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Abstract
Covering: up to 2020The transcription factor NRF2 is one of the body's major defense mechanisms, driving transcription of >300 antioxidant response element (ARE)-regulated genes that are involved in many critical cellular processes including redox regulation, proteostasis, xenobiotic detoxification, and primary metabolism. The transcription factor NRF2 and natural products have an intimately entwined history, as the discovery of NRF2 and much of its rich biology were revealed using natural products both intentionally and unintentionally. In addition, in the last decade a more sinister aspect of NRF2 biology has been revealed. NRF2 is normally present at very low cellular levels and only activated when needed, however, it has been recently revealed that chronic, high levels of NRF2 can lead to diseases such as diabetes and cancer, and may play a role in other diseases. Again, this "dark side" of NRF2 was revealed and studied largely using a natural product, the quassinoid, brusatol. In the present review, we provide an overview of NRF2 structure and function to orient the general reader, we will discuss the history of NRF2 and NRF2-activating compounds and the biology these have revealed, and we will delve into the dark side of NRF2 and contemporary issues related to the dark side biology and the role of natural products in dissecting this biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna D Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Tan J, Shen W, Shi W, Chen X, Sun D, Xu C, Yan Q, Cheng H, Lai Y, Ji H. ONTD induces growth arrest and apoptosis of human hepatoma Bel-7402 cells though a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ-dependent pathway. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:44-53. [PMID: 28834734 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ONTD (3-Oxo-29-noroleana-1,9(11),12-trien-2,20-dicarbonitrile) is a novel synthetic derivative of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), which has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities through its mechanisms are not fully understood. Previously, we demonstrated that ONTD induces apoptosis of human hepatoma cells via a MAPK-dependent mitochondrial pathway. Recently, ONTD was found to increase sub-G1 accumulation and Annexin-V positive staining, indicating apoptotic induction effect. It was also be found that ONTD increase the PPAR-γ activity, reduce the phosphorylation of Akt and increase phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) protein expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) Bel-7402 cells, and these were associated with the inhibition of cells proliferation. More importantly, these effects could be diminished by GW9662, a specific PPAR-γ antagonist, suggesting that ONTD can act as a ligand of PPAR-γ. Taken together, our novel observations suggested that ONTD may have potential implication in HCC prevention and treatment, and showed for the first time that the anti-tumor effect of ONTD may also be mediated through modulation of the PPAR-γ activation and mediated by the PTEN/Akt signaling pathway. The present study also supports ONTD as a potential drug candidate for chemoprevention or chemotherapy of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Tan
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of SATCM for Empirical Formulae Evaluation and Achievements Transformation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangsu Province Chinese Medicine in Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing 210038, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Weixing Shen
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of SATCM for Empirical Formulae Evaluation and Achievements Transformation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangsu Province Chinese Medicine in Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing 210038, PR China
| | - Wenjing Shi
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of SATCM for Empirical Formulae Evaluation and Achievements Transformation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangsu Province Chinese Medicine in Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing 210038, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Dongdong Sun
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of SATCM for Empirical Formulae Evaluation and Achievements Transformation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangsu Province Chinese Medicine in Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing 210038, PR China
| | - Changliang Xu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of SATCM for Empirical Formulae Evaluation and Achievements Transformation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangsu Province Chinese Medicine in Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing 210038, PR China
| | - Qiuying Yan
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of SATCM for Empirical Formulae Evaluation and Achievements Transformation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangsu Province Chinese Medicine in Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing 210038, PR China
| | - Haibo Cheng
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of SATCM for Empirical Formulae Evaluation and Achievements Transformation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangsu Province Chinese Medicine in Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing 210038, PR China.
| | - Yisheng Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Hui Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Peptide and small molecule inhibitors of the Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 43:674-9. [PMID: 26551711 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) up-regulates the expression of a range of cytoprotective enzymes with antioxidant response elements in their promoter regions and thus can protect cells against oxidative damage. Increasing Nrf2 activity has been proposed as a therapeutic intervention in a range of chronic neurodegenerative conditions and cancer chemoprevention. One of the main mechanisms by which Nrf2 is negatively regulated involves an interaction with the ubiquitination facilitator protein, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) that facilitates degradation of Nrf2. Inhibition of this process underlies the mode of action of a broad group of compounds that increase Nrf2 activity. A number of natural products, including the isothiocyanate sulforaphane, up-regulate Nrf2 by interacting with Keap1 in a covalent manner to stall its activity. Recently, a number of peptide and small molecule inhibitors of the protein-protein interaction (PPI) between Keap1 and Nrf2 have been described. These classes of compound have contrasting modes of action at the molecular level and there is emerging evidence that their biological activities have similarities and differences. This review describes the various classes of PPI inhibitor that have been described in the literature and the biological evaluations that have been performed.
