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Sadvakassova G, Tiedemann K, Steer KJD, Mikolajewicz N, Stavnichuk M, In-Kyung Lee I, Sabirova Z, Schranzhofer M, Komarova SV. Active hematopoiesis triggers exosomal release of PRDX2 that promotes osteoclast formation. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14745. [PMID: 33587325 PMCID: PMC7883842 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic disorders, particularly hemolytic anemias, commonly lead to bone loss. We have previously reported that actively proliferating cancer cells stimulate osteoclastogenesis from late precursors in a RANKL-independent manner. We theorized that cancer cells exploit the physiological role of bone resorption to support expanding hematopoietic bone marrow and examined if hematopoietic cells can trigger osteoclastogenesis. Using phlebotomy-induced acute anemia in mice, we found strong correlation between augmented erythropoiesis and increased osteoclastogenesis. Conditioned medium (CM) from K562 erythroleukemia cells and primary mouse erythroblasts stimulated osteoclastogenesis when added to RANKL-primed precursors from mouse bone marrow or RAW264.7 cells. Using immunoblotting and mass spectrometry, PRDX2 was identified as a factor produced by erythroid cells in vitro and in vivo. PRDX2 was detected in K562-derived exosomes, and inhibiting exosomal release significantly decreased the osteoclastogenic capacity of K562 CM. Recombinant PRDX2 induced osteoclast formation from RANKL-primed primary or RAW 264.7 precursors to levels comparable to achieved with continuous RANKL treatment. Thus, increased bone marrow erythropoiesis secondary to anemia leads to upregulation of PRDX2, which is released in the exosomes and acts to induce osteoclast formation. Increased bone resorption by the osteoclasts expands bone marrow cavity, which likely plays a supporting role to increase blood cell production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulzhakhan Sadvakassova
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Shriners Hospital for Children - Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Kerstin Tiedemann
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Shriners Hospital for Children - Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Kieran J D Steer
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicholas Mikolajewicz
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Shriners Hospital for Children - Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mariya Stavnichuk
- Shriners Hospital for Children - Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Zarina Sabirova
- Shriners Hospital for Children - Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Matthias Schranzhofer
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Svetlana V Komarova
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Shriners Hospital for Children - Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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2
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Chuang MH, Chuang TL, Koo M, Wang YF. Low Hemoglobin Is Associated With Low Bone Mineral Density and High Risk of Bone Fracture in Male Adults: A Retrospective Medical Record Review Study. Am J Mens Health 2020; 13:1557988319850378. [PMID: 31081448 PMCID: PMC6537261 DOI: 10.1177/1557988319850378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the association between serum hemoglobin
level, bone mineral density, and fracture risks based on the estimated score of
the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) in Asian male adults. The medical
records of 662 male patients who underwent health examinations at a regional
teaching hospital in southern Taiwan were reviewed. The medical history,
demographic characteristics, clinical laboratory results, and bone mineral
density of the patients were ascertained from their medical records. Simple and
multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the association
of hemoglobin levels with bone mineral density, the 10-year risk of hip
fracture, and the 10-year risk of major osteoporotic fracture (clinical spine,
forearm, hip, or shoulder fracture) as assessed by FRAX. The mean age of the
patients was 53.1 years. Results from simple linear regression analysis
indicated that hemoglobin was positively associated with bone mineral density
but inversely associated with both hip fracture risk and major osteoporotic
fracture risk. Similar results were obtained when potential confounding
variables were adjusted using multiple linear regression analysis. Low serum
hemoglobin levels might be an important indicator for predicting bone mineral
loss and the risk of both major osteoporotic fracture and hip fracture in male
patients. Bone mineral density should be closely monitored in patients receiving
treatment for anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hua Chuang
- 1 Faculty of Pharmacy, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei.,2 Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien
| | - Tzyy-Ling Chuang
- 3 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi.,4 Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien
| | - Malcolm Koo
- 5 Graduate Institute of Long-term Care, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien
| | - Yuh-Feng Wang
- 3 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi.,4 Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien.,6 Center of Preventive Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi
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3
