-shock protein 90-alpha (HSP90AA1), microtubule-actin crosslinking factor 1 (MACF1), and CyclinH (CCNH) expression remarkably differed in the mouse model. This study provides novel insights into the RBP-AS interaction network in PDR and for developing screening and treatment options to prevent diabetic retinopathy-related blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ningzhi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guojing Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siyu Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiqiao Xing
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Yang N, Zhang N, Wang Z, Cao W, He X, Zhang W, Xing Y. Galectin-1-dependent ceRNA network in HRMECs revealed its association with retinal neovascularization. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:327. [PMID: 37322431 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal neovascularization (RNV) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory networks play vital roles in angiogenesis. The RNA-binding protein galectin-1 (Gal-1) participates in pathological RNV in oxygen-induced retinopathy mouse models. However, the molecular associations between Gal-1 and lncRNAs remain unclear. Herein, we aimed to explore the potential mechanism of action of Gal-1 as an RNA-binding protein. RESULTS A comprehensive network of Gal-1, ceRNAs, and neovascularization-related genes was constructed based on transcriptome chip data and bioinformatics analysis of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs). We also conducted functional enrichment and pathway enrichment analyses. Fourteen lncRNAs, twenty-nine miRNAs, and eleven differentially expressed angiogenic genes were included in the Gal-1/ceRNA network. Additionally, the expression of six lncRNAs and eleven differentially expressed angiogenic genes were validated by qPCR in HRMECs with or without siLGALS1. Several hub genes, such as NRIR, ZFPM2-AS1, LINC0121, apelin, claudin-5, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10, were found to potentially interact with Gal-1 via the ceRNA axis. Furthermore, Gal-1 may be involved in regulating biological processes related to chemotaxis, chemokine-mediated signaling, the immune response, and the inflammatory response. CONCLUSIONS The Gal-1/ceRNA axis identified in this study may play a vital role in RNV. This study provides a foundation for the continued exploration of therapeutic targets and biomarkers associated with RNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road #238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Ningzhi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road #238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiyi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road #238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Wenye Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road #238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Xuejun He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road #238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Wenxi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road #238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
| | - Yiqiao Xing
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road #238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aier Eye Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Galectin-1 in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12100930. [PMID: 36295832 PMCID: PMC9606923 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12100930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-1 is a carbohydrate-binding protein expressed in many tissues. In recent years, increasing evidence has emerged for the role of galectin-1 in obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Galectin-1 has been highly conserved through evolution and is involved in key cellular functions such as tissue maturation and homeostasis. It has been shown that galectin-1 increases in obesity, both in the circulation and in the adipose tissue of human and animal models. Several proteomic studies have independently identified an increased galectin-1 expression in the adipose tissue in obesity and in insulin resistance. Large population-based cohorts have demonstrated associations for circulating galectin-1 and markers of insulin resistance and incident type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, galectin-1 is associated with key metabolic pathways including glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as insulin signalling and inflammation. Intervention studies in animal models alter animal weight and metabolic profile. Several studies have also linked galectin-1 to the progression of complications in diabetes, including kidney disease and retinopathy. Here, we review the current knowledge on the clinical potential of galectin-1 in obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Xie F, Li Z, Yang N, Yang J, Hua D, Luo J, He T, Xing Y. Inhibition of Heat Shock Protein B8 Alleviates Retinal Dysfunction and Ganglion Cells Loss Via Autophagy Suppression in Mouse Axonal Damage. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:28. [PMID: 35758906 PMCID: PMC9248752 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.6.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Heat shock protein B8 (HspB8) can be upregulated rapidly in many pathologic processes, but its role in traumatic optic neuropathy remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the involvement of autophagy in the effects of HspB8 by using the optic nerve crush (ONC) model. