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Ahmed B, Farb MG, Gokce N. Cardiometabolic implications of adipose tissue aging. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13806. [PMID: 39076025 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a large endocrine organ that serves numerous physiological functions. As we age, adipose tissue remodels and can develop functional changes that alters its phenotype, potentially contributing to metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Aging adipose tissue is characterized by regional redistribution of fat, accumulation of senescent cells, fibrosis, and decline in adipocyte differentiation capacities, which collectively impact adipose tissue function and whole body health. A notable transformation involves increased accumulation of intra-abdominal visceral adipose tissue and ectopic fat around internal organs such as the heart, blood vessels, liver, and kidneys that alter their functions. Other changes associated with aging include alterations in adipokine secretion and changes in adipocyte size and numbers. Aging adipocytes play a role in mediating chronic inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and insulin resistance. Visceral adipose tissue, which increases in volume with aging, is in particular associated with inflammation, angiogenic dysfunction, and microvascular abnormalities, and mediators released by visceral fat may have adverse consequences systemically in multiple target organs, including the cardiovascular system. Understanding mechanisms underlying adipose tissue aging and its impact on cardiovascular health are important for developing interventions and treatments to promote healthy aging and reduce cardiometabolic disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulbul Ahmed
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melissa G Farb
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Noyan Gokce
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Dedic B, Westerberg L, Mosqueda Solís A, Dumont KD, Ruas JL, Thorell A, Näslund E, Spalding KL. Senescence detection using reflected light. Aging Cell 2024:e14295. [PMID: 39102872 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Senescence is an important cellular program occurring in development, tissue repair, cancer, and aging. Increased senescence is also associated with disease states, including obesity and Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Characterizing and quantifying senescent cells at a single cell level has been challenging and particularly difficult in large primary cells, such as human adipocytes. In this study, we present a novel approach that utilizes reflected light for accurate senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SABG) staining measurements, which can be integrated with immunofluorescence and is compatible with primary mature adipocytes from both human and mouse, as well as with differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. This technique provides a more comprehensive classification of a cell's senescent state by incorporating multiple criteria, including robust sample-specific pH controls. By leveraging the precision of confocal microscopy to detect X-gal crystals using reflected light, we achieved superior sensitivity over traditional brightfield techniques. This strategy allows for the capture of all X-gal precipitates in SABG-stained samples, revealing diverse X-gal staining patterns and improved detection sensitivity. Additionally, we demonstrate that reflected light outperforms western blot analysis for the detection and quantification of senescence in mature human adipocytes, as it offers a more accurate representation of SABG activity. This detection strategy enables a more thorough investigation of senescent cell characteristics and specifically a deeper look at the relationship between adipocyte senescence and obesity associated disorders, such as T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Dedic
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leo Westerberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Mosqueda Solís
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kyle D Dumont
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jorge L Ruas
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pharmacology and Stanley and Judith Frankel Institute for Heart and Brain Health, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anders Thorell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet and Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Näslund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kirsty L Spalding
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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de Oliveira RF, Salazar M, Matos L, Almeida H, Rodrigues AR, Gouveia AM. High copper levels induce premature senescence in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119734. [PMID: 38642724 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) dyshomeostasis has been linked to obesity and related morbidities and also to aging. Cu levels are higher in older or obese individuals, and adipose tissue (AT) Cu levels correlate with body mass index. Aging and obesity induce similar AT functional and structural changes, including an accumulation of senescent cells. To study the effect of Cu-mediated stress-induced premature senescent (Cu-SIPS) on preadipocytes, 3T3-L1 cell line was exposed to a subcytotoxic concentration of copper sulfate. After Cu treatment, preadipocytes acquired typical senescence characteristics including diminished cell proliferation, cell and nuclei enlargement and increased lysosomal mass (higher Lamp2 expression and a slight increased number of cells positive for β-galactosidase associated with