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Gáll T, Pethő D, Erdélyi K, Egri V, Balla JG, Nagy A, Nagy A, Póliska S, Gram M, Gábriel R, Nagy P, Balla J, Balla G. Heme: A link between hemorrhage and retinopathy of prematurity progression. Redox Biol 2024; 76:103316. [PMID: 39260060 PMCID: PMC11415884 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Neovascularization is implicated in the pathology of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which are the leading causes of blindness worldwide. In our work, we analyzed how heme released during hemorrhage affects hypoxic response and neovascularization. Our retrospective clinical analysis demonstrated, that hemorrhage was associated with more severe retinal neovascularization in ROP patients. Our heme-stimulated human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cell studies demonstrated increased expression of positive regulators of angiogenesis, including vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA), a key player of ROP, DR and AMD, and highlighted the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/VEGFA pathway involved in angiogenesis in response to heme. Furthermore, heme decreased oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria, augmented glycolysis, facilitated HIF-1α nuclear translocation, and increased VEGFA/GLUT1/PDK1 expression suggesting HIF-1α-driven hypoxic response in ARPE-19 cells without effecting the metabolism of reactive oxygen species. Inhibitors of HIF-1α, PI3K and suppression of mTOR pathway by clinically promising drug, rapamycin, mitigated heme-provoked cellular response. Our data proved that oxidatively modified forms of hemoglobin can be sources of heme to induce VEGFA during retinal hemorrhage. We propose that hemorrhage is involved in the pathology of ROP, DR, and AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Gáll
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Dávid Pethő
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary; HUN-REN-UD Vascular Biology and Myocardium Pathophysiology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary; Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin Erdélyi
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology and the National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest H-1122, Hungary
| | - Virág Egri
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Jázon György Balla
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Annamária Nagy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary; HUN-REN-UD Vascular Biology and Myocardium Pathophysiology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Annamária Nagy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Póliska
- Genomic Medicine and Bioinformatic Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Magnus Gram
- Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Neonatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Róbert Gábriel
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Péter Nagy
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology and the National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest H-1122, Hungary; Chemistry Institute, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary; Department of Anatomy and Histology, HUN-REN-UVMB Laboratory of Redox Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine; Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Balla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary; HUN-REN-UD Vascular Biology and Myocardium Pathophysiology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - György Balla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary.
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Sakimura K, Kawai T, Nashida R, Ishida Y, Harada K, Suzuki T, Okuma C, Cole GM. A novel PDHK inhibitor restored cognitive dysfunction and limited neurodegeneration without affecting amyloid pathology in 5xFAD mouse, a model of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:197. [PMID: 39238036 PMCID: PMC11376040 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01552-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Although drugs focusing on reducing amyloid β slow progression, they fail to improve cognitive function. Deficits in glucose metabolism are reflected in FDG-PET and parallel the neurodegeneration and synaptic marker loss closely preceding cognitive decline, but the role of metabolic deficits as a cause or consequence of neurodegeneration is unclear. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) is lost in AD and an important enzyme connecting glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle by converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA. It is negatively regulated by pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDHK) through phosphorylation. METHODS In the present study, we assessed the in vitro/ in vivo pharmacological profile of the novel PDHK inhibitor that we discovered, Compound A. We also assessed the effects of Compound A on AD-related phenotypes including neuron loss and cognitive impairment using 5xFAD model mice. RESULTS Compound A inhibited human PDHK1, 2 and 3 but had no inhibitory activity on PDHK4. In primary neurons, Compound A enhanced pyruvate and lactate utilization, but did not change glucose levels. In contrast, in primary astrocytes, Compound A enhanced pyruvate and glucose utilization and enhanced lactate production. In an efficacy study using 5xFAD mice, Compound A ameliorated the cognitive dysfunction in the novel object recognition test and Morris water maze. Moreover, Compound A prevented neuron loss in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of 5xFAD without affecting amyloid β deposits. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest ameliorating metabolic deficits by activating PDH by Compound A can limit neurodegeneration and is a promising therapeutic strategy for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Sakimura
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc, 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Kawai
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc, 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Reiko Nashida
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc, 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishida
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc, 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kana Harada
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc, 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc, 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chihiro Okuma
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc, 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Gregory M Cole
- Department of Neurology & Medicine, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, GRECC, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA.