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Shanmugam MK, Dai X, Kumar AP, Tan BKH, Sethi G, Bishayee A. Oleanolic acid and its synthetic derivatives for the prevention and therapy of cancer: preclinical and clinical evidence. Cancer Lett 2014; 346:206-16. [PMID: 24486850 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA, 3β-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid) is a ubiquitous pentacyclic multifunctional triterpenoid, widely found in several dietary and medicinal plants. Natural and synthetic OA derivatives can modulate multiple signaling pathways including nuclear factor-κB, AKT, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, mammalian target of rapamycin, caspases, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase in a variety of tumor cells. Importantly, synthetic derivative of OA, 2-cyano-3,12-dioxoolean-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO), and its C-28 methyl ester (CDDO-Me) and C28 imidazole (CDDO-Im) have demonstrated potent antiangiogenic and antitumor activities in rodent cancer models. These agents are presently under evaluation in phase I studies in cancer patients. This review summarizes the diverse molecular targets of OA and its derivatives and also provides clear evidence on their promising potential in preclinical and clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthu K Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaoyun Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Benny K H Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore.
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, American University of Health Sciences, Signal Hill, CA, USA.
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The activation of p38 and JNK by ROS, contribute to OLO-2-mediated intrinsic apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 63:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Liby KT, Sporn MB. Synthetic oleanane triterpenoids: multifunctional drugs with a broad range of applications for prevention and treatment of chronic disease. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:972-1003. [PMID: 22966038 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.004846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the rationale for the use of synthetic oleanane triterpenoids (SOs) for prevention and treatment of disease, as well as extensive biological data on this topic resulting from both cell culture and in vivo studies. Emphasis is placed on understanding mechanisms of action. SOs are noncytotoxic drugs with an excellent safety profile. Several hundred SOs have now been synthesized and in vitro have been shown to: 1) suppress inflammation and oxidative stress and therefore be cytoprotective, especially at low nanomolar doses, 2) induce differentiation, and 3) block cell proliferation and induce apoptosis at higher micromolar doses. Animal data on the use of SOs in neurodegenerative diseases and in diseases of the eye, lung, cardiovascular system, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and kidney, as well as in cancer and in metabolic and inflammatory/autoimmune disorders, are reviewed. The importance of the cytoprotective Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with CNC homology-associated protein 1/nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2/antioxidant response element (Keap1/Nrf2/ARE) pathway as a mechanism of action is explained, but interactions with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PARPγ), inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB kinase complex (IKK), janus tyrosine kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)/ErbB2/neu, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathway, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and the thiol proteome are also described. In these interactions, Michael addition of SOs to reactive cysteine residues in specific molecular targets triggers biological activity. Ultimately, SOs are multifunctional drugs that regulate the activity of entire networks. Recent progress in the earliest clinical trials with 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO) methyl ester (bardoxolone methyl) is also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen T Liby
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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Tabe Y, Konopleva M, Andreeff M, Ohsaka A. Effects of PPARγ Ligands on Leukemia. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:483656. [PMID: 22685453 PMCID: PMC3364693 DOI: 10.1155/2012/483656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and retinoic acid receptors (RARs), members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, are transcription factors that regulate a variety of important cellular functions. PPARs form heterodimers retinoid X receptor (RXR), an obligate heterodimeric partner for other nuclear receptors. Several novel links between retinoid metabolism and PPAR responses have been identified, and activation of PPAR/RXR expression has been shown to increase response to retinoids. PPARγ has emerged as a key regulator of cell growth and survival, whose activity is modulated by a number of synthetic and natural ligands. While clinical trials in cancer patients with thiazolidinediones (TZD) have been disappointing, novel structurally different PPARγ ligands, including triterpenoids, have entered clinical arena as therapeutic agents for epithelial and hematopoietic malignancies. Here we shall review the antitumor advances of PPARγ, alone and in combination with RARα ligands in control of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis and their potential therapeutic applications in hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Tabe
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Akimichi Ohsaka