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Li L, Ge JR, Chen J, Ye YJ, Xu PC, Li JY. Association of bone mineral density with peripheral blood cell counts and hemoglobin in Chinese postmenopausal women: A retrospective study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20906. [PMID: 32664083 PMCID: PMC7360215 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is a metabolic bone disease that can cause structural changes in bone marrow cavity. Bone marrow is the hematopoietic organ of adults. Accumulating evidence has shown a close connection between bone marrow hematopoietic function and bone formation. Some studies have revealed that OP is associated with hematopoiesis. However, the relationship is not definite.This study aimed to evaluate the association between peripheral blood cell counts (white blood cells [WBC], red blood cells [RBC], platelets [PLT]), hemoglobin [HGB], and bone mineral density [BMD]) in a sample of Chinese postmenopausal women. This is a retrospective study involving 673 postmenopausal women cases. The BMD of lumbar spine and left hip joint were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The levels of blood cell counts and HGB were measured and analyzed.The study results showed the WBC, RBC, PLT, and HGB levels of postmenopausal women in the OP group were all higher than those in the non-osteoporosis group. Spearman linear trend analysis and partial correlation analysis demonstrated that BMD was negatively correlated with WBC, RBC, PLT, and HGB in postmenopausal women.Due to the differences between different countries and races, and there are few studies on the association of BMD with peripheral blood cell counts and HGB in Chinese Postmenopausal Women. Therefore, more large sample studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Ji-Rong Ge
- Fujian Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Fujian Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yun-Jin Ye
- Fujian Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Peng-Chao Xu
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Jian-Yang Li
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
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4
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Valderrábano RJ, Buzkova P, Chang PY, Zakai NA, Fink HA, Robbins JA, Lee JS, Wu JY. Association of bone mineral density with hemoglobin and change in hemoglobin among older men and women: The Cardiovascular Health Study. Bone 2019; 120:321-326. [PMID: 30448304 PMCID: PMC6360112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Osteoblasts and their precursors support hematopoiesis in the bone marrow. We hypothesized that declines in Hgb levels are associated with bone mineral density (BMD). METHODS The Cardiovascular Health Study is a prospective longitudinal study that enrolled 5888 community-dwelling adults aged >65 years and measured hemoglobin twice, in 1989-90 and 1992-93, as well as BMD by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 1994-95. In a subset of 1513 men and women with a Hgb in 1992-93 and BMD, we used linear regression to estimate associations of Hgb (per standard deviation (SD)) with total hip (TH), lumbar spine (LS) and total body (TB) BMD, and used Poisson regression to estimate associations of anemia (in 1992-93; Hgb <13 g/dL in men; <12 g/dL in women) with "low BMD" defined as T-score less than -1 at the TH. In 1277 participants with Hgb measured on average 2.9 years apart and BMD, we used linear regression to estimate the associations of annualized change in Hgb with TH, LS and TB BMD. All models included age, sex, study-site, race, smoking, alcohol use, weight, height, steroid use, physical activity score, self-reported health, previous cardiovascular disease and prior anti-fracture medication use. RESULTS No significant association was observed between Hgb, measured a mean 2.2 years prior to BMD, and BMD at the TH and LS in men (TH beta = -0.60 [x 10-2 g/cm2per 1.1 g/dL Hgb], 95% CI: -1.88 to 0.68; LS beta = -1.69, 95% CI: -3.83 to 0.45) or women (TH beta = -0.49 [x 10-2 g/cm2per 1.3 g/dL Hgb], 95% CI: -1.57 to 0.59; LS beta = -0.40, 95% CI: -2.57 to 1.76). Anemia was not observed to be significantly associated with low BMD in men (RR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.72-1.40) nor women (RR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.82-1.17). The mean change in Hgb was a loss of 0.06 g/dL/year (SD = 0.32). Change in Hgb was not observed to be significantly associated with BMD in men (TH beta = -0.55[x 10-2 g/cm2per 1 g/dL annualized Hgb change], 95% CI: -4.28 to 3.19; LS beta = 0.63, 95% CI: -5.38 to 6.65) or women (TH beta = 0.92, 95% CI: -1.96 to 3.79; LS beta = -1.77, 95% CI: -7.52 to 3.98). No significant association was observed between anemia and low bone density by T-score in men and women. CONCLUSIONS These findings support neither the hypothesis that low Hgb prior to bone density or decreases in Hgb are associated with bone density in older community-dwelling adults nor the use of Hgb level as a case-finding tool to prompt BMD measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo J Valderrábano
- Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Petra Buzkova
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, United States of America
| | - Po-Yin Chang
- Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America; School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, United States of America
| | - Neil A Zakai
- Department of Medicine and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont
| | - Howard A Fink
- GRECC, Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - John A Robbins
- School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, United States of America
| | - Jennifer S Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America; Palo Alto Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America.
| | - Joy Y Wu
- Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America.