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Yoshida T, Yokoi T, Tanaka T, Matsuzaka E, Saida Y, Nishina S, Takada S, Shimizu S, Azuma N. Modeling of Retina and Optic Nerve Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury through Hypoxia-Reoxygenation in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Ganglion Cells. Cells 2024; 13:130. [PMID: 38247823 PMCID: PMC10814087 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are specialized projection neurons that constitute part of the retina, and the death of RGCs causes various eye diseases, but the mechanism of RGC death is still unclear. Here, we induced cell death in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived RGC-rich retinal tissues using hypoxia-reoxygenation in vitro. Flow cytometry, immunochemistry, and Western blotting showed the apoptosis and necrosis of RGCs under hypoxia-reoxygenation, and they were rescued by an apoptosis inhibitor but not by a necrosis inhibitor. This revealed that the cell death induced in our model was mainly due to apoptosis. To our knowledge, this is the first model to reproduce ischemia-reperfusion in hiPSC-derived RGCs. Thus, the efficacy of apoptosis inhibitors and neuroprotective agents can be evaluated using this model, bringing us closer to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyo Yoshida
- National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, O-kura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 1578535, Japan; (T.Y.); (T.Y.); (E.M.); (S.N.)
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-4, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138510, Japan;
| | - Tadashi Yokoi
- National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, O-kura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 1578535, Japan; (T.Y.); (T.Y.); (E.M.); (S.N.)
- Department of ophthalmology, Kyorin University, 6-20-2, Arakawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818611, Japan
| | - Taku Tanaka
- National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, O-kura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 1578535, Japan; (T.Y.); (T.Y.); (E.M.); (S.N.)
| | - Emiko Matsuzaka
- National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, O-kura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 1578535, Japan; (T.Y.); (T.Y.); (E.M.); (S.N.)
| | - Yuki Saida
- National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, O-kura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 1578535, Japan; (T.Y.); (T.Y.); (E.M.); (S.N.)
| | - Sachiko Nishina
- National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, O-kura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 1578535, Japan; (T.Y.); (T.Y.); (E.M.); (S.N.)
| | - Shuji Takada
- National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, O-kura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 1578535, Japan; (T.Y.); (T.Y.); (E.M.); (S.N.)
| | - Shigeomi Shimizu
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-4, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138510, Japan;
| | - Noriyuki Azuma
- National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, O-kura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 1578535, Japan; (T.Y.); (T.Y.); (E.M.); (S.N.)
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-4, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138510, Japan
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Sato K, Ohno-Oishi M, Yoshida M, Sato T, Aizawa T, Sasaki Y, Maekawa S, Ishikawa M, Omodaka K, Kawano C, Ohue-Kitano R, Kimura I, Nakazawa T. The GPR84 molecule is a mediator of a subpopulation of retinal microglia that promote TNF/IL-1α expression via the rho-ROCK pathway after optic nerve injury. Glia 2023; 71:2609-2622. [PMID: 37470163 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Resident microglia are important to maintain homeostasis in the central nervous system, which includes the retina. The retinal microglia become activated in numerous pathological conditions, but the molecular signatures of these changes are poorly understood. Here, using an approach based on FACS and RNA-seq, we show that microglial gene expression patterns gradually change during RGC degeneration induced by optic nerve injury. Most importantly, we found that the microglial cells strongly expressed Tnf and Il1α, both of which are known to induce neurotoxic reactive astrocytes, and were characterized by Gpr84high -expressing cells in a particular subpopulation. Moreover, ripasudil, a Rho kinase inhibitor, significantly blunted Gpr84 expression and cytokine induction in vitro and in vivo. Finally, GPR84-deficient mice prevented RGC loss in optic nerve-injured retina. These results reveal that Rho kinase-mediated GPR84 alteration strongly contribute to microglial activation and promote neurotoxicity, suggesting that Rho-ROCK and GPR84 signaling may be potential therapeutic targets to prevent the neurotoxic microglial phenotype induced by optic nerve damage, such as occurs in traumatic optic neuropathy and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michiko Ohno-Oishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaaki Yoshida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Taimu Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takaharu Aizawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuto Sasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shigeto Maekawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Makoto Ishikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuko Omodaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kawano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ohue-Kitano
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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5