senescence (SA-β-Gal)). Cell cycle arrest was due to upregulation of p16Ink4aInk4a and p21Waf1/Cip1. Accordingly, protein levels of the proliferation marker KI67 were reduced. Cu-SIPS relates with oxidative stress and, in this context, an increase of SOD1 and HO-1 expression was detected in Cu-treated cells. The mRNA expression of senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors, such as Mmp3, Il-6 and Tnf-α, increased in Cu-SIPS 3T3-L1 cells but no effect was observed on the expression of heterochromatin-associated protein 1(HP1). Although the downregulation of Lamin B1 expression is considered a hallmark of senescence, Cu-SIPS cells presented higher levels of Lamin B1. The dysregulation of nuclear lamina was accompanied by an increase of nuclear blebbing, but not of micronuclei number. To conclude, a Cu-SIPS model in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes is here described, which may be an asset to the study of AT dysregulation observed in obesity and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo F de Oliveira
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Salazar
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Liliana Matos
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Henrique Almeida
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Adriana R Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandra M Gouveia
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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4
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Stocco E, Contran M, Fontanella CG, Petrelli L, Toniolo I, Emmi A, Romanato F, Porzionato A, De Caro R, Macchi V. The suprapatellar fat pad: A histotopographic comparative study. J Anat 2024; 244:639-653. [PMID: 38030148 PMCID: PMC10941559 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The suprapatellar fat pad is an adipose tissue located in the anterior knee whose role in osteoarthritis is still debated. Considering that anatomy drives function, the aim of this histotopographic study was to investigate the specific morphological features of the suprapatellar fat pad versus the infrapatellar fat pad in the absence of osteoarthritis, for a broad comparative analysis. Suprapatellar fat pad and infrapatellar fat pad tissue samples (n = 10/group) underwent microscopical/immunohistochemical staining and transmission electron microscopy analysis; thus, tissue-specific characteristics (i.e., vessels and nerve endings presence, lobuli, adipocytes features, septa), including extracellular matrix proteins prevalence (collagens, elastic fibers), were focused. Multiphoton microscopy was also adopted to evaluate collagen fiber orientation within the samples by Fast Fourier Transform (coherency calculation). The absence of inflammation was confirmed, and comparable counted vessels and nerve endings were shown. Like the infrapatellar fat pad, the suprapatellar fat pad appeared as a white adipose tissue with lobuli and septa of comparable diameter and thickness, respectively. Tissue main characteristics were also proved by both semithin sections and transmission electron microscopy analysis. The suprapatellar fat pad adipocytes were roundish and with a smaller area, perimeter, and major axis than that of the infrapatellar fat pad. The collagen fibers surrounding them showed no significant difference in collagen type I and significantly higher values for collagen type III in the infrapatellar fat pad group. Regarding the septa, elastic fiber content was statistically comparable between the two groups, even though more represented by the suprapatellar fat pad. Total collagen was significantly higher in the infrapatellar fat pad and comparing collagen type I and type III they were similarly represented in the whole cohort despite collagen type I appearing to be higher in the infrapatellar fat pad than in the suprapatellar fat pad and vice versa for collagen type III. Second harmonic generation microscopy confirmed through coherency calculation an anisotropic distribution of septa collagen fibers. From a mechanical point of view, the different morphological characteristics determined a major stiffness for the infrapatellar fat pad with respect to the suprapatellar fat pad. This study provides, for the first time, a topographic description of the suprapatellar fat pad compared to the infrapatellar fat pad; differences between the two groups may be attributed to a different anatomical location within the knee; the results gathered here may be useful for a more complete interpretation of osteoarthritis disease, involving not only cartilage but the whole joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stocco
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of PadovaPaduaItaly
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Science and Public HealthUniversity of PadovaPaduaItaly
| | - Martina Contran
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of PadovaPaduaItaly
| | - Chiara Giulia Fontanella
- Department of Industrial EngineeringUniversity of PadovaPaduaItaly
- Centre for Mechanics of Biological MaterialsUniversity of PadovaPaduaItaly
| | - Lucia Petrelli
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of PadovaPaduaItaly
| | - Ilaria Toniolo
- Department of Industrial EngineeringUniversity of PadovaPaduaItaly
| | - Aron Emmi
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of PadovaPaduaItaly
| | - Filippo Romanato
- Department of Physics and Astronomy ‘G. Galilei’University of PadovaPaduaItaly
| | - Andrea Porzionato
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of PadovaPaduaItaly
| | - Raffaele De Caro
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of PadovaPaduaItaly
| | - Veronica Macchi
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of PadovaPaduaItaly