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5
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Valderrábano RJ, Wu JY. Bone and blood interactions in human health and disease. Bone 2019; 119:65-70. [PMID: 29476979 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Under physiologic conditions hematopoiesis takes place in the bone marrow, and the skeleton provides the structural and supportive network necessary for normal hematopoiesis. Chronic disorders affecting hematopoiesis such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia demonstrate striking skeletal phenotypes including bone loss and increased fracture risk. There is mounting evidence that anemia in older populations may also be associated with bone fragility. Given the interconnectedness of bone and hematopoietic cells, it is important to review the potential clinical implications and opportunities for therapeutic intervention. There are recognized associations between blood-borne and solid tissue malignancy and skeletal health, but our review will focus on non-malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo J Valderrábano
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.
| | - Joy Y Wu
- Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.
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6
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Pan ML, Chen LR, Tsao HM, Chen KH. Iron Deficiency Anemia as a Risk Factor for Osteoporosis in Taiwan: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. Nutrients 2017; 9:E616. [PMID: 28621741 PMCID: PMC5490595 DOI: 10.3390/nu9060616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cause-effect relationship between iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and osteoporosis has not been established in the general population. Thus, the current longitudinal study determined the role of IDA as a risk factor for osteoporosis by analyzing a large nationwide population-based sample. In a sample of 1,000,000 randomly sampled individuals from the 1998-2012. Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, patients with IDA (case group (n = 35,751)) and individuals without IDA (control group (n = 178,755)) were compared. Patients who were <20 years of age and who had pre-existing osteoporosis prior to the diagnosis of IDA were excluded. Each patient with IDA was age- and gender-matched to five individuals without IDA. The diagnoses of IDA and osteoporosis (coded using ICD-9CM) were further confirmed with blood test results and X-ray bone densitometry to ensure the accuracy of the diagnoses. Osteoporosis occurred more often among patients with IDA compared to individuals without IDA (2.27% vs. 1.32%, p < 0.001). Cox proportional hazard analysis revealed that the risk for osteoporosis was significantly higher in the case than the control group (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.74; 95% CI = 1.61-1.88) and remained similar after adjustment for covariates (adjusted HR = 1.81; 95% CI = 1.67-1.97). Compared with individuals without IDA, the risk for osteoporosis was even higher for patients with IDA who received intravenous ferrum therapy (adjusted HR = 2.21; 95% CI = 1.85-2.63). In contrast, the risk for osteoporosis was reduced for patients with IDA who received a blood transfusion (adjusted HR = 1.47; 95% CI = 1.20-1.80). As a predictor, prior IDA is a significant and independent risk factor for development of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Lien Pan
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Ru Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiao-Mei Tsao
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Hu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Tzu-Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei 231, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
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7
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Hiram-Bab S, Neumann D, Gabet Y. Context-Dependent Skeletal Effects of Erythropoietin. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2017. [PMID: 28629516 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (Epo) is the main hormone that regulates the production of red blood cells (hematopoiesis), by stimulating their progenitors. Beyond this vital function, several emerging roles have been noted for Epo in other tissues, including neurons, heart, and retina. The skeletal system is also affected by Epo; however, its actions on bone are, as yet, controversial. Here, we review the seemingly contradicting evidence regarding Epo effects on bone remodeling. We also discuss the evidence pointing to a direct vs indirect effect of Epo on the osteoblastic and osteoclastic cell lineages. The current controversy may derive from a context-dependent mode of function of Epo, namely, opposite skeletal actions during bone regeneration and steady-state bone remodeling. Differences in conclusions deriving from the published in vitro studies may thus relate to the different experimental conditions. Taken together, the current state-of-the-art indicates definite Epo effects on bone cells and points to the complexity of the mode of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Hiram-Bab
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Drorit Neumann
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yankel Gabet
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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8