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice were intravitreally injected with recombinant adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2-shHspB8 or AAV2-GFP) and subsequently received ONC by a self-closing tweezers. Western blot and immunohistochemistry staining were used to evaluate the expression of HspB8. We conducted retinal flat-mount immunofluorescence to measure the quantities of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), and full-field flash electroretinogram (ff-ERG) and optomotor response (OMR) were used to evaluate retinal function. The autophagy level was reflected by western blot, immunohistochemistry staining, and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images. We also applied 3-methyladenine (3MA) and rapamycin (Rapa) to regulate autophagy level in optic nerve injury. Results ONC stimulated the expression of HspB8. Declines of RGCs and ff-ERG b-wave amplitudes resulting from ONC can be alleviated by HspB8 downregulation. Increased autophagy activity after ONC was observed; however, this change can be reversed by intravitreal injection of AAV2-shHspB8. Furthermore, application of autophagy inhibitor 3MA had the same neuroprotective effects as AAV2-shHspB8, as illustrated by ff-ERG and quantities of RGCs. Also, protection of AAV2-shHspB8 was compromised by the autophagy activator Rapa. Conclusions Inhibition of HspB8 in mice optic nerve injury had neuroprotective effects, which may be derived from its downregulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feijia Xie
- Eye Center, RenMin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongyuan Li
- Eye Center, RenMin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Yang
- Eye Center, RenMin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayi Yang
- Eye Center, RenMin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dihao Hua
- Eye Center, RenMin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyuan Luo
- Eye Center, RenMin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao He
- Eye Center, RenMin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqiao Xing
- Eye Center, RenMin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
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Hillenmayer A, Wertheimer CM, Geerlof A, Eibl KH, Priglinger S, Priglinger C, Ohlmann A. Galectin-1 and -3 in high amounts inhibit angiogenic properties of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265805. [PMID: 35320287 PMCID: PMC8942239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Galectin-1 and -3 are β-galactoside binding lectins with varying effects on angiogenesis and apoptosis. Since in retinal pigment epithelial cells high amounts of human recombinant galectin (hr-GAL)1 and 3 inhibit cell adhesion, migration and proliferation, we investigated if hr-GAL1 and 3 have homologous effects on human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMEC) in vitro. Methods To investigate the effect of galectin-1 and -3 on HRMEC, proliferation, apoptosis and viability were analyzed after incubation with 30, 60 and 120 μg/ml hr-GAL1 or 3 by BrdU-ELISA, histone-DNA complex ELISA, live/dead staining and the WST-1 assay, respectively. Further on, a cell adhesion as well as tube formation assay were performed on galectin-treated HRMEC. Migration was investigated by the scratch migration assay and time-lapse microscopy. In addition, immunohistochemical staining on HRMEC for β-catenin, galectin-1 and -3 were performed and β-catenin expression was investigated by western blot analysis. Results Incubation with hr-GAL1 or 3 lead to a decrease in proliferation, migration, adhesion and tube formation of HRMEC compared to the untreated controls. No toxic effects of hr-GAL1 and 3 on HRMEC were detected. Intriguingly, after treatment of HRMEC with hr-GAL1 or 3, an activation of the proangiogenic Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was observed. However, incubation of HRMEC with hr-GAL1 or 3 drew intracellular galectin-1 and -3 out of the cells, respectively. Conclusion Exogenously added hr-GAL1 or 3 inhibit angiogenic properties of HRMEC in vitro, an effect that might be mediated via a loss of intracellular endogenous galectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hillenmayer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian M. Wertheimer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Arie Geerlof
- Protein Expression and Purification Facility, Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kirsten H. Eibl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Priglinger
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Ohlmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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8
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Zhang N, Cao W, He X, Xing Y, Yang N. Using methanol to preserve retinas for immunostaining. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2022; 50:325-333. [PMID: 35040242 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental studies on retinal vasculature and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) investigating the developmental and pathological conditions of the retina mainly rely on whole-mount retinal immunostaining. Methanol, an auxiliary fixed medium for retinal whole-mount preparations, has been used in some studies; however, its application in short- and long-term storage of retinas for further study has not been well described. We aimed to evaluate methanol use as a preservation treatment for further immunostaining of the retina. METHODS We generated oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) and optic nerve crush (ONC) mouse models and used their retinas for analysis. We pipetted cold methanol (-20°C) on the surface of the retina to help fix the tissues while promoting permeability, after which the retinas were stored in cold methanol (-20°C) for 1, 6, or 12 months before being evaluated using various optical techniques. Thereafter, retinal whole-mount immunostaining was performed to analyse retinal neovascularisation and retinal hypoxia in OIR model, and retinal ganglion cell survival rate in ONC model. RESULTS Quantitative analysis revealed no significant differences in the fixed retinas after long-term storage in terms of retinal vasculature or retinal hypoxia in the OIR model. Similarly, no significant difference was found in RGC survival rate after long-term storage in methanol. These results suggest that methanol can be used as a storage medium when preserving retinal whole-mount samples. CONCLUSIONS Cold (-20°C) methanol can serve as an effective medium for long-term storage of fixed retinas, which is useful for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningzhi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenye Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuejun He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiqiao Xing