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Schmelter C, Fomo KN, Brueck A, Perumal N, Markowitsch SD, Govind G, Speck T, Pfeiffer N, Grus FH. Glaucoma-Associated CDR1 Peptide Promotes RGC Survival in Retinal Explants through Molecular Interaction with Acidic Leucine Rich Nuclear Phosphoprotein 32A (ANP32A). Biomolecules 2023; 13:1161. [PMID: 37509196 PMCID: PMC10377047 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a complex, multifactorial optic neuropathy mainly characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons, resulting in a decline of visual function. The pathogenic molecular mechanism of glaucoma is still not well understood, and therapeutic strategies specifically addressing the neurodegenerative component of this ocular disease are urgently needed. Novel immunotherapeutics might overcome this problem by targeting specific molecular structures in the retina and providing direct neuroprotection via different modes of action. Within the scope of this research, the present study showed for the first time beneficial effects of the synthetic CDR1 peptide SCTGTSSDVGGYNYVSWYQ on the viability of RGCs ex vivo in a concentration-dependent manner compared to untreated control explants (CTRL, 50 µg/mL: p < 0.05 and 100 µg/mL: p < 0.001). Thereby, this specific peptide was identified first as a potential biomarker candidate in the serum of glaucoma patients and was significantly lower expressed in systemic IgG molecules compared to healthy control subjects. Furthermore, MS-based co-immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed the specific interaction of synthetic CDR1 with retinal acidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein 32A (ANP32A; p < 0.001 and log2 fold change > 3), which is a highly expressed protein in neurological tissues with multifactorial biological functions. In silico binding prediction analysis revealed the N-terminal leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain of ANP32A as a significant binding site for synthetic CDR1, which was previously reported as an important docking site for protein-protein interactions (PPI). In accordance with these findings, quantitative proteomic analysis of the retinae ± CDR1 treatment resulted in the identification of 25 protein markers, which were significantly differentially distributed between both experimental groups (CTRL and CDR1, p < 0.05). Particularly, acetyl-CoA biosynthesis I-related enzymes (e.g., DLAT and PDHA1), as well as cytoskeleton-regulating proteins (e.g., MSN), were highly expressed by synthetic CDR1 treatment in the retina; on the contrary, direct ANP32A-interacting proteins (e.g., NME1 and PPP2R4), as well as neurodegenerative-related markers (e.g., CEND1), were identified with significant lower abundancy in the CDR1-treated retinae compared to CTRL. Furthermore, retinal protein phosphorylation and histone acetylation were also affected by synthetic CDR1, which are both partially controlled by ANP32A. In conclusion, the synthetic CDR1 peptide provides a great translational potential for the treatment of glaucoma in the future by eliciting its neuroprotective mechanism via specific interaction with ANP32A's N terminal LRR domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schmelter
- Department of Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (C.S.); (K.N.F.); (A.B.); (N.P.); (N.P.)
| | - Kristian Nzogang Fomo
- Department of Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (C.S.); (K.N.F.); (A.B.); (N.P.); (N.P.)
| | - Alina Brueck
- Department of Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (C.S.); (K.N.F.); (A.B.); (N.P.); (N.P.)
| | - Natarajan Perumal
- Department of Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (C.S.); (K.N.F.); (A.B.); (N.P.); (N.P.)
| | - Sascha D. Markowitsch
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Gokul Govind
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (G.G.)
| | - Thomas Speck
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (G.G.)
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (C.S.); (K.N.F.); (A.B.); (N.P.); (N.P.)
| | - Franz H. Grus
- Department of Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (C.S.); (K.N.F.); (A.B.); (N.P.); (N.P.)
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Li L, Song M, Zhou J, Sun X, Lei Y. Ambient particulate matter exposure causes visual dysfunction and retinal neuronal degeneration. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 247:114231. [PMID: 36327781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 pollution is related to neurotoxic and vascular effects in eye diseases such as glaucoma. This study investigates the adverse effects of PM2.5 exposure on visual function and retinal neurons. A versatile aerosol concentration enrichment system was used to expose mice to either control air or PM2.5 polluted air. Six months after PM2.5 exposure, visual function was measured by electroretinography (ERG). Hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunofluorescence staining were used for histopathological analysis. Protein markers of apoptosis, astrocytic reactivity, inflammatory cytokines, lipid peroxidation, protein nitration and DNA damage response were quantified with ELISA, western blot or detected using immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. After six months of exposure, PM2.5-exposed mice responded poorly to light stimuli compared with those exposed to the control air. PM2.5 exposure caused retinal thinning and reduction in the expression of retinal ganglion cell-selective marker RNA-binding protein with multiple splicing (RBPMS). Further, positive TUNEL staining was observed in the inner nucleus and outer nuclear layers of the retinae after exposure to PM2.5, which was accompanied by the activation of apoptosis signaling molecules p53, caspase-3 and Bax. PM2.5 induced the release of inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α and cleaved interleukin-1β. Furthermore, increased levels of 8-OHdG and γ-H2AX in the mouse retinea were indicative of DNA single and double strand breaks by PM2.5 exposure, which activated PARP-1 mediated DNA damage and repair. In conclusion, this study demonstrates sub-chronic systemic exposure to concentrated PM2.5 causes visual dysfunction and retinal neuronal degeneration. DATA AVAILABILITY: The datasets during and/or analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Li
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Maomao Song
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ji Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai Meteorological Bureau, Shanghai 200030, China; Shanghai Typhoon Institute, CMA, Shanghai 200030, China; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Xinghuai Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai 200031, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yuan Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai 200031, China.
