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D'Agnelli S, Amodeo G, Franchi S, Verduci B, Baciarello M, Panerai AE, Bignami EG, Sacerdote P. Frailty and pain, human studies and animal models. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 73:101515. [PMID: 34813977 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that pain can predispose to frailty development has been recently investigated in several clinical studies suggesting that frailty and pain may share some mechanisms. Both pain and frailty represent important clinical and social problems and both lack a successful treatment. This circumstance is mainly due to the absence of in-depth knowledge of their pathological mechanisms. Evidence of shared pathways between frailty and pain are preliminary. Indeed, many clinical studies are observational and the impact of pain treatment, and relative pain-relief, on frailty onset and progression has never been investigated. Furthermore, preclinical research on this topic has yet to be performed. Specific researches on the pain-frailty relation are needed. In this narrative review, we will attempt to point out the most relevant findings present in both clinical and preclinical literature on the topic, with particular attention to genetics, epigenetics and inflammation, in order to underline the existing gaps and the potential future interventional strategies. The use of pain and frailty animal models discussed in this review might contribute to research in this area.
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Abstract
Millions of individuals suffer from age-related cognitive decline, defined by impaired memory precision. Increased understanding of hippocampal circuit mechanisms underlying memory formation suggests a role for computational processes such as pattern separation and pattern completion in memory precision. We describe evidence implicating the dentate gyrus-CA3 circuit in pattern separation and completion, and examine alterations in dentate gyrus-CA3 circuit structure and function with aging. We discuss the role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in memory precision in adulthood and aging, as well as the circuit mechanisms underlying the integration and encoding functions of adult-born dentate granule cells. We posit that understanding these circuit mechanisms will permit generation of circuit-based endophenotypes that will edify new therapeutic strategies to optimize hippocampal encoding during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M McAvoy
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Amar Sahay
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- BROAD Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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Effects of Tibolone on the Central Nervous System: Clinical and Experimental Approaches. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:8630764. [PMID: 28191467 PMCID: PMC5278195 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8630764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) increases the risk of endometrial and breast cancer. A strategy to reduce this incidence is the use of tibolone (TIB). The aim of this paper was to address the effects of TIB on the central nervous system (CNS). For the present review, MEDLINE (via PubMed), LILACS (via BIREME), Ovid Global Health, SCOPUS, Scielo, and PsycINFO (ProQuest Research Library) electronic databases were searched for the results of controlled clinical trials on peri- and postmenopausal women published from 1990 to September 2016. Also, this paper reviews experimental studies performed to analyze neuroprotective effects, cognitive deficits, neuroplasticity, oxidative stress, and stroke using TIB. Although there are few studies on the effect of this hormone in the CNS, it has been reported that TIB decreases lipid peroxidation levels and improves memory and learning. TIB has important neuroprotective effects that could prevent the risk of neurodegenerative diseases in postmenopausal women as well as the benefits of HRT in counteracting hot flashes, improving mood, and libido. Some reports have found that TIB delays cognitive impairment in various models of neuronal damage. It also modifies brain plasticity since it acts as an endocrine modulator regulating neurotransmitters, Tau phosphorylation, and decreasing neuronal death. Finally, its antioxidant effects have also been reported in different animal models.