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5
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Ham M, Cho Y, Kang T, Oh T, Kim H, Kim K. Transcriptome-wide analysis reveals GYG2 as a mitochondria-related aging biomarker in human subcutaneous adipose tissue. Aging Cell 2024; 23:e14049. [PMID: 38062989 PMCID: PMC10861210 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), a vital energy reservoir and endocrine organ for maintaining systemic glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis, undergoes significant changes with age. However, among the existing aging-related markers, only few genes are associated with SAT aging. In this study, weighted gene co-expression network analysis was used on a transcriptome of SAT obtained from the Genotype-Tissue Expression portal to identify biologically relevant, SAT-specific, and age-related marker genes. We found modules that exhibited significant changes with age and identified GYG2 as a novel key aging associated gene. The link between GYG2 and mitochondrial function as well as brown/beige adipocytes was supported using additional bioinformatics and experimental analyses. Additionally, we identified PPARG as the transcription factor of GYG2 expression. The newly discovered GYG2 marker can be used to not only determine the age of SAT but also uncover new mechanisms underlying SAT aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Ham
- R&I Unit, Amorepacific CorporationGyeonggi‐doKorea
| | - Yeonju Cho
- R&I Unit, Amorepacific CorporationGyeonggi‐doKorea
| | - Tae‐Wook Kang
- Department of BioinformaticsThe Moagen Inc.DaejeonKorea
| | - Taeyun Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of GastroenterologyYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | | | - Kyu‐Han Kim
- R&I Unit, Amorepacific CorporationGyeonggi‐doKorea
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6
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Zoico E, Saatchi T, Nori N, Mazzali G, Rizzatti V, Pizzi E, Fantin F, Giani A, Urbani S, Zamboni M. Senescent adipocytes as potential effectors of muscle cells dysfunction: An in vitro model. Exp Gerontol 2023; 179:112233. [PMID: 37321332 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been a growing body of evidence showing a negative effect of the white adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction on the skeletal muscle function and quality. However, little is known about the effects of senescent adipocytes on muscle cells. Therefore, to explore potential mechanisms involved in age-related loss of muscle mass and function, we performed an in vitro experiment using conditioned medium obtained from cultures of mature and aged 3 T3-L1 adipocytes, as well as from cultures of dysfunctional adipocytes exposed to oxidative stress or high insulin doses, to treat C2C12 myocytes. The results from morphological measures indicated a significant decrease in diameter and fusion index of myotubes after treatment with medium of aged or stressed adipocytes. Aged and stressed adipocytes presented different morphological characteristics as well as a different gene expression profile of proinflammatory cytokines and ROS production. In myocytes treated with different adipocytes' conditioned media, we demonstrated a significant reduction of gene expression of myogenic differentiation markers as well as a significant increase of genes involved in atrophy. Finally, a significant reduction in protein synthesis as well as a significant increase of myostatin was found in muscle cells treated with medium of aged or stressed adipocytes compared to controls. In conclusion, these preliminary results suggest that aged adipocytes could influence negatively trophism, function and regenerative capacity of myocytes by a paracrine network of signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zoico
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Tanaz Saatchi
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Nicole Nori
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gloria Mazzali
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Vanni Rizzatti
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Pizzi
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Fantin
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Giani
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Urbani
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Zamboni
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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7
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Zamboni M, Mazzali G, Brunelli A, Saatchi T, Urbani S, Giani A, Rossi AP, Zoico E, Fantin F. The Role of Crosstalk between Adipose Cells and Myocytes in the Pathogenesis of Sarcopenic Obesity in the Elderly. Cells 2022; 11:3361. [PMID: 36359757 PMCID: PMC9655977 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As a result of aging, body composition changes, with a decline in muscle mass and an increase in adipose tissue (AT), which reallocates from subcutaneous to visceral depots and stores ectopically in the liver, heart and muscles. Furthermore, with aging, muscle and AT, both of which have recognized endocrine activity, become dysfunctional and contribute, in the case of positive energy balance, to the development of sarcopenic obesity (SO). SO is defined as the co-existence of excess adiposity and low muscle mass and function, and its prevalence increases with age. SO is strongly associated with greater morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of SO is complex and multifactorial. This review focuses mainly on the role of crosstalk between age-related dysfunctional adipose and muscle cells as one of the mechanisms leading to SO. A better understanding of this mechanisms may be useful for development of prevention strategies and treatments aimed at reducing the occurrence of SO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Zamboni