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Stem Cell Regulation, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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The mitochondrial ATP-dependent Lon protease: a novel target in lymphoma death mediated by the synthetic triterpenoid CDDO and its derivatives. Blood 2012; 119:3321-9. [PMID: 22323447 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-02-340075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic triterpenoids are multitarget compounds exhibiting promise as preventative and therapeutic agents for cancer. Their proposed mechanism of action is by forming Michael adducts with reactive nucleophilic groups on target proteins. Our previous work demonstrates that the 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO) and its derivatives promote B-lymphoid cell apoptosis through a mitochondria-mediated pathway linked to mitochondrial protein aggregation. As one function of the Lon protease is to eliminate abnormal mitochondrial proteins, we hypothesized that CDDO-induced protein aggregation and lymphoma apoptosis occur by inactivating this enzyme. Here, we show that CDDO and its derivatives directly and selectively inhibit Lon. CDDO blocks Lon-mediated proteolysis in biochemical and cellular assays, but does not inhibit the 20S proteasome. Furthermore, a biotinylated-CDDO conjugate modifies mitochondrial Lon. A striking common phenotype of CDDO-treated lymphoma cells and Lon-knockdown cells is the accumulation of electron-dense aggregates within mitochondria. We also show that Lon protein levels are substantially elevated in malignant lymphoma cells, compared with resting or activated B cells. Finally, we demonstrate that Lon knockdown leads to lymphoma cell death. Together, these findings suggest that Lon inhibition plays a contributory role in CDDO-induced lymphoma cell death, and support the concept that mitochondrial Lon is a novel anticancer drug target.
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Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and its ligands in the treatment of hematological malignancies. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:834612. [PMID: 18528522 PMCID: PMC2408681 DOI: 10.1155/2008/834612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a multifunctional transcription factor with important regulatory roles in inflammation, cellular growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. PPARgamma is expressed in a variety of immune cells as well as in numerous leukemias and lymphomas. Here, we review recent studies that provide new insights into the mechanisms by which PPARgamma ligands influence hematological malignant cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Understanding the diverse properties of PPARgamma ligands is crucial for the development of new therapeutic approaches for hematological malignancies.
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Ravanan P, Sano R, Talwar P, Ogasawara S, Matsuzawa SI, Cuddy M, Singh SK, Rao GSRS, Kondaiah P, Reed JC. Synthetic triterpenoid cyano enone of methyl boswellate activates intrinsic, extrinsic, and endoplasmic reticulum stress cell death pathways in tumor cell lines. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:1635-43. [PMID: 21746806 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We explored the effect of a novel synthetic triterpenoid compound cyano enone of methyl boswellates (CEMB) on various prostate cancer and glioma cancer cell lines. CEMB displayed concentration-dependent cytotoxic activity with submicromolar lethal dose 50% (LD(50)) values in 10 of 10 tumor cell lines tested. CEMB-induced cytotoxicity is accompanied by activation of downstream effector caspases (caspases 3 and 7) and by upstream initiator caspases involved in both the extrinsic (caspase 8) and intrinsic (caspase 9) apoptotic pathways. By using short interfering RNAs (siRNA), we show evidence that knockdown of caspase 8, DR4, Apaf-1, and Bid impairs CEMB-induced cell death. Similar to other proapoptotic synthetic triterpenoid compounds, CEMB-induced apoptosis involved endoplasmic reticulum stress, as shown by partial rescue of tumor cells by siRNA-mediated knockdown of expression of genes involved in the unfolded protein response such as IRE1α, PERK, and ATF6. Altogether, our results suggest that CEMB stimulates several apoptotic pathways in cancer cells, suggesting that this compound should be evaluated further as a potential agent for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palaniyandi Ravanan
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Electrophilic PPARγ Ligands Attenuate IL-1β and Silica-Induced Inflammatory Mediator Production in Human Lung Fibroblasts via a PPARγ-Independent Mechanism. PPAR Res 2011; 2011:318134. [PMID: 21765824 PMCID: PMC3135061 DOI: 10.1155/2011/318134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic lung inflammation is associated with numerous important disease pathologies including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and silicosis. Lung fibroblasts are a novel and important target of anti-inflammatory therapy, as they orchestrate, respond to, and amplify inflammatory cascades and are the key cell in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) ligands are small molecules that induce anti-inflammatory responses in a variety of tissues. Here, we report for the first time that PPARγ ligands have potent anti-inflammatory effects on human lung fibroblasts. 2-cyano-3, 12-dioxoolean-1, 9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO) and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) inhibit production of the inflammatory mediators interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), COX-2, and prostaglandin (PG)E2 in primary human lung fibroblasts stimulated with either IL-1β or silica. The anti-inflammatory properties of these molecules are not blocked by the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 and thus are largely PPARγ independent. However, they are dependent on the presence of an electrophilic carbon. CDDO and 15d-PGJ2, but not rosiglitazone, inhibited NF-κB activity. These results demonstrate that CDDO and 15d-PGJ2 are potent attenuators of proinflammatory responses in lung fibroblasts and suggest that these molecules should be explored as the basis for novel, targeted anti-inflammatory therapies in the lung and other organs.