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7
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Pang K, Wang W, Qin J, Shi Z, Hao L, Ma Y, Xu H, Wu Z, Pan D, Chen Z, Han C. Role of protein phosphorylation in cell signaling, disease, and the intervention therapy. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e175. [PMID: 36349142 PMCID: PMC9632491 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is an important post-transcriptional modification involving an extremely wide range of intracellular signaling transduction pathways, making it an important therapeutic target for disease intervention. At present, numerous drugs targeting protein phosphorylation have been developed for the treatment of various diseases including malignant tumors, neurological diseases, infectious diseases, and immune diseases. In this review article, we analyzed 303 small-molecule protein phosphorylation kinase inhibitors (PKIs) registered and participated in clinical research obtained in a database named Protein Kinase Inhibitor Database (PKIDB), including 68 drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration of the United States. Based on previous classifications of kinases, we divided these human protein phosphorylation kinases into eight groups and nearly 50 families, and delineated their main regulatory pathways, upstream and downstream targets. These groups include: protein kinase A, G, and C (AGC) and receptor guanylate cyclase (RGC) group, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) group, CMGC [Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), Glycogen synthase kinases (GSKs), and Cdc2-like kinases (CLKs)] group, sterile (STE)-MAPKs group, tyrosine kinases (TK) group, tyrosine kinase-like (TKL) group, atypical group, and other groups. Different groups and families of inhibitors stimulate or inhibit others, forming an intricate molecular signaling regulatory network. This review takes newly developed new PKIs as breakthrough point, aiming to clarify the regulatory network and relationship of each pathway, as well as their roles in disease intervention, and provide a direction for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Pang
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical CollegeThe Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Medical College of Southeast UniversityThe Affiliated Xuzhou Center Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Medical CollegeSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Jia‐Xin Qin
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical CollegeThe Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Medical College of Southeast UniversityThe Affiliated Xuzhou Center Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Zhen‐Duo Shi
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical CollegeThe Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Medical College of Southeast UniversityThe Affiliated Xuzhou Center Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Lin Hao
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical CollegeThe Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Medical College of Southeast UniversityThe Affiliated Xuzhou Center Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Yu‐Yang Ma
- Graduate SchoolBengbu Medical CollegeBengbuAnhuiChina
| | - Hao Xu
- Graduate SchoolBengbu Medical CollegeBengbuAnhuiChina
| | - Zhuo‐Xun Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy and Health SciencesSt. John's University, QueensNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Deng Pan
- Graduate SchoolBengbu Medical CollegeBengbuAnhuiChina
| | - Zhe‐Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy and Health SciencesSt. John's University, QueensNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Cong‐Hui Han
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical CollegeThe Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Medical College of Southeast UniversityThe Affiliated Xuzhou Center Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineXuzhouJiangsuChina
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Deng Y, Fu Y, Sheng L, Hu Y, Su L, Luo J, Yan C, Chi W. The Regulatory NOD-Like Receptor NLRC5 Promotes Ganglion Cell Death in Ischemic Retinopathy by Inducing Microglial Pyroptosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:669696. [PMID: 34095138 PMCID: PMC8173141 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.669696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ischemia is a common pathological event that can result in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and irreversible vision loss. The pathogenic mechanisms linking retinal ischemia to RGC loss and visual deficits are uncertain, which has greatly hampered the development of effective treatments. It is increasingly recognized that pyroptosis of microglia contributes to the indirect inflammatory death of RGCs. In this study, we report a regulatory NOD-like receptor, NOD-, LRR- and CARD-containing 5 (NLRC5), as a key regulator on microglial pyroptosis and the retinal ischemia process. Through an in-depth analysis of our recently published transcriptome data, we found that NLRC5 was significantly up-regulated in retina during ischemia–reperfusion injury, which were further confirmed by subsequent detection of mRNA and protein level. We further found that