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Feng C, Nita-Lazar M, González-Montalbán N, Wang J, Mancini J, Wang S, Ravindran C, Ahmed H, Vasta GR. Manipulating Galectin Expression in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2442:425-443. [PMID: 35320539 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2055-7_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Techniques for disrupting gene expression are invaluable tools for the analysis of the biological role of a gene product. Because of its genetic tractability and multiple advantages over conventional mammalian models, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is recognized as a powerful system for gaining new insight into diverse aspects of human health and disease. Among the multiple mammalian gene families for which the zebrafish has shown promise as an invaluable model for functional studies, the galectins have attracted great interest due to their participation in early development, regulation of immune homeostasis, and recognition of microbial pathogens. Galectins are β-galactosyl-binding lectins with a characteristic sequence motif in their carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs), that constitute an evolutionary conserved family ubiquitous in eukaryotic taxa. Galectins are emerging as key players in the modulation of many important pathological processes, which include acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmunity and cancer, thus making them potential molecular targets for innovative drug discovery. Here, we provide a review of the current methods available for the manipulation of gene expression in the zebrafish, with a focus on gene knockdown [morpholino (MO)-derived antisense oligonucleotides] and knockout (CRISPR-Cas) technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiguang Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mihai Nita-Lazar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nuria González-Montalbán
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Justin Mancini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chinnarajan Ravindran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, National Institute of Oceanography (CSIR), Dona Paula, Goa, India
| | - Hafiz Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gerardo R Vasta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Koponen S, Kokki E, Kinnunen K, Ylä-Herttuala S. Viral-Vector-Delivered Anti-Angiogenic Therapies to the Eye. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020219. [PMID: 33562561 PMCID: PMC7915489 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological vessel growth harms vision and may finally lead to vision loss. Anti-angiogenic gene therapy with viral vectors for ocular neovascularization has shown great promise in preclinical studies. Most of the studies have been conducted with different adeno-associated serotype vectors. In addition, adeno- and lentivirus vectors have been used. Therapy has been targeted towards blocking vascular endothelial growth factors or other pro-angiogenic factors. Clinical trials of intraocular gene therapy for neovascularization have shown the treatment to be safe without severe adverse events or systemic effects. Nevertheless, clinical studies have not proceeded further than Phase 2 trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Koponen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (S.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Emmi Kokki
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (S.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Kati Kinnunen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (S.K.); (E.K.)
- Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +358-403-552-075
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Yamamoto-Rodríguez L, Zarbin MA, Casaroli-Marano RP. New frontiers and clinical implications in the pathophysiology of age-related macular degeneration. Med Clin (Barc) 2020; 154:496-504. [PMID: 32197861 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2020.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) involves progressive degeneration of the central retina, termed the macula, which provides high-acuity vision needed to recognize faces, drive, etc. AMD is the leading cause of blindness in the aging population. A plethora of paradigm-shifting perspectives regarding AMD's multifaceted pathophysiology is emerging. This review will endeavor to gather novel insights and attempts to identify translational implications and new areas of research. The concept of aberrant inflammation being at the center of age-related diseases, particularly AMD, is being received with increasing credence. Retinal angiogenesis, at the forefront of the neovascular complications of AMD (nAMD), is now being understood as an imbalance between trophic factors released by retinal cells secretome. Additionally, mechanisms involving oxidative stress and inflammatory complement pathways have also been identified, along with genetic and other risk factors that play a key role in AMD's onset and progression. Associations have been drawn with AMD and other degenerative deposit diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, and glomerulonephritis, which are providing further insight into this maculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liria Yamamoto-Rodríguez
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine (FMCS) & Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco A Zarbin
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Ricardo P Casaroli-Marano
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine (FMCS) & Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research - IIB-Sant Pau (SGR1113) &Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST), Barcelona, Spain.