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To C, Shilton BH, Di Guglielmo GM. Synthetic triterpenoids target the Arp2/3 complex and inhibit branched actin polymerization. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:27944-57. [PMID: 20566646 PMCID: PMC2934661 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.103036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic triterpenoids are anti-tumor agents that affect numerous cellular functions including apoptosis and growth inhibition. Here, we used mass spectrometric and protein array approaches and uncovered that triterpenoids associate with proteins of the actin cytoskeleton, including actin-related protein 3 (Arp3). Arp3, a subunit of the Arp2/3 complex, is involved in branched actin polymerization and the formation of lamellipodia. 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO)-Im and CDDO-Me were observed to 1) inhibit the localization of Arp3 and actin at the leading edge of cells, 2) abrogate cell polarity, and 3) inhibit Arp2/3-dependent branched actin polymerization. We confirmed our drug effects with siRNA targeting of Arp3 and observed a decrease in Rat2 cell migration. Taken together, our data suggest that synthetic triterpenoids target Arp3 and branched actin polymerization to inhibit cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciric To
- From the Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and
| | - Brian H. Shilton
- Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
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Jutooru I, Chadalapaka G, Abdelrahim M, Basha MR, Samudio I, Konopleva M, Andreeff M, Safe S. Methyl 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oate decreases specificity protein transcription factors and inhibits pancreatic tumor growth: role of microRNA-27a. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 78:226-36. [PMID: 20488920 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.064451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The anticancer agent 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO) and its methyl ester (CDDO-Me) typically induce a broad spectrum of growth-inhibitory, proapoptotic, and antiangiogenic responses. Treatment of Panc1, Panc28, and L3.6pL pancreatic cancer cells with low micromolar concentrations of CDDO or CDDO-Me resulted in growth inhibition, induction of apoptosis, and down-regulation of cyclin D1, survivin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and its receptor (VEGFR2). RNA interference studies indicate that these repressed genes are regulated by specificity protein (Sp) transcription factors Sp1, Sp3, and Sp4, and Western blot analysis of lysates from pancreatic cancer cells treated with CDDO and CDDO-Me shows for the first time that both compounds decreased the expression of Sp1, Sp3, and Sp4. Moreover, CDDO-Me (7.5 mg/kg/day) also inhibited pancreatic human L3.6pL tumor growth and down-regulated Sp1, Sp3, and Sp4 in tumors using an orthotopic pancreatic cancer model. CDDO-Me also induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in Panc1 and L3.6pL cells, and cotreatment with antioxidants (glutathione and dithiothreitol) blocked the formation of ROS, reversed the loss of MMP, and inhibited down-regulation of Sp1, Sp3, and Sp4. Repression of Sp and Sp-dependent genes by CDDO-Me was due to the down-regulation of microRNA-27a and induction of zinc finger and BTB domain containing 10 (ZBTB10), an Sp repressor, and these responses were also reversed by antioxidants. Thus, the anticancer activity of CDDO-Me is due, in part, to activation of ROS, which in turn targets the microRNA-27a:ZBTB10-Sp transcription factor axis. This results in decreased expression of Sp-regulated genes, growth inhibition, induction of apoptosis, and antiangiogenic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Jutooru
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, Vet. Res. Bldg. 410, College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA
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Simpson-Haidaris PJ, Pollock SJ, Ramon S, Guo N, Woeller CF, Feldon SE, Phipps RP. Anticancer Role of PPARgamma Agonists in Hematological Malignancies Found in the Vasculature, Marrow, and Eyes. PPAR Res 2010; 2010:814609. [PMID: 20204067 PMCID: PMC2829627 DOI: 10.1155/2010/814609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of targeted cancer therapies in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic agents and/or radiation treatment has increased overall survival of cancer patients. However, longer survival is accompanied by increased incidence of comorbidities due, in part, to drug side effects and toxicities. It is well accepted that inflammation and tumorigenesis are linked. Because peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma agonists are potent mediators of anti-inflammatory responses, it was a logical extension to examine the role of PPARgamma agonists in the treatment and prevention of cancer. This paper has two objectives: first to highlight the potential uses for PPARgamma agonists in anticancer therapy with special emphasis on their role when used as adjuvant or combined therapy in the treatment of hematological malignancies found in the vasculature, marrow, and eyes, and second, to review the potential role PPARgamma and/or its ligands may have in modulating cancer-associated angiogenesis and tumor-stromal microenvironment crosstalk in bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. J. Simpson-Haidaris