- Geriatrics Division, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatric and Gynecology, Healthy Aging Center, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Gloria Mazzali
- Geriatrics Division, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Brunelli
- Geriatrics Division, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatric and Gynecology, Healthy Aging Center, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Tanaz Saatchi
- Geriatrics Division, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatric and Gynecology, Healthy Aging Center, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Urbani
- Geriatrics Division, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatric and Gynecology, Healthy Aging Center, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Giani
- Geriatrics Division, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatric and Gynecology, Healthy Aging Center, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea P. Rossi
- Geriatrics Division, Department of Medicine, AULSS2, Ospedale Ca’Foncello, 31100 Treviso, Italy
| | - Elena Zoico
- Geriatrics Division, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Fantin
- Geriatrics Division, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy
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8
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Shinde A, Deore G, Navsariwala KP, Tabassum H, Wani M. We are all aging, and here's why. Aging Med (Milton) 2022; 5:211-231. [PMID: 36247337 PMCID: PMC9549314 DOI: 10.1002/agm2.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, through this review, we aim to serve this purpose by first discussing the statistics and aging demographics, including the life expectancy of the world and India, along with the gender life expectancy gap observed throughout the world, followed by explaining the hallmarks and integral causes of aging, along with the role played by senescent cells in controlling inflammation and the effect of senescence associated secretory phenotype on longevity. A few of the molecular pathways which are crucial in modulating the process of aging, such as the nutrient-sensing mTOR pathway, insulin signaling, Nrf2, FOXO, PI3-Akt, Sirtuins, and AMPK, and their effects are also covered in paramount detail. A diverse number of ingenious research methodologies are used in the modern era of longevity exploration. We have attempted to cover these methods under the umbrella of three broad categories: in vitro, in vivo, and in silico techniques. The drugs developed to attenuate the aging process, such as rapamycin, metformin, resveratrol, etc. and their interactions with the above-mentioned molecular pathways along with their toxicity have also been reviewed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atharva Shinde
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics InstituteDr. D. Y. Patil VidyapeethPuneMaharashtraIndia
| | - Gargi Deore
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics InstituteDr. D. Y. Patil VidyapeethPuneMaharashtraIndia
| | - Kedar P. Navsariwala
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics InstituteDr. D. Y. Patil VidyapeethPuneMaharashtraIndia
| | - Heena Tabassum
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics InstituteDr. D. Y. Patil VidyapeethPuneMaharashtraIndia
| | - Minal Wani
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics InstituteDr. D. Y. Patil VidyapeethPuneMaharashtraIndia
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Senolytic effects of quercetin in an in vitro model of pre-adipocytes and adipocytes induced senescence. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23237. [PMID: 34853352 PMCID: PMC8636588 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02544-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The dysfunction of adipose tissue with aging and the accumulation of senescent cells has been implicated in the pathophysiology of chronic diseases. Recently interventions capable of reducing the burden of senescent cells and in particular the identification of a new class of drugs termed senolytics have been object of extensive investigation. We used an in vitro model of induced senescence by treating both pre-adipocytes as well as mature adipocytes with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at a sub-lethal concentration for 3 h for three consecutive days, and hereafter with 20 uM quercetin at a dose that in preliminary experiments resulted to be senolytic without cytotoxicity. H2O2 treated pre-adipocytes and adipocytes showed typical senescence-associated features including increased beta-galactosidase activity (SA-ß-gal) and p21, activation of ROS and increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The treatment with quercetin in senescent pre-adipocytes and adipocytes was associated to a significant decrease in the number of the SA-β-gal positive cells along with the suppression of ROS and of inflammatory cytokines. Besides, quercetin treatment decreased miR-155-5p expression in both models, with down-regulation of p65 and a trend toward an up-regulation of SIRT-1 in complete cell extracts. The senolytic compound quercetin could affect AT ageing by reducing senescence, induced in our in vitro model by oxidative stress. The downregulation of miRNA-155-5p, possibly through the modulation of NF-κB and SIRT-1, could have a key role in the effects of quercetin on both pre-adipocytes and adipocytes.
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10