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Abu El‐Asrar AM, Ahmad A, Allegaert E, Siddiquei MM, Alam K, Gikandi PW, De Hertogh G, Opdenakker G. Galectin-1 studies in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol 2020; 98:e1-e12. [PMID: 31318490 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Galectin-1 regulates endothelial cell function and promotes angiogenesis. We investigated the hypothesis that galectin-1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). METHODS Vitreous samples from 36 PDR and 20 nondiabetic patients, epiretinal fibrovascular membranes from 13 patients with PDR, rat retinas and human retinal Müller glial cells were studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. In vitro angiogenesis assays were performed and the adherence of leukocytes to galectin-1-stimulated human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) was assessed. RESULTS The ELISA analysis revealed that galectin-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were significantly higher in vitreous samples from PDR patients than in those from nondiabetics (p < 0.001 for both comparisons). A significant positive correlation was found between the levels of galectin-1 and VEGF (r = 0.354; p = 0.022). In epiretinal membranes, immunohistochemical analysis showed that galectin-1 was expressed in vascular endothelial cells expressing CD31, myofibroblasts expressing α-smooth muscle actin and leukocytes expressing CD45. The galectin-1 receptor neuropilin-1 was expressed on vascular endothelial cells. CD31 staining was used as a marker to assess microvessel density (MVD). Significant positive correlation was detected between MVD in epiretinal membranes and the number of blood vessels expressing galectin-1 (r = 0.848; p < 0.001). Western blot analysis demonstrated significant increase of galectin-1 protein in rat retinas after induction of diabetes. ELISA analysis revealed that hydrogen peroxide and cobalt chloride (CoCl2 ) induced upregulation of galectin-1 in Müller cells. Treatment with galectin-1 induced upregulation of VEGF in Müller cells and increased leukocyte adhesion to HRMECs. The galectin-1 inhibitor OTX008 attenuated VEGF-induced HRMECs migration and CoCl2 -induced upregulation of NF-κB, galectin-1 and VEGF in Müller cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that galectin-1is involved in the pathogenesis of PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Abu El‐Asrar
- Department of Ophthalmology King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Dr. Nasser Al‐Rashid Research Chair in Ophthalmology College of Medicine King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajmal Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Eef Allegaert
- Laboratory of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry University of Leuven KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | | | - Kaiser Alam
- Department of Ophthalmology King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Gert De Hertogh
- Laboratory of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry University of Leuven KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Rega Institute for Medical Research Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Leuven KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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Hirose I, Kanda A, Noda K, Ishida S. Glucocorticoid receptor inhibits Müller glial galectin-1 expression via DUSP1-dependent and -independent deactivation of AP-1 signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:6785-6796. [PMID: 31328390 PMCID: PMC6787449 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin‐1/LGALS1 is a hypoxia‐induced angiogenic factor associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR). Recently, we elucidated a hypoxia‐independent pathway to produce galectin‐1 in Müller glial cells stimulated by interleukin (IL)‐1β. Here we revealed glucocorticoid receptor (GR)‐mediated inhibitory mechanisms for Müller glial galectin‐1/LGALS1 expression. Activator protein (AP)‐1 site in the LGALS1 enhancer region, to which activating transcription factor2, c‐Fos and c‐Jun bind, was shown to be essential for IL‐1β‐induced galectin‐1/LGALS1 expression in Müller cells. Ligand (dexamethasone or triamcinolone acetonide)‐activated GR induced dual specificity phosphatase (DUSP)1 expression via the glucocorticoid response element and attenuated IL‐1β‐induced galectin‐1/LGALS1 expression by reducing phosphorylation of these AP‐1 subunits following AKT and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 deactivation. Moreover, activated GR also caused DUSP1‐independent down‐regulation of IL‐1β‐induced LGALS1 expression via its binding to AP‐1. Administration of glucocorticoids to mice attenuated diabetes‐induced retinal galectin‐1/Lgals1 expression together with AKT/AP‐1 and ERK/AP‐1 pathways. Supporting these in vitro and in vivo findings, immunofluorescence analyses showed co‐localization of galectin‐1 with GR and phosphorylated AP‐1 in DUSP1‐positive glial cells in fibrovascular tissues from patients with DR. Our present data demonstrated the inhibitory effects of glucocorticoids on glial galectin‐1 expression via DUSP1‐dependent and ‐independent deactivation of AP‐1 signalling (transactivation and transrepression), highlighting therapeutic implications for DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuyo Hirose
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Kanda
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kousuke Noda
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Susumu Ishida
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Wu D, Kanda A, Liu Y, Kase S, Noda K, Ishida S. Galectin-1 promotes choroidal neovascularization and subretinal fibrosis mediated via epithelial-mesenchymal transition. FASEB J 2018; 33:2498-2513. [PMID: 30277820 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801227r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
