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Xia H, Bodempudi V, Benyumov A, Hergert P, Tank D, Herrera J, Braziunas J, Larsson O, Parker M, Rossi D, Smith K, Peterson M, Limper A, Jessurun J, Connett J, Ingbar D, Phan S, Bitterman PB, Henke CA. Identification of a cell-of-origin for fibroblasts comprising the fibrotic reticulum in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:1369-83. [PMID: 24631025 PMCID: PMC4005984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease of the middle aged and elderly with a prevalence of one million persons worldwide. The fibrosis spreads from affected alveoli into contiguous alveoli, creating a reticular network that leads to death by asphyxiation. Lung fibroblasts from patients with IPF have phenotypic hallmarks, distinguishing them from their normal counterparts: pathologically activated Akt signaling axis, increased collagen and α-smooth muscle actin expression, distinct gene expression profile, and ability to form fibrotic lesions in model organisms. Despite the centrality of these fibroblasts in disease pathogenesis, their origin remains uncertain. Here, we report the identification of cells in the lungs of patients with IPF with the properties of mesenchymal progenitors. In contrast to progenitors isolated from nonfibrotic lungs, IPF mesenchymal progenitor cells produce daughter cells manifesting the full spectrum of IPF hallmarks, including the ability to form fibrotic lesions in zebrafish embryos and mouse lungs, and a transcriptional profile reflecting these properties. Morphological analysis of IPF lung tissue revealed that mesenchymal progenitor cells and cells with the characteristics of their progeny comprised the fibrotic reticulum. These data establish that the lungs of patients with IPF contain pathological mesenchymal progenitor cells that are cells of origin for fibrosis-mediating fibroblasts. These fibrogenic mesenchymal progenitors and their progeny represent an unexplored target for novel therapies to interdict fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xia
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Vidya Bodempudi
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Alexey Benyumov
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Polla Hergert
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Damien Tank
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jeremy Herrera
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jeff Braziunas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ola Larsson
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew Parker
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Daniel Rossi
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Karen Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Mark Peterson
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Andrew Limper
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jose Jessurun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - John Connett
- Division of Biostatistics School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - David Ingbar
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sem Phan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Peter B Bitterman
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Craig A Henke
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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The Potential of Rat Inner Cell Mass and Fetal Neural Stem Cells to Generate Chimeras. Zool Res 2009. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1141.2009.02158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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3
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Abstract
We had reported that neural stem cells from human fetal striatum (hsNSCs) expressed neural stem cell markers, and were capable of differentiation into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes in vitro. To examine multipotency of hsNSCs, some experiments of transgerm layer differentiation in vitro were carried out. Our data indicated that hsNSCs could also generate osteocytes, adipocytes, and hepatocyte-like cells in vitro. Meanwhile, we injected hsNSCs into murine blastocysts at embryonic day 3.5 of gestation. Microinjection of hsNSCs led to the generation of chimeric embryos. Embryos at embryonic day 3.5 of gestation were shown to contribute to the hsNSC-derived cells by PCR-southern blot of 17alphamod, a special method to discover human cells from animals. Analysis of the donor distribution in different tissues showed that donor-derived cells seeded to various tissues. The cellular nature of the human donor cells in chimeric tissues is, however, currently unknown, and further work will be done to identify what differentiated phenotypes have developed from the human cells.
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4
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The magic behind stem cells. J Assist Reprod Genet 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10815-007-9124-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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5
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Zech NH, Shkumatov A, Koestenbauer S. The magic behind stem cells. J Assist Reprod Genet 2007; 24:208-14. [PMID: 17385026 PMCID: PMC3454971 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-007-9123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article summarizes historical development of stem cell research, presents current knowledge on the plasticity potential of both embryonic and adult stem cells and discusses on the future of stem cell based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas H Zech
- Reproductive Genetics Institute, 2825 North Halsted, Chicago, Illinois 60657, USA.