- Department of Medicine/Hem-Onc Division, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - S. J. Pollock
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - S. Ramon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - N. Guo
- Department of Opthalmology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - C. F. Woeller
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - S. E. Feldon
- Department of Opthalmology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - R. P. Phipps
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Opthalmology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- The Lung Biology and Disease Program, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Abstract
Triterpenoids are structurally diverse organic compounds, characterized by a basic backbone modified in multiple ways, allowing the formation of more than 20 000 naturally occurring triterpenoid varieties. Several triterpenoids, including ursolic and oleanolic acid, betulinic acid, celastrol, pristimerin, lupeol, and avicins possess antitumor and anti-inflammatory properties. To improve antitumor activity, some synthetic triterpenoid derivatives have been synthesized, including cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9 (11)-dien-28-oic (CDDO), its methyl ester (CDDO-Me), and imidazolide (CDDO-Im) derivatives. Of these, CDDO, CDDO-Me, and betulinic acid have shown promising antitumor activities and are presently under evaluation in phase I studies. Triterpenoids are highly multifunctional and the antitumor activity of these compounds is measured by their ability to block nuclear factor-kappaB activation, induce apoptosis, inhibit signal transducer, and activate transcription and angiogenesis.
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Skalska J, Brookes PS, Nadtochiy SM, Hilchey SP, Jordan CT, Guzman ML, Maggirwar SB, Briehl MM, Bernstein SH. Modulation of cell surface protein free thiols: a potential novel mechanism of action of the sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8115. [PMID: 19956548 PMCID: PMC2780735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There has been much interest in targeting intracellular redox pathways as a therapeutic approach for cancer. Given recent data to suggest that the redox status of extracellular protein thiol groups (i.e. exofacial thiols) effects cell behavior, we hypothesized that redox active anti-cancer agents would modulate exofacial protein thiols. Methodology/Principal Findings To test this hypothesis, we used the sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide, a known anti-cancer agent. Using flow cytometry, and western blotting to label free thiols with Alexa Fluor 633 C5 maleimide dye and N-(biotinoyl)-N-(iodoacetyl) ethylendiamine (BIAM), respectively, we show that parthenolide decreases the level of free exofacial thiols on Granta mantle lymphoma cells. In addition, we used immuno-precipitation techniques to identify the central redox regulator thioredoxin, as one of the surface protein thiol targets modified by parthenolide. To examine the functional role of parthenolide induced surface protein thiol modification, we pretreated Granta cells with cell impermeable glutathione (GSH), prior to exposure to parthenolide, and showed that GSH pretreatment; (a) inhibited the interaction of parthenolide with exofacial thiols; (b) inhibited parthenolide mediated activation of JNK and inhibition of NFκB, two well established mechanisms of parthenolide activity and; (c) blocked the cytotoxic activity of parthenolide. That GSH had no effect on the parthenolide induced generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species supports the fact that GSH had no effect on intracellular redox. Together these data support the likelihood that GSH inhibits the effect of parthenolide on JNK, NFκB and cell death through its direct inhibition of parthenolide's modulation of exofacial thiols. Conclusions/Significance Based on these data, we postulate that one component of parthenolide's anti-lymphoma activity derives from its ability to modify the redox state of critical exofacial thiols. Further, we propose that cancer cell exofacial thiols may be important and novel targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Skalska
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul S. Brookes
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Sergiy M. Nadtochiy
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Shannon P. Hilchey
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Craig T. Jordan
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Monica L. Guzman
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Sanjay B. Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Margaret M. Briehl
- Department of Pathology, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Steven H. Bernstein