VEGFA and TGF-β are known major angiogenic and fibrogenic factors. Galectin-1, encoded by lectin, galactoside-binding, soluble ( LGALS) 1, has attracted growing attention for its facilitatory role in angiogenesis and fibrosis through its modification of VEGFA and TGF-β receptor signaling pathways. We reveal galectin-1 involvement in the mouse model of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and subretinal fibrosis, both of which represent the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Neither deletion nor overexpression of Lgals1 affected physiologic retinal development or visual function. Galectin-1/ Lgals1 was upregulated by CNV induction, whereas deletion of Lgals1 suppressed CNV together with downstream molecules of VEGF receptor (VEGFR)2. Loss of Lgals1 also attenuated subretinal fibrosis, expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers including Snai1, and phosphorylation of SMAD family member 2. Supporting these in vivo findings, silencing of LGALS1 in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells inhibited TGF-β1-induced EMT-related molecules and cell motilities. Conversely, overexpression of Lgals1 enhanced CNV and subretinal fibrosis. Specimens from patients with AMD demonstrated colocalization of galectin-1 with VEGFR2 in neovascular endothelial cells and with phosphorylated SMAD2 in RPE cells. These results suggested a biologic significance of galectin-1 as a key promotor for both angiogenesis and fibrosis in eyes with AMD.-Wu, D., Kanda, A., Liu, Y., Kase, S., Noda, K., Ishida, S. Galectin-1 promotes choroidal neovascularization and subretinal fibrosis mediated via epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Kanda
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ye Liu
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoru Kase
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kousuke Noda
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Susumu Ishida
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Mello-Bosnic C, Gimenes AD, Oliani SM, Gil CD. Treatment with galectin-1 eye drops regulates mast cell degranulation and attenuates the severity of conjunctivitis. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 833:124-130. [PMID: 29859836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-1 (Gal-1) is a β-galactoside-binding protein with diverse biological activities in the pathogenesis of inflammation, however the mechanisms by which Gal-1 modulates cellular responses in allergic inflammatory processes have not been fully determined. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of Gal-1 eye drops in an experimental model of conjunctivitis. Wistar rats received a topical application of compound (C)48/80 (100 mg/ml) into right eyes and a drop of vehicle into the contralateral eye. Another group of rats received Gal-1 (0.3 or 3 μg/eye) or sodium cromoglycate (SCG; 40 mg/ml) in both eyes and, after 15 min, right eye was challenged with C48/80. Conjunctivitis-induced by C48/80 was characterized by severe eyelid oedema and tearing, but clinical signs were ameliorated by eye drop doses of both Gal-1 (0.3/3 μg) and SCG. As expected, an increased proportion of degranulated mast cells (62%, P < 0.01) and lower histamine levels were observed after 6 h of C48/80 challenge, compared to control (32%). This effect was abrogated by Gal-1 and SCG, which reduced mast cell degranulation (31-36%), eosinophil migration and eosinophil peroxidase levels in the eyes. Gal-1 (3 μg) and SCG treatments also decreased IL-4 levels, as well as activation of mitogen activated protein kinases compared to untreated C48/80 eyes. Our findings suggest that Gal-1 eye drops represent a new therapeutic strategy for ocular allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mello-Bosnic
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Dantas Gimenes
- UNIFESP - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sonia Maria Oliani
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Damas Gil
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil; UNIFESP - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Geng W, Qin F, Ren J, Xiao S, Wang A. Mini-peptide RPL41 attenuated retinal neovascularization by inducing degradation of ATF4 in oxygen-induced retinopathy mice. Exp Cell Res 2018; 369:243-250. [PMID: 29803741 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling is activated in retinal degeneration disease. Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), an important mediator of the unfolded protein response (UPR), is a key element that maintains cell survival and proliferation in hypoxic conditions. Our previous studies showed that a small ribosomal protein L41 (RPL41) inhibits ATF4 by inducing its phosphorylation and degradation. In the present study, the effects of mini-peptide RPL41 on retinal neovascularization (RNV) in oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) mice was investigated. We induced OIR in C57BL/6 mice and obtained retinas from normoxia, OIR, OIR control (treated with PBS), and OIR treated (treated with RPL41) mice. Our results showed that ER stress signaling was activated and ATF4 was overexpressed in the retinas of OIR mice. After intravitreal injection of RPL41, the size of RNV and vaso-obliteration, and the number of preretinal neovascular cell nuclei in the retinas of OIR mice were significantly decreased. Western blot analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) showed ATF4 and VEGF expression decreased after intravitreal injection of RPL41. Furthermore, the expression levels of inflammatory genes including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were significantly decreased compared with the OIR control mice. In conclusion, RPL41 prevented pathologic neovascularization and exerted anti-inflammatory effects by degrading the important ER stress factor ATF4, thus, RPL41 could be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of neovascular eye diseases, especially retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Geng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shengyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China
| | - Feng Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shengyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China
| | - Jiaxu Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shengyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China
| | - Sheng Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital of Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aiyuan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shengyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China.