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The p66Shc gene paves the way for healthspan: Evolutionary and mechanistic perspectives. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:790-802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Trickler WJ, Guo X, Cuevas E, Ali SF, Paule MG, Kanungo J. Ketamine attenuates cytochrome p450 aromatase gene expression and estradiol-17β levels in zebrafish early life stages. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:480-8. [PMID: 23696345 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic, is a noncompetitive antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate-type glutamate receptors. In rodents and non-human primates as well as in zebrafish embryos, ketamine has been shown to be neurotoxic. In cyclic female rats, ketamine has been shown to decrease serum estradiol-17β (E2) levels. E2 plays critical roles in neurodevelopment and neuroprotection. Cytochrome p450 (CYP) aromatase catalyzes E2 synthesis from androgens. Although ketamine down-regulates a number of CYP enzymes in rodents, its effect on the CYP aromatase (CYP19) is not known. Zebrafish have been used as a model system for examining mechanisms underlying drug effects. Here, using wild-type (WT) zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos, we demonstrate that ketamine significantly reduced E2 levels compared with the control. However, the testosterone level was elevated in ketamine-treated embryos. These results are concordant with data from mammalian studies. Ketamine also attenuated the expression of the ovary form of CYP aromatase (cyp19a1a) at the transcriptional level but not the brain form of aromatase, cyp19a1b. Exogenous E2 potently induced the expression of cyp19a1b and vtg 1, both validated biomarkers of estrogenicity and endocrine disruption, but not cyp19a1a expression. Attenuation of activated ERK/MAPK levels, reportedly responsible for reduced human cyp19 transcription, was also observed in ketamine-treated embryos. These results suggest that reduced E2 levels in ketamine-treated embryos may have resulted from the suppression of cyp19a1a transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Trickler
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA; Toxicologic Pathology Associates, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
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Neubauer AB, Wahl HW, Bickel H. Depressive symptoms as predictor of dementia versus continuous cognitive decline: a 3-year prospective study. Eur J Ageing 2013; 10:37-48. [PMID: 28804281 PMCID: PMC5549226 DOI: 10.1007/s10433-012-0246-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research including meta-analytic efforts supports the assumption that depression is able to predict dementia. The mechanisms of this association still remain to be revealed. Some possible explanations as, for example, the glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis assumes that there are underlying changes at the cortical level that drive the association. Therefore, gradual levels of depressive symptoms may also predict gradual change (decline) in cognitive performance. However, testing both of these predictions (depressive symptoms lead to dementia, and depressive symptoms lead to cognitive decline, respectively) with the same data has to our knowledge not been done in the previous literature. A sample of 562 participants aged 65 or older was examined four times over a period of 3 years. Study participants completed established measures of depression and cognitive functioning. Results based on Cox regression analysis showed that depressive symptoms were not able to predict the conversion to dementia during the following 3 years. Additionally, structural equation models as well as latent change score models did not support the assumption that depressive symptoms predict cognitive decline, measured as a continuous variable. We discuss several possibilities to explain these findings including the potential and possible limits of the glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas B. Neubauer
- Institute of Psychology, University of Heidelberg, Bergheimer Strasse 20, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Werner Wahl
- Institute of Psychology, University of Heidelberg, Bergheimer Strasse 20, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Horst Bickel
- Department of Psychiatry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Hasson D, Theorell T, Bergquist J, Canlon B. Acute stress induces hyperacusis in women with high levels of emotional exhaustion. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52945. [PMID: 23301005 PMCID: PMC3534646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hearing problems is one of the top ten public health disorders in the general population and there is a well-established relationship between stress and hearing problems. The aim of the present study was to explore if an acute stress will increase auditory sensitivity (hyperacusis) in individuals with high levels of emotional exhaustion (EE). Methods Hyperacusis was assessed using uncomfortable loudness levels (ULL) in 348 individuals (140 men; 208 women; age 23–71 years). Multivariate analyses (ordered logistic regression), were used to calculate odds ratios, including interacting or confounding effects of age, gender, ear wax and hearing loss (PTA). Two-way ANCOVAs were used to assess possible differences in mean ULLs between EE groups pre- and post-acute stress task (a combination of cold pressor, emotional Stroop and Social stress/video recording). Results There