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Xiong X, Wang L, Ye Y, Fu L, Chen M, Wang Q, Liu M, Tang J, Dai B, Shen J, Mei C. Pyrimidinyl-arylpropionic acid derivatives: viable resources in the development of new antineoplastic agents. Invest New Drugs 2009; 28:472-81. [PMID: 19533021 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-009-9278-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have documented that various naturally derived ligands or synthetic non-thiazolidinediones (TZD) as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonists have shown moderate or potent antitumor activities, which is PPARgamma independent or partially dependent. However, the PPARgamma agonistic or glucose-lowering activity is ranked first more often than antitumor activity to determine promising novel PPARgamma agonists for potential clinical use. In this study, we hypothesized that there might exist some compounds with less PPARgamma agonistic activity but potent antitumor activity. Thereafter, we evaluated the PPARgamma agonistic and antitumor activity of a novel series of alpha-aryloxy-alpha-methylhydrocinnamic acid derivatives synthesized with the initial aim of developing novel PPARgamma agonists as hypoglycemic agents. MTT assay results revealed that several compounds were able to inhibit cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner with IC(50) 12.7-29.7 microM, better than that of rosiglitazone (45.9-141 microM), although the PPARgamma agonistic activity of most compounds is much lower than rosiglitazone. Some compounds induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis tested by Flow Cytometry. Oral administration of DH9 (100 mg/kg/d) for 21 days to BALB/c nude mice bearing xenografts including MGC-803, NCI-H460, HT-29 and OS-RC-2 cells significantly retarded tumor growth. DG8 and DJ5 showed benefits in some of the above four xenografts. Our findings demonstrate that these compounds have potent antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo and pyrimidinyl-arylpropionic acid derivatives might be viable resources in the development of new antineoplastic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xishan Xiong
- Division of Nephrology, Nephrology institute of PLA, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China
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18
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Kumei S, Motomura W, Yoshizaki T, Takakusaki K, Okumura T. Troglitazone increases expression of E-cadherin and claudin 4 in human pancreatic cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 380:614-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.01.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Garcia-Bates TM, Bernstein SH, Phipps RP. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma overexpression suppresses growth and induces apoptosis in human multiple myeloma cells. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:6414-25. [PMID: 18927280 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a transcription factor that regulates immune and inflammatory responses. Our laboratory has shown that normal and malignant B cells, including multiple myeloma, express PPARgamma. Moreover, certain PPARgamma ligands can induce apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells. Because PPARgamma ligands can also have PPARgamma-independent effects, the role of PPARgamma in B-cell malignancies remains poorly understood. To further understand the role of PPARgamma, we examined the functional consequences of its overexpression in human multiple myeloma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In the present work, we developed a lentiviral vector for PPARgamma gene delivery. We transduced multiple myeloma cells with a lentivirus-expressing PPARgamma and studied the involvement of this receptor on cell growth and viability. RESULTS PPARgamma overexpression decreased multiple myeloma cell proliferation and induced spontaneous apoptosis even in the absence of exogenous ligand. These PPARgamma-overexpressing cells were dramatically more sensitive to PPARgamma ligand-induced apoptosis compared with uninfected or LV-empty-infected cells. Apoptosis was associated with the down-regulation of antiapoptotic proteins X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein and myeloid cell leukemia-1 as well as induction of caspase-3 activity. Importantly, PPARgamma overexpression-induced cell death was not abrogated by coincubation with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC), which are known to protect multiple myeloma cells from apoptosis. Additionally, PPARgamma overexpression in multiple myeloma or BMSC inhibited both basal and multiple myeloma-induced interleukin-6 production by BMSC. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that PPARgamma negatively controls multiple myeloma growth and viability in part through inhibition of interleukin-6 production by BMSC. As such, PPARgamma is a viable therapeutic target in multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana M Garcia-Bates
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Liby KT, Yore MM, Sporn MB. Triterpenoids and rexinoids as multifunctional agents for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2007; 7:357-69. [PMID: 17446857 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic oleanane triterpenoids and rexinoids are two new classes of multifunctional drugs. They are neither conventional cytotoxic agents, nor are they monofunctional drugs that uniquely target single steps in signal transduction pathways. Synthetic oleanane triterpenoids have profound effects on inflammation and the redox state of cells and tissues, as well as being potent anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic agents. Rexinoids are ligands for the nuclear receptor transcription factors known as retinoid X receptors. Both classes of agents can prevent and treat cancer in experimental animals. These drugs have unique molecular and cellular mechanisms of action and might prove to be synergistic with standard anti-cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen T Liby