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6
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Abstract
Germ cell tumours of the brain and those that occur in the gonads are believed to share a common origin from germ cell progenitors. This 'germ cell theory' rests upon similar histopathology between these tumours in different locations and the belief that endogenous somatic cells of the brain could not give rise to the range of cell types seen in germ cell tumours. An alternative 'embryonic cell theory' has been proposed for some classes of cranial germ cell tumours, but this still relies on the misplacement of cells in the brain (in this case the earliest embryonic stem cells) during early embryonic development. Recent evidence has demonstrated that neural stem cells of the brain can also give rise to many of the cell types seen in germ cell tumours. These data suggest that endogenous progenitor cells of the brain are a plausible alternative origin for these tumours. This idea is of central importance for studies aiming to elucidate the mechanisms of tumour development. The application of modern molecular analyses to reveal how tumour cells have altered with respect to their cell of origin relies on the certain identification of the cell from which the particular tumour arose. If the identity of this cell is mistaken, then studies to elucidate the mechanisms by which the progenitor cell has been subverted from its normal behaviour will not yield useful information. In addition, it will prove impossible to generate an appropriate animal model in which to study the underlying causes of those tumours. This article makes the case that current assumptions of the origins of cranial germ cell tumours are unreliable. It reviews the evidence in favour of the 'germ cell theory' and argues in favour of a 'brain cell theory' in which endogenous neural progenitor cells of the brain are the likely origin for these tumours. Thus, the case is made that cranial germ cell tumours, like other brain tumours, arise by the transformation of progenitor cells normally resident in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Scotting
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Zech NH, Koestenbauer S, Vanderzwalmen P, Schoonjans L, Danloy S, Zech H, Blaschitz A, Dohr G. Paraffin-embedded manipulated blastocysts: a tool to demonstrate stem cell plasticity? Reprod Biomed Online 2005; 10:406-14. [PMID: 15820055 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)61804-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
One of the big question marks in current stem cell research is whether there is true plasticity of adult progenitor cells (APC) or if cell fusion is the principle source of the supposed plasticity. The generation of chimeras by injecting adult progenitor cells into blastocysts is not new. This paper describes an efficient embedding technique for murine blastocysts injected with human APC. This method could help in establishing a novel tool to analyse the process of plasticity, if it truly exists. If this is the case, this technology could be of great help to characterize surface markers of stem cells in great detail. On the other hand, fusion of cells could also be investigated. A system of embedding blastocysts was set up using paraffin for further analysis by means of light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. The embedding of the chimaeras consists of fixing them first with paraformaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline (PFA/PBS), embedding them in gelatine, fixing the gelatine block with PFA/PBS and finally fixing the gelatine block in a Petri dish by embedding it in paraffin. Using this protocol, the morphology of the blastocysts is well preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Zech
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Schmittwolf C, Kirchhof N, Jauch A, Dürr M, Harder F, Zenke M, Müller AM. In vivo haematopoietic activity is induced in neurosphere cells by chromatin-modifying agents. EMBO J 2005; 24:554-66. [PMID: 15660132 PMCID: PMC548653 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2004] [Accepted: 12/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Modifications of DNA and chromatin are fundamental for the establishment and maintenance of cell type-specific gene expression patterns that constitute cellular identities. To test whether the developmental potential of fetal brain-derived cells that form floating sphere colonies (neurospheres) can be modified by destabilizing their epigenotype, neurosphere cells were treated with chemical compounds that alter the acetylation and methylation patterns of chromatin and DNA. Intravenous infusion of bulk or clonally derived neurosphere cells treated with a combination of trichostatin A (TSA) plus 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (AzaC) (TSA/AzaC neurosphere cells) yielded long-term, multilineage and transplantable neurosphere-derived haematopoietic repopulation. Untreated neurosphere cells exhibited no haematopoietic repopulation activity. The neurosphere-derived haematopoietic cells showed a diploid karyotype, indicating that they are unlikely to be products of cell fusion events, a conclusion strengthened by multicolour fluorescence in situ hybridization. Our results indicate that altering the epigenotype of neurosphere cells followed by transplantation enables the generation of neurosphere-derived haematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Schmittwolf
- Institut für Medizinische Strahlenkunde und Zellforschung (MSZ), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Kirchhof
- Institut für Medizinische Strahlenkunde und Zellforschung (MSZ), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Jauch
- Institut für Humanmedizin, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Dürr
- Institut für Medizinische Strahlenkunde und Zellforschung (MSZ), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Harder
- Institut für Medizinische Strahlenkunde und Zellforschung (MSZ), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Zenke
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Cell Biology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Albrecht M Müller
- Institut für Medizinische Strahlenkunde und Zellforschung (MSZ), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Institut für Medizinische Strahlenkunde und Zellforschung (MSZ), University of Würzburg, Versbacherstr. 5, 97078 Würzburg, Germany. Tel.: +49 931 201 45848; Fax: +49 931 201 45147; E-mail:
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