were no baseline differences in mean ULLs between the three EE groups (one-way ANOVA). However, after the acute stress exposure there were significant differences in ULL means between the EE-groups in women. Post-hoc analyses showed that the differences in mean ULLs were between those with high vs. low EE (range 5.5–6.5 dB). Similar results were found for frequencies 0.5 and 1 kHz. The results demonstrate that women with high EE-levels display hyperacusis after an acute stress task. The odds of having hyperacusis were 2.5 (2 kHz, right ear; left ns) and 2.2 (4 kHz, right ear; left ns) times higher among those with high EE compared to those with low levels. All these results are adjusted for age, hearing loss and ear wax. Conclusion Women with high levels of emotional exhaustion become more sensitive to sound after an acute stress task. This novel finding highlights the importance of including emotional exhaustion in the diagnosis and treatment of hearing problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Hasson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Nicotine alters the expression of molecular markers of endocrine disruption in zebrafish. Neurosci Lett 2012; 526:133-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Berry A, Amrein I, Nötzli S, Lazic SE, Bellisario V, Giorgio M, Pelicci PG, Alleva E, Lipp HP, Cirulli F. Sustained hippocampal neurogenesis in females is amplified in P66Shc−/−mice: An animal model of healthy aging. Hippocampus 2012; 22:2249-59. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Munier M, Law F, Meduri G, Le Menuet D, Lombes M. Mineralocorticoid receptor overexpression facilitates differentiation and promotes survival of embryonic stem cell-derived neurons. Endocrinology 2012; 153:1330-40. [PMID: 22234470 PMCID: PMC3639543 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), highly expressed in the hippocampus, binds corticosteroid hormones and coordinately participates, with the glucocorticoid receptor, to the control of stress responses, memorization, and behavior. To investigate the impact of MR in neuronal survival, we generated murine embryonic stem (ES) cells that overexpress human MR (hMR) (P1-hMR) and are induced to differentiate into mature neurons. We showed that recombinant MR expression increased throughout differentiation and is 2-fold higher in P1-hMR ES-derived neurons compared with wild-type controls, whereas glucocorticoid receptor expression was unaffected. Although proliferation and early neuronal differentiation were comparable in P1-hMR and wild-type ES cells, MR overexpression was associated with higher late neuronal marker expression (microtubule-associated protein 2 and β-tubulin III). This was accompanied by a shift towards neuron survival with an increased ratio of anti- vs. proapoptotic molecules and 50% decreased caspase 3 activity. Knocking down MR overexpression by small interfering RNA drastically reversed neuroprotective effects with reduced Bcl(2)/Bax ratio and decreased microtubule-associated protein 2 expression. P1-hMR neurons were protected against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis through reduced caspase 3 activation and drastically increased Bcl(2)/Bax ratio and β-tubulin III expression. We demonstrated the involvement of MR in neuronal differentiation and survival and identify MR as an important neuroprotective mediator opening potential pharmacological strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Munier
- Récepteurs stéroïdiens : physiopathologie endocrinienne et métabolique
INSERM : U693IFR93Université Paris XI - Paris SudFaculté de médecine 63, Rue Gabriel Peri 94276 LE KREMLIN BICETRE,FR
| | - Fredéric Law
- Récepteurs stéroïdiens : physiopathologie endocrinienne et métabolique
INSERM : U693IFR93Université Paris XI - Paris SudFaculté de médecine 63, Rue Gabriel Peri 94276 LE KREMLIN BICETRE,FR
| | - Géri Meduri
- Récepteurs stéroïdiens : physiopathologie endocrinienne et métabolique
INSERM : U693IFR93Université Paris XI - Paris SudFaculté de médecine 63, Rue Gabriel Peri 94276 LE KREMLIN BICETRE,FR
- Service de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie
Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)Hôpital BicêtreUniversité Paris XI - Paris Sud78, rue du Général Leclerc 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre,FR
| | - Damien Le Menuet
- Récepteurs stéroïdiens : physiopathologie endocrinienne et métabolique
INSERM : U693IFR93Université Paris XI - Paris SudFaculté de médecine 63, Rue Gabriel Peri 94276 LE KREMLIN BICETRE,FR
| | - Marc Lombes
- Récepteurs stéroïdiens : physiopathologie endocrinienne et métabolique
INSERM : U693IFR93Université Paris XI - Paris SudFaculté de médecine 63, Rue Gabriel Peri 94276 LE KREMLIN BICETRE,FR
- Service d'Endocrinologie et Maladies de la reproduction
Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)Hôpital Bicêtre78, rue du Général Leclerc 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre,FR
- * Correspondence should be addressed to: Marc Lombes