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Stocco E, Belluzzi E, Contran M, Boscolo-Berto R, Picardi E, Guidolin D, Fontanella CG, Olivotto E, Filardo G, Borile G, Romanato F, Ramonda R, Ruggieri P, Favero M, Porzionato A, De Caro R, Macchi V. Age-Dependent Remodeling in Infrapatellar Fat Pad Adipocytes and Extracellular Matrix: A Comparative Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:661403. [PMID: 34041253 PMCID: PMC8141643 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.661403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) is actively involved in knee osteoarthritis (OA). However, a proper description of which developmental modifications occur in the IFP along with age and in absence of joint pathological conditions, is required to adequately describe its actual contribution in OA pathophysiology. Here, two IFP sources were compared: (a) IFP from healthy young patients undergoing anterior-cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction for ACL rupture (n = 24); (b) IFP from elderly cadaver donors (n = 23). After histopathological score assignment to confirm the absence of inflammatory features (i.e., inflammatory infiltrate and increased vascularity), the adipocytes morphology was determined; moreover, extracellular matrix proteins were studied through histology and Second Harmonic Generation approach, to determine collagens content and orientation by Fast Fourier Transform and OrientationJ. The two groups were matched for body mass index. No inflammatory signs were observed, while higher area, perimeter, and equivalent diameter and volume were detected for the adipocytes in the elderly group. Collagen III displayed higher values in the young group and a lower total collagen deposition with aging was identified. However, collagen I/III ratio and the global architecture of the samples were not affected. A higher content in elastic fibers was observed around the adipocytes for the ACL-IFPs and in the septa cadaver donor-IFPs, respectively. Age affects the characteristics of the IFP tissue also in absence of a pathological condition. Variable mechanical stimulation, depending on age-related different mobility, could be speculated to exert a role in tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stocco
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- L.i.f.e.L.a.b. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Belluzzi
- Orthopedic and Traumatologic Clinic, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Musculoskeletal Pathology and Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Martina Contran
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Rafael Boscolo-Berto
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Edgardo Picardi
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Giulia Fontanella
- Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Eleonora Olivotto
- RAMSES Laboratory, Research, Innovation & Technology (RIT) Department, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Filardo
- Applied and Translational Research Center, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Borile
- L.i.f.e.L.a.b. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, Padova, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei,” University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Filippo Romanato
- L.i.f.e.L.a.b. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, Padova, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei,” University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Roberta Ramonda
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University - Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Pietro Ruggieri
- Orthopedic and Traumatologic Clinic, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Favero
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University - Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Internal Medicine 1, Ca' Foncello Hospital, ULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
| | - Andrea Porzionato
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- L.i.f.e.L.a.b. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, Padova, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Caro
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- L.i.f.e.L.a.b. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, Padova, Italy
| | - Veronica Macchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- L.i.f.e.L.a.b. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, Padova, Italy
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11
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Cell stretchers and the LINC complex in mechanotransduction. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 702:108829. [PMID: 33716002 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
How cells respond to mechanical forces from the surrounding environment is critical for cell survival and function. The LINC complex is a central component in the mechanotransduction pathway that transmits mechanical information from the cell surface to the nucleus. Through LINC complex functionality, the nucleus is able to respond to mechanical stress by altering nuclear structure, chromatin organization, and gene expression. The use of specialized devices that apply mechanical strain to cells have been central to investigating how mechanotransduction occurs, how cells respond to mechanical stress, and the role of the LINC complexes in these processes. A large variety of designs have been reported for these devices, with the most common type being cell stretchers. Here we highlight some of the salient features of cell stretchers and suggest some key parameters that should be considered when using these devices. We provide a brief overview of how the LINC complexes contribute to the cellular responses to mechanical strain. And finally, we suggest that stretchers may be a useful tool to study aging.