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Wang C, Meng H, Wang X, Zhao C, Peng J, Wang Y. Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Osteoblasts and Adipocytes and its Role in Treatment of Osteoporosis. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:226-33. [PMID: 26795027 PMCID: PMC4727494 DOI: 10.12659/msm.897044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a systemic metabolic bone disorder characterized by a decrease in bone mass and degradation of the bone microstructure, leaving bones that are fragile and prone to fracture. Most osteoporosis treatments improve symptoms, but to date there is no quick and effective therapy. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) have pluripotent potential. In adults, BMMSCs differentiate mainly into osteoblasts and adipocytes in the skeleton. However, if this differentiation is unbalanced, it may lead to a decrease in bone mass. If the number of adipocyte cells increases and that of osteoblast cells decreases, osteoporosis can result. A variety of hormones and cytokines play an important role in the regulation of BMMSCs bidirectional differentiation. Therefore, a greater understanding of the regulation mechanism of BMMSC differentiation may provide new methods to prevent and treat osteoporosis. In addition, autologous, allogeneic BMMSCs or genetically modified BMMSC transplantation can effectively increase bone mass and density, increase bone mechanical strength, correct the imbalance in bone metabolism, and increase bone formation, and is expected to provide a new strategy and method for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Haoye Meng
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Urumqi General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Command, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Jing Peng
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
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9
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Ho MSH, Medcalf RL, Livesey SA, Traianedes K. The dynamics of adult haematopoiesis in the bone and bone marrow environment. Br J Haematol 2015; 170:472-86. [PMID: 25854627 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review explores the dynamic relationship between bone and bone marrow in the genesis and regulation of adult haematopoiesis and will provide an overview of the haematopoietic hierarchical system. This will include the haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) and its niches, as well as discuss emerging evidence of the reciprocal interplay between bone and bone marrow, and support of the pleiotropic role played by bone cells in the regulation of HSC proliferation, differentiation and function. In addition, this review will present demineralized bone matrix as a unique acellular matrix platform that permits the generation of ectopic de novo bone and bone marrow and provides a means of investigating the temporal sequence of bone and bone marrow regeneration. It is anticipated that the utilization of this matrix-based approach will help researchers in gaining deeper insights into the major events leading to adult haematopoiesis in the bone marrow. Furthermore, this model may potentially offer new avenues to manipulate the HSC niche and hence influence the functional output of the haematopoietic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriel S H Ho
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital Prahran, Prahran, Victoria, Australia.,Clinical Neurosciences, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert L Medcalf
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital Prahran, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen A Livesey
- Clinical Neurosciences, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathy Traianedes
- Clinical Neurosciences, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Prahran, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Jin L, Liu Q, Scott P, Zhang D, Shen F, Balian G, Li X. Annulus fibrosus cell characteristics are a potential source of intervertebral disc pathogenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96519. [PMID: 24796761 PMCID: PMC4010482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the end stage of intervertebral disc degeneration, cartilage, bone, endothelial cells, and neurons appear in association with the worsening condition. The origin of the abnormal cells is not clear. This study investigated the properties of progenitor cells in the annulus fibrosus (AF) using one in vitro and two in vivo models. Cultivation of rabbit AF cells with chondrogenic media significantly increased expressions of collagen and aggrecan. Upon exposure to osteogenic conditions, the cultures showed increased mineralization and expression of osteopontin, runx2, and bmp2 genes. Two models were used in the in vivo subcutaneous implantation experiments: 1) rabbit AF tissue in a demineralized bone matrix (DBM) cylinder (DBM/AF), and, 2) rat intact and needle punctured lumbar discs. Bone formation in the AF tissue was detected and hypertrophic chondrocytes and osteoblasts were present 1 month after implantation of the DBM/AF to nude mice. In addition to collagen I and II, immunostaining shows collagen X and osteocalcin expression in DBM/AF specimens 4 months after implantation. Similar changes were detected in the injured discs. Almost the entire needle punctured disc had ossified at 6 months. The results suggest that AF cells have characteristics of progenitor cells and, under appropriate stimuli, are capable of differentiating into chondrocytes and osteoblasts in vitro as well as in vivo. Importantly, these cells may be a target for biological treatment of disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Qihai Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Francis Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Gary Balian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Xudong Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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11