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Pietranera L, Bellini M, Arévalo M, Goya R, Brocca M, Garcia-Segura L, De Nicola A. Increased aromatase expression in the hippocampus of spontaneously hypertensive rats: effects of estradiol administration. Neuroscience 2011; 174:151-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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De Nicola AF, Pietranera L, Bellini MJ, Goya R, Brocca ME, Garcia-Segura LM. Protective effect of estrogens on the brain of rats with essential and endocrine hypertension. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2010; 4:549-57. [PMID: 25961231 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci.2010.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen neuroprotection has been shown in pathological conditions damaging the hippocampus, such as trauma, aging, neurodegeneration, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, hypoglycemia, amyloid-β peptide exposure and ischemia. Hypertensive encephalopathy also targets the hippocampus; therefore, hypertension seems an appropriate circumstance to evaluate steroid neuroprotection. Two experimental models of hypertension, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and deoxycorticosterone (DOCA)-salt hypertensive rats, develop hippocampal abnormalities, which include decreased neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus, astrogliosis, low expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and decreased number of neurons in the hilar region, with respect of their normotensive strains Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and Sprague-Dawley rats. After estradiol was given for 2 weeks to SHR and DOCA-treated rats, both hypertensive models normalized their faulty hippocampal parameters. Thus, estradiol treatment positively modulated neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, according to bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and doublecortin immunocytochemistry, decreased reactive astrogliosis, increased BDNF mRNA and protein expression in the dentate gyrus and increased neuronal number in the hilar region of the dentate gyrus. A role of local estrogen biosynthesis is suggested in SHR, because basal aromatase mRNA in the hippocampus and immunoreactive aromatase protein in cell processes of the dentate gyrus were highly expressed in these rats. Estradiol further stimulated aromatase-related parameters in SHR but not in WKY. These observations strongly support that a combination of exogenous estrogens to those locally synthesized might better alleviate hypertensive encephalopathy. These studies broaden estrogen neuroprotective functions to the hippocampus of hypertensive rat models.
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Short-term environmental enrichment enhances adult neurogenesis, vascular network and dendritic complexity in the hippocampus of type 1 diabetic mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13993. [PMID: 21085588 PMCID: PMC2981567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several brain disturbances have been described in association to type 1 diabetes in humans. In animal models, hippocampal pathological changes were reported together with cognitive deficits. The exposure to a variety of environmental stimuli during a certain period of time is able to prevent brain alterations and to improve learning and memory in conditions like stress, aging and neurodegenerative processes. Methodology/Principal Findings We explored the modulation of hippocampal alterations in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic mice by environmental enrichment. In diabetic mice housed in standard conditions we found a reduction of adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus, decreased dendritic complexity in CA1 neurons and a smaller vascular fractional area in the dentate gyrus, compared with control animals in the same housing condition. A short exposure -10 days- to an enriched environment was able to enhance proliferation, survival and dendritic arborization of newborn neurons, to recover dendritic tree length and spine density of pyramidal CA1 neurons and to increase the vascular network of the dentate gyrus in diabetic animals. Conclusions/Significance The environmental complexity seems to constitute a strong stimulator competent to rescue the diabetic brain from neurodegenerative progression.
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Guo J, Yu C, Li H, Liu F, Feng R, Wang H, Meng Y, Li Z, Ju G, Wang J. Impaired neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation in streptozotocin-induced and spontaneous diabetic mice. Neurosci Res 2010; 68:329-36. [PMID: 20832431 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with adverse complications in many organ systems including the brain. Accumulating evidence indicates that diabetes, regardless of its type, impairs adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus (HPC). However, the effects of the disease on neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) are not well established. We induced diabetes in male NOD/SCID (non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency) mice and C57BL/6 mice with a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). On day 7 or day 21 after STZ injection mice received the thymidine analog 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) for labeling of proliferative cells. Mice were sacrificed 24h later and brain coronal sections were stained with anti-BrdU antibodies. Neural stem/progenitor cell (NSC/NPC) proliferation, as revealed by BrdU-labeled cells, was markedly decreased in the subgranular zone of the DG in STZ-treated diabetic mice. A similar reduction of NSC/NPC proliferation was seen in the SVZ. Reduced DG and SVZ cell proliferation was also found in diabetic NOD mice, a model of spontaneous diabetes, and the reduction was attenuated by bilateral adrenalectomy (Adx). Adx did not alter blood glucose or insulin levels in either prediabetic or diabetic NOD mice, but Adx partly increased mRNA levels of hippocampal and SVZ brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a crucial regulator of NSC/NPC proliferation. Moreover, NOD and NOD/SCID mice showed a more rapid reduction of NSC/NPC proliferation than C57BL/6 mice in response to diabetes. Thus, we conclude that diabetes inhibits cell proliferation in both the SVZ and HPC, and inhibition was associated with elevated glucocorticoid levels and reduced BDNF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guo