NLRC5 was upregulated in retinal microglia during ischemia, while NLRC5 knockdown significantly ameliorated retinal ischemic damage and RGC death. Mechanistically, we revealed that knockdown of NLRC5 markedly suppressed gasdermin D (GSDMD) cleavage and activation of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and caspase-3, indicating that NLRC5 promotes both microglial pyroptosis and apoptosis. Notably, we found that NLRC5 directly bound to NLRP3 and NLRC4 in inflammasomes to cooperatively drive microglial pyroptosis and apoptosis mediating retinal ischemic damage. Overall, these findings reveal a previously unidentified key contribution of NLRC5 signaling to microglial pyroptosis under ischemia or hypoxia conditions. This NLRC5-dependent pathway may be a novel therapeutic target for treatment of ischemic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunzhao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longxiang Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yixin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lishi Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiawen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Li Y, Hu B, Wang Z, He J, Zhang Y, Wang J, Guan L. Identification of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase E1 as a Potential Target against Magnaporthe oryzae through Experimental and Theoretical Investigation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5163. [PMID: 34068366 PMCID: PMC8153330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) is a typical cause of rice blast in agricultural production. Isobavachalcone (IBC), an active ingredient of Psoralea corylifolia L. extract, is an effective fungicide against rice blast. To determine the mechanism of IBC against M. oryzae, the effect of IBC on the metabolic pathway of M. oryzae was explored by transcriptome profiling. In M. oryzae, the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 (PDHE1), part of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA cycle), was significantly decreased in response to treatment with IBC, which was verified by qPCR and testing of enzyme activity. To further elucidate the interactions between IBC and PDHE1, the 3D structure model of the PDHE1 from M. oryzae was established based on homology modeling. The model was utilized to analyze the molecular interactions through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation, revealing that IBC has π-π stacking interactions with residue TYR139 and undergoes hydrogen bonding with residue ASP217 of PDHE1. Additionally, the nonpolar residues PHE111, MET174, ILE 187, VAL188, and MET250 form strong hydrophobic interactions with IBC. The above results reveal that PDHE1 is a potential target for antifungal agents, which will be of great significance for guiding the design of new fungicides. This research clarified the mechanism of IBC against M. oryzae at the molecular level, which will underpin further studies of the inhibitory mechanism of flavonoids and the discovery of new targets. It also provides theoretical guidance for the field application of IBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (Y.L.); (Z.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Baichun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110142, China; (B.H.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Design and New Drug Discovery of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (Y.L.); (Z.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Jianhua He
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (Y.L.); (Z.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Yaoliang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110142, China; (B.H.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Design and New Drug Discovery of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110142, China; (B.H.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Design and New Drug Discovery of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Lijie Guan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (Y.L.); (Z.W.); (J.H.)
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10
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Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDKs): an overview toward clinical applications. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:228121. [PMID: 33739396 PMCID: PMC8026821 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20204402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) can regulate the catalytic activity of pyruvate decarboxylation oxidation via the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, and it further links glycolysis with the tricarboxylic acid cycle and ATP generation. This review seeks to elucidate the regulation of PDK activity in different species, mainly mammals, and the role of PDK inhibitors in preventing increased blood glucose, reducing injury caused by myocardial ischemia, and inducing apoptosis of tumor cells. Regulations of PDKs expression or activity represent a very promising approach for treatment of metabolic diseases including diabetes, heart failure, and cancer. The future research and development could be more focused on the biochemical understanding of the diseases, which would help understand the cellular energy metabolism and its regulation by pharmacological effectors of PDKs.