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12
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Mechanisms of adipose tissue extracellular matrix alterations in an in vitro model of adipocytes hypoxia and aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 192:111374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Zamboni M, Nori N, Brunelli A, Zoico E. How does adipose tissue contribute to inflammageing? Exp Gerontol 2020; 143:111162. [PMID: 33253807 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Across aging, white adipose tissue (WAT) undergoes significant changes in quantity and distribution, with an increase in visceral adipose tissue, ectopic fat deposition and a decline in gluteofemoral subcutaneous depot. In particular, WAT becomes dysfunctional with an increase in production of inflammatory peptides and a decline of those with anti-inflammatory activity and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Moreover, dysfunction of WAT is characterized by preadipocyte differentiation decline, increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, reduction in vascularization and hypoxia, increased fibrosis and senescent cell accumulation. WAT changes represent an important hallmark of the aging process and may be responsible for the systemic pro-inflammatory state ("inflammageing") typical of aging itself, leading to age-related metabolic alterations. This review focuses on mechanisms linking age-related WAT changes to inflammageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Zamboni
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatric and Gynecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Nicole Nori
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Brunelli
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Zoico
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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14
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Xu Y, Tian Y, Tong D, Zhang H, Luo Z, Shang X, Dong Y. Wnt Signaling Inhibits High-Density Cell Sheet Culture Induced Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Aging by Targeting Cell Cycle Inhibitor p27. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:946. [PMID: 32850766 PMCID: PMC7419600 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cell senescence and apoptosis have been identified as critical molecular hallmarks in aging. In this study, we used stromal cell sheet culture as an in vitro model to study the progressive changes of cellular senescence, apoptosis and underlying mechanism in Wnt3a treated cells. Our results showed fresh bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) become senescent and undergo apoptosis with increased inflammatory profile and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in high-density cell sheet cultures. The gene expression level of senescence related proteins and key regulators of apoptosis in cell sheet cultures was significantly increased in older BMSCs at Days 4 and 7 cultures compared with younger cells at Day 1 cultures. More importantly, Wnt signaling activation significantly reduced senescence in cell sheet cultures by direct regulation of cell cycle inhibitor p27. This study not only characterized the cellular and molecular features of aging stromal cells in short-term cell sheet cultures, but also identified the downstream target responsible for Wnt inhibition of cell senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dongyi Tong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Zhengliang Luo
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xifu Shang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yufeng Dong
- Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
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15
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Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Prevents Cellular Aging via Activation of Mitophagy. J Aging Res 2020; 2020:4939310. [PMID: 32802505 PMCID: PMC7416301 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4939310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of cellular aging. Mitophagy is a critical mitochondrial quality control mechanism that removes dysfunctional mitochondria and contributes to cell survival. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) promotes survival of smooth muscle cells (SMCs), but its potential effect on cellular aging is unknown yet. We found that IGF-1 decreased cell senescence, prevented DNA telomere shortening, increased mitochondrial membrane potential, activated cytochrome C oxidase, and reduced mitochondrial DNA damage in long-term cultured (aged) aortic SMC, suggesting an antiaging effect. IGF-1 increased mitophagy in aged cells, and this was associated with decreased expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p16 and p21 and elevated levels of Nrf2 and Sirt3, regulators of mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis. SiRNA-induced inhibition of either Nrf2 or Sirt3 blocked IGF-1-induced upregulation of mitophagy, suggesting that the Nrf2/Sirt3 pathway was required for IGF-1's effect on mitophagy. PINK1 is a master regulator of mitophagy. PINK1 silencing suppressed mitophagy and inhibited IGF-1-induced antiaging effects in aged SMC, consistent with an essential role of mitophagy in IGF-1's effect on cellular aging. Thus, IGF-1 inhibited cellular aging via Nrf2/Sirt3-dependent activation of mitophagy. Our data suggest that activation of IGF-1 signaling is a novel potential strategy to activate mitophagy and slow cellular aging.
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16
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Bone marrow fat: friend or foe in people with diabetes mellitus? Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:1031-1048. [PMID: 32337536 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Global trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity put the adipocyte in the focus of huge medical interest. This review highlights a new topic in adipose tissue biology, namely the emerging pathogenic role of fat accumulation in bone marrow (BM). Specifically, we summarize current knowledge about the origin and function of BM adipose tissue (BMAT), provide evidence for the association of excess BMAT with diabetes and related cardiovascular complications, and discuss potential therapeutic approaches to correct BMAT dysfunction. There is still a significant uncertainty about the origins and function of BMAT, although several subpopulations of stromal cells have been suggested to have an adipogenic propensity. BM adipocytes are higly plastic and have a distinctive capacity to secrete adipokines that exert local and endocrine functions. BM adiposity is abundant in elderly people and has therefore been interpreted as a component of the whole-body ageing process. BM senescence and BMAT accumulation has been also reported in patients and animal models with Type 2 diabetes, being more pronounced in those with ischaemic complications. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for excess and altered function of BMAT could lead to new treatments able to preserve whole-body homeostasis.
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The role of adipose tissue senescence in obesity- and ageing-related metabolic disorders. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:315-330. [PMID: 31998947 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue as the largest energy reservoir and endocrine organ is essential for maintenance of systemic glucose, lipid and energy homeostasis, but these metabolic functions decline with ageing and obesity. Adipose tissue senescence is one of the common features in obesity and ageing. Although cellular senescence is a defensive mechanism preventing tumorigenesis, its occurrence in adipose tissue causatively induces defective adipogenesis, inflammation, aberrant adipocytokines production and insulin resistance, leading to adipose tissue dysfunction. In addition to these paracrine effects, adipose tissue senescence also triggers systemic inflammation and senescence as well as insulin resistance in the distal metabolic organs, resulting in Type 2 diabetes and other premature physiological declines. Multiple cell types including mature adipocytes, immune cells, endothelial cells and progenitor cells gradually senesce at different levels in different fat depots with ageing and obesity, highlighting the heterogeneity and complexity of adipose tissue senescence. In this review, we discuss the causes and consequences of adipose tissue senescence, and the major cell types responsible for adipose tissue senescence in ageing and obesity. In addition, we summarize the pharmacological approaches and lifestyle intervention targeting adipose tissue senescence for the treatment of obesity- and ageing-related metabolic diseases.
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Zhang M, Xie Y, Zhou Y, Chen X, Xin Z, An J, Hou J, Chen Z. Exendin-4 enhances proliferation of senescent osteoblasts through activation of the IGF-1/IGF-1R signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 516:300-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.06.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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News & Views. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 47:60-62. [DOI: 10.1177/0261192919856805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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