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 1 Xin Si Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Sorwell KG, Urbanski HF. Dehydroepiandrosterone and age-related cognitive decline. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 32:61-7. [PMID: 19711196 PMCID: PMC2829637 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-009-9113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In humans the circulating concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate (DHEAS) decrease markedly during aging, and have been implicated in age-associated cognitive decline. This has led to the hypothesis that DHEA supplementation during aging may improve memory. In rodents, a cognitive anti-aging effect of DHEA and DHEAS has been observed but it is unclear whether this effect is mediated indirectly through conversion of these steroids to estradiol. Moreover, despite the demonstration of correlations between endogenous DHEA concentrations and cognitive ability in certain human patient populations, such correlations have yet to be convincingly demonstrated during normal human aging. This review highlights important differences between rodents and primates in terms of their circulating DHEA and DHEAS concentrations, and suggests that age-related changes within the human DHEA metabolic pathway may contribute to the relative inefficacy of DHEA replacement therapies in humans. The review also highlights the value of using nonhuman primates as a pragmatic animal model for testing the therapeutic potential of DHEA for age-associate cognitive decline in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystina G. Sorwell
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Henryk F. Urbanski
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239 USA
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Alvarez-Delgado C, Mendoza-Rodríguez CA, Picazo O, Cerbón M. Different expression of alpha and beta mitochondrial estrogen receptors in the aging rat brain: interaction with respiratory complex V. Exp Gerontol 2010; 45:580-5. [PMID: 20096765 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2010.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that hormonal effects on mitochondria could be mediated by mitochondrial estrogen receptors (mtERs). These receptors are new candidates for the beneficial estrogenic effects on mitochondria in different physiological conditions. The aim of this investigation was to study mtER expression during brain aging. We analyzed mtERalpha and mtERbeta expression in cortical, hippocampal and hypothalamic mitochondria of young adult (3months) and aged (18 months) female Wistar rats by Western blot. In addition, we explored the interaction of mtERbeta with respiratory complex V by using coimmunoprecipitation assays. The results show that mtERalpha and mtERbeta are present in young and aged brain mitochondria. We also demonstrate that mtERs are expressed as variants and have a brain region specific distribution. The predominant mtER variants detected were of 61 and 55KDa for mtERalpha and of 63 and 52KDa for mtERbeta. However, we did not observe differences in the mtERalpha or beta content between the two age groups studied. Additionally, we show that mtERbeta interacts with complex V. The overall results demonstrate that there is a differential expression of mtERalpha and mtERbeta variants in different brain areas, indicating that they may participate in different functions in the brain during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Alvarez-Delgado
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., Mexico
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Mouriec K, Lareyre JJ, Tong SK, Le Page Y, Vaillant C, Pellegrini E, Pakdel F, Chung BC, Kah O, Anglade I. Early regulation of brain aromatase (cyp19a1b) by estrogen receptors during zebrafish development. Dev Dyn 2010; 238:2641-51. [PMID: 19718764 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Early expression of estrogen receptors (esr) and their role in regulating early expression of cyp19a1b encoding brain aromatase were examined in the brain of zebrafish. Using in toto hybridization and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), a significant increase in the expression of esr1, esr2a, and esr2b was observed between 24 and 48 hours postfertilization (hpf). In toto hybridization demonstrated that esr2a and esr2b, but not esr1, are found in the hypothalamus. Using real-time RT-PCR, an increase in cyp19a1b mRNAs occurs between 24 and 48 hpf, indicating that expression of cyp19a1b is temporally correlated with that of esr. This increase is blocked by the pure anti-estrogen ICI182,780. Furthermore, E2 treatment of cyp19a1b-GFP (green fluorescent protein) transgenic embryos results in appearance of GFP expression in the brain as early as 25 hpf. These results indicate that basal expression of cyp19a1b expression in the brain of developing zebrafish most likely relies upon expression of esr that are fully functional before 25 hpf.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mouriec