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Andrade FEC, Covre JL, Ramos L, Hazarbassanov RM, Santos MSD, Campos M, Gomes JÁP, Gil CD. Evaluation of galectin-1 and galectin-3 as prospective biomarkers in keratoconus. Br J Ophthalmol 2018; 102:700-707. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-311495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AimsTo evaluate the expression of β-galactoside-binding proteins galectin (Gal)-1 and Gal-3 in patients with keratoconus (KC) and postcorneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) treatment in vitro.MethodsTear fluid, cornea samples and conjunctival impression cytology specimens from control and KC patients were used to evaluate Gal-1 and Gal-3 expressions. Primary keratocytes were isolated by collagenase digestion from surgically removed corneas of five normal or KC human corneal buttons and cultured in Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium/Ham’s F12 medium supplemented with 2% fetal bovine serum. These cells were evaluated under two experimental conditions: control and submitted to the application of ultraviolet A light and riboflavin 0.1% (CXL) for 30 min.ResultsPatients with KC displayed increased levels of Gal-1 and Gal-3 in conjunctival epithelial cells compared with control. Furthermore, KC corneas were associated with intense expression of Gal-1 in the stroma, released by keratocytes. Ultrastructural analysis of keratocytes showed a marked increase of endogenous Gal-3 levels, but not Gal-1, in KC. In vitro, CXL induced significant release of Gal-1 in keratocyte supernatants (116±18 ng/mL, P<0.05) and decreased inflammatory biomarkers as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. Gal-3 levels were not detected in the keratocyte supernatants.ConclusionGal-1 and Gal-3 represent new interesting KC biomarkers as revealed by their different expression patterns in KC and control corneal samples. CXL has an immunosuppressive effect on keratocytes by reducing the release of cytokines and MMPs and increased expression of anti-inflammatory protein Gal-1.
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Advanced glycation endproducts link inflammatory cues to upregulation of galectin-1 in diabetic retinopathy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16168. [PMID: 29170525 PMCID: PMC5700925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16499-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an inflammatory and progressive vaso-occlusive disease resulting in angiogenesis. Galectin-1 is a hypoxia-induced angiogenic factor associated with cancer and proliferative DR. Here we reveal a significant upregulation of galectin-1 in eyes of DR patients along with progression of clinical stages beginning from the pre-ischemic, inflammatory stage with diabetic macular edema, but not in eyes with non-diabetic retinal vascular occlusions. As for its regulatory mechanism unrelated to hypoxia but selective to DR, in vitro galectin-1/LGALS1 expression was shown to increase after application to Müller glial cells with interleukin (IL)-1β, which was induced in monocyte-derived macrophages and microglial cells via toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signaling stimulated by advanced glycation endproducts (AGE). In vivo inhibition of AGE generation with aminoguanidine, macrophage depletion with clodronate liposomes, and antibody-based blockade of Il-1β and Tlr4 attenuated diabetes-induced retinal Lgals1 expression in mice. Fibrovascular tissues from proliferative DR eyes were immunoreactive for AGE, TRL4 and IL-1β in macrophages, and IL-1β receptor-positive glial cells expressed galectin-1. Therefore, diabetes-induced retinal AGE accumulation was suggested to activate IL-1β-related inflammatory cues in macrophages followed by Müller cells, linking to galectin-1 upregulation in human DR with time. Our data highlight AGE-triggered inflammation as the DR-selective inducer of galectin-1.
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