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Abstract
Ectopic bone formation refers to the ossification of tissue outside of its typical microenvironment. Numerous animal models exist to experimentally induce ectopic bone formation in order to examine the process of osteogenesis or to evaluate the "osteogenic potential" of a given implant. The most widely employed methods in the rodent include subcutaneous, intramuscular, and renal capsule implantation. This chapter will outline the (1) clinical correlates to ectopic ossification, (2) a brief history of experimental models of ectopic ossification, (3) advantages and disadvantages of various models (with a focus on rodent models), and (4) detailed methods and explanation of a mouse intramuscular implantation procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Asatrian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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12
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Moreau R, Tshikudi Malu D, Dumais M, Dalko E, Gaudreault V, Roméro H, Martineau C, Kevorkova O, Dardon JS, Dodd EL, Bohle DS, Scorza T. Alterations in bone and erythropoiesis in hemolytic anemia: comparative study in bled, phenylhydrazine-treated and Plasmodium-infected mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46101. [PMID: 23029401 PMCID: PMC3461039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained erythropoiesis and concurrent bone marrow hyperplasia are proposed to be responsible for low bone mass density (BMD) in chronic hemolytic pathologies. As impaired erythropoiesis is also frequent in these conditions, we hypothesized that free heme may alter marrow and bone physiology in these disorders. Bone status and bone marrow erythropoiesis were studied in mice with hemolytic anemia (HA) induced by phenylhydrazine (PHZ) or Plasmodium infection and in bled mice. All treatments resulted in lower hemoglobin concentrations, enhanced erythropoiesis in the spleen and reticulocytosis. The anemia was severe in mice with acute hemolysis, which also had elevated levels of free heme and ROS. No major changes in cellularity and erythroid cell numbers occurred in the bone marrow of bled mice, which generated higher numbers of erythroid blast forming units (BFU-E) in response to erythropoietin. In contrast, low numbers of bone marrow erythroid precursors and BFU-E and low concentrations of bone remodelling markers were measured in mice with HA, which also had blunted osteoclastogenesis, in opposition to its enhancement in bled mice. The alterations in bone metabolism were accompanied by reduced trabecular bone volume, enhanced trabecular spacing and lower trabecular numbers in mice with HA. Taken together our data suggests that hemolysis exerts distinct effects to bleeding in the marrow and bone and may contribute to osteoporosis through a mechanism independent of the erythropoietic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Moreau
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Diane Tshikudi Malu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Dumais
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Esther Dalko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Véronique Gaudreault
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hugo Roméro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Corine Martineau
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Olha Kevorkova
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jaime Sanchez Dardon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Erin Lynn Dodd
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Scott Bohle
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tatiana Scorza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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13
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Vávrová J, Sinkorová Z, Rezáčová M, Tichý A, Filip S, Mokrý J, Lukášová E. Irradiated stem cells and ageing of the haematopoietic system. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2012; 51:205-213. [PMID: 22278290 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-012-0401-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the work presented here, changes in haematopoiesis of mice (B6129SF2/J) were studied 1 year after their whole-body exposure to a dose of 7 Gy (72% of mice survived). The irradiated mice were compared with non-irradiated younger (4 months of age) and older (16 months of age) mice. There was a significant increase in the relative abundance of primitive stem cells with long-term capability of the haematopoiesis recovery lin(-)/Sca-1(+)/CD117(+)/CD34(-) in the bone marrow of mice aged 16 months (irradiated and non-irradiated) compared with those aged 4 months. In terms of the ability to respond to further whole-body irradiation at a dose of 1 Gy, the presence of γH2A.X foci was studied in lin(-) bone marrow cells. There was a considerable number of persisting foci in lin(-) stem cells isolated from the bone marrow of the older irradiated mice. In the blood count from the peripheral blood of the older mice (both non-irradiated and irradiated at 7 Gy), there was a significant increase in granulocytes. In the group exposed to 