- Neurogenesis And OEstrogens, UMR CNRS 6026, IFR 140, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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Pesaresi M, Maschi O, Giatti S, Garcia-Segura LM, Caruso D, Melcangi RC. Sex differences in neuroactive steroid levels in the nervous system of diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Horm Behav 2010; 57:46-55. [PMID: 19422828 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathy and encephalopathy represent important complications of diabetes. Recent observations obtained in experimental models have suggested that, in male rats, neuroactive steroids are protective agents and that their levels in peripheral (PNS) and central (CNS) nervous system are strongly affected by the disease. It is interesting to highlight that incidence, progression and severity of diabetic neuropathy and diabetic encephalopathy are different in the two sexes. Consequently, it is important to determine the changes in neuroactive steroid levels in the PNS and the CNS of both males and females. To this aim, we have evaluated the levels of neuroactive steroids such as, pregnenolone, progesterone and its metabolites, testosterone and its metabolites, and dehydroepiandrosterone in different CNS regions (i.e., cerebral cortex, cerebellum and spinal cord) and in the sciatic nerve of control and diabetic (i.e., induced by streptozotocin) male and female rats. Data obtained by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry indicate that the levels of neuroactive steroids show sex and regional differences in control animals. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes resulted in a strong general decrease in neuroactive steroid levels, in both the PNS and the CNS. In addition, the effects of diabetes on neuroactive steroid levels also show sex and regional differences. These findings may have strong implications for the development of new sex-oriented therapies for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy and diabetic encephalopathy, based on the use of neuroactive steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Pesaresi
- Department of Endocrinology, Pathophysiology, and Applied Biology - Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
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Noschang CG, Pettenuzzo LF, von Pozzer Toigo E, Andreazza AC, Krolow R, Fachin A, Ávila MC, Arcego D, Crema LM, Diehl LA, Gonçalvez CA, Vendite D, Dalmaz C. Sex-specific differences on caffeine consumption and chronic stress-induced anxiety-like behavior and DNA breaks in the hippocampus. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 94:63-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Waters EM, Mitterling K, Spencer JL, Mazid S, McEwen BS, Milner TA. Estrogen receptor alpha and beta specific agonists regulate expression of synaptic proteins in rat hippocampus. Brain Res 2009; 1290:1-11. [PMID: 19596275 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Changes in hippocampal CA1 dendritic spine density and synaptic number across the estrous cycle in female rats correlate with increased hippocampal-dependent cognitive performance in a manner that is dependent on estrogen receptors (ERs). Two isoforms of the estrogen receptor, alpha and beta are present in the rat hippocampus and distinct effects on cognitive behavior have been described for each receptor. The present study generated a profile of synaptic proteins altered by administration of estradiol benzoate, the ERalpha selective agonist PPT (1,3,5-tris (4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-propyl-1H-pyrazole) and the ERbeta selective agonist DPN (2,3-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propionitrile) alone and in combination in comparison to vehicle in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus. In the stratum radiatum, estradiol, DPN, and PPT increased PSD-95 and AMPA-type glutamate receptor subunit GluR1. Only DPN administration regulated expression of AMPA receptor subunits GluR2 and GluR3, increasing and decreasing levels respectively. DPN also increased GluR2 expression in the other lamina of the CA1. These results support previous reports that estradiol and isoform specific agonists differentially activate ERalpha and ERbeta to regulate protein expression. The distinct effects of DPN and PPT administration on synaptic proteins suggest that the desired therapeutic outcome of estrogen may be accomplished by using specific estrogen receptor agonists. Moreover, the effects of estradiol treatment on PSD-95 expression are consistent with a growing body of evidence that this postsynaptic protein is a key marker of estrogen action related to spine synapse formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Waters
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Guerriero G. Vertebrate sex steroid receptors: evolution, ligands, and neurodistribution. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1163:154-68. [PMID: 19456336 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on our current understanding of vertebrate sex steroid receptors, with an emphasis on their evolutionary relationships. These relationships are discussed based on nucleotide and amino acid sequence data, which provide clues to the process by which structure-function relations have originated, evolved, and been maintained over time. The importance of the distribution of sex steroid receptors in the vertebrate brain is discussed using the example of androgen receptor sites and their relatively conserved localizations in the vertebrate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Guerriero
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
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