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11
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Yao MD, Zhu Y, Zhang QY, Zhang HY, Li XM, Jiang Q, Yan B. CircRNA expression profile and functional analysis in retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Genomics 2021; 113:1482-1490. [PMID: 33771636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is involved in the pathogenesis of many vision-threatening diseases. circRNAs act as key players in gene regulation and human diseases. However, the global circRNA expression profile in retinal I/R injury has not been fully uncovered. Herein, we established a murine model of retinal I/R injury and performed circRNA microarrays to identify I/R-related circRNAs. 1265 differentially expressed circRNAs were identified between I/R retinas and normal retinas. Notably, the detection of cWDR37 level in aqueous humor could discriminate glaucoma patients from cataract patients (AUC = 0.9367). cWdr37 silencing protected against hypoxic stress- or oxidative stress-induced retinal ganglion cell (RGC) injury. cWdr37 silencing alleviated IR-induced retinal neurodegeneration as shown by increased NeuN staining, reduced retinal reactive gliosis, and decreased retinal apoptosis. Collectively, this study provides a novel insight into the pathogenesis of retinal I/R injury. cWdr37 is a promising target for the diagnosis or treatment of I/R-related ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Di Yao
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiu-Yang Zhang
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui-Ying Zhang
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiu-Miao Li
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Jiang
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Biao Yan
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.
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12
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Yao K, Liu D, Liang M, Brennan CS, Brennan M. Detection of nitrite degradation by
Lactobacillus plantarum
DMDL9010 through the anaerobic respiration electron transport chain using proteomic analysis. Int J Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yao
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology 381 Wushan Road Guangzhou Guangdong510640China
| | - Dong‐mei Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology 381 Wushan Road Guangzhou Guangdong510640China
| | - Ming‐hua Liang
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology 381 Wushan Road Guangzhou Guangdong510640China
| | - Charles S. Brennan
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology 381 Wushan Road Guangzhou Guangdong510640China
- Centre for Food Research and Innovation Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences Lincoln University Lincoln85084New Zealand
| | - Margaret Brennan
- Centre for Food Research and Innovation Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences Lincoln University Lincoln85084New Zealand
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13
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Li B, Zhang T, Liu W, Wang Y, Xu R, Zeng S, Zhang R, Zhu S, Gillies MC, Zhu L, Du J. Metabolic Features of Mouse and Human Retinas: Rods versus Cones, Macula versus Periphery, Retina versus RPE. iScience 2020; 23:101672. [PMID: 33196018 PMCID: PMC7644940 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptors, especially cones, which are enriched in the human macula, have high energy demands, making them vulnerable to metabolic stress. Metabolic dysfunction of photoreceptors and their supporting retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is an important underlying cause of degenerative retinal diseases. However, how cones and the macula support their exorbitant metabolic demand and communicate with RPE is unclear. By profiling metabolite uptake and release and analyzing metabolic genes, we have found cone-rich retinas and human macula share specific metabolic features with upregulated pathways in pyruvate metabolism, mitochondrial TCA cycle, and lipid synthesis. Human neural retina and RPE have distinct but complementary metabolic features. Retinal metabolism centers on NADH production and neurotransmitter biosynthesis. The retina needs aspartate to sustain its aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism. RPE metabolism is directed toward NADPH production and biosynthesis of acetyl-rich metabolites, serine, and others. RPE consumes multiple nutrients, including proline, to produce metabolites for the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, West Virginia University, WVU Eye Institute, One Medical Center Dr, PO Box 9193, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225100, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yekai Wang
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, West Virginia University, WVU Eye Institute, One Medical Center Dr, PO Box 9193, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Rong Xu
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, West Virginia University, WVU Eye Institute, One Medical Center Dr, PO Box 9193, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Shaoxue Zeng
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Rui Zhang
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Siyan Zhu
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, West Virginia University, WVU Eye Institute, One Medical Center Dr, PO Box 9193, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Mark C Gillies
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Ling Zhu
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Jianhai Du
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, West Virginia University, WVU Eye Institute, One Medical Center Dr, PO Box 9193, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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14
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Rajala RVS. Aerobic Glycolysis in the Retina: Functional Roles of Pyruvate Kinase Isoforms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:266. [PMID: 32426353 PMCID: PMC7203425 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred years ago, Otto Heinrich Warburg observed that postmitotic retinal cells are the highest oxygen-consuming cells in the body. He compared these cells to actively growing mitotic tumor cells since both cells reprogram glucose for anabolic processes, which include lipid, protein, and RNA/DNA synthesis, and for antioxidant metabolism. To achieve this metabolic reprogramming, cancer cells preferentially express a less active dimeric form, the M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2), which shuttles glucose toward the accumulation of glycolytic intermediates that redirect cell activities into anabolic processes. Similar to cancer cells, retinal photoreceptors predominantly express the M2 isoform of PKM2. This isoform performs both metabolic and non-metabolic functions in photoreceptor cells. This review focuses on the metabolic and non-metabolic roles of pyruvate kinases in photoreceptor cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju V S Rajala
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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