- Department of Pharmacology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Sun K, Li M, Konopleva M, Konoplev S, Stephens LC, Kornblau SM, Frolova O, Wilkins DEC, Ma W, Welniak LA, Andreeff M, Murphy WJ. The synthetic triterpenoid, CDDO, suppresses alloreactive T cell responses and reduces murine early acute graft-versus-host disease mortality. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2007; 13:521-9. [PMID: 17448911 PMCID: PMC4559277 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2006.12.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 12/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) still remains one of the life-threatening complications following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Immunomodulation of alloreactive donor T cell responses, as well as cytokine secretion is a potential therapeutic approach for the prevention of aGVHD. The synthetic triterpenoid, CDDO (2-cyano-3, 12-dioxooleana-1, 9-dien-28-oic acid), exhibits potent antitumor activity and has also been shown to mediate anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. We therefore wanted to assess the effects of CDDO on early lethal aGVHD. In this study, we found that CDDO significantly inhibited in vitro mixed lymphocyte responses and preferentially promoted the apoptosis of proliferating but not resting alloreactive T cells. Using a full major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-disparate murine aGVHD model, we found that the administration of CDDO immediately after transplantation significantly decreased liver pathology as determined by histologic assessment and prolonged survival in mice. Importantly, administration of CDDO did not adversely impair donor myeloid reconstitution as determined by peripheral blood cell count and the extent of donor chimerism. These findings indicate that CDDO has a significant immunomodulatory effects in vitro and on early lethal aGVHD development, particularly affecting the liver, in a murine allo-HSCT model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Minghui Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Section of Molecular Hematology & Therapy, Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sergej Konoplev
- Department of Hematopathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - L. Clifton Stephens
- Section of Veterinary Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Steven M. Kornblau
- Section of Molecular Hematology & Therapy, Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Olga Frolova
- Section of Molecular Hematology & Therapy, Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Weihong Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Lisbeth A. Welniak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Section of Molecular Hematology & Therapy, Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - William J. Murphy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
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Brookes PS, Morse K, Ray D, Tompkins A, Young SM, Hilchey S, Salim S, Konopleva M, Andreeff M, Phipps R, Bernstein SH. The Triterpenoid 2-Cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic Acid and Its Derivatives Elicit Human Lymphoid Cell Apoptosis through a Novel Pathway Involving the Unregulated Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore. Cancer Res 2007; 67:1793-802. [PMID: 17308122 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
2-Cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO) and its C(28) imidazole and dinitrile derivatives are novel oleanane triterpenoids exhibiting promise as both therapeutic and preventative agents for cancer. Herein we show that these triterpenoids induce normal and malignant B-lymphoid cell apoptosis, with the C(28) derivatives being more potent than CDDO, through a novel mitochondrial mechanism. We show using both normal and malignant human B cells, as well as isolated rat mitochondria, that CDDO directly interacts with a limited number of as yet undefined mitochondrial proteins. Such an interaction results in the loss of mitochondrial thiol status and the secondary modification of numerous mitochondrial protein thiols. Our data further suggest that such modifications result in the formation of high molecular weight protein aggregates that form "unregulated," constitutively open, cyclosporin A-insensitive permeability transition (PT) pores. The formation of such PT pores results in the subsequent generation of mitochondrial superoxide and cell death. In total, our studies (a) suggest a novel mechanism of action for triterpenoid-induced cell death; (b) are among the first to directly support the existence of an unregulated PT pore formed by mitochondrial protein aggregates, as first proposed by Lemasters and colleagues; and (c) validate such an unregulated PT pore as a viable target for the development of new cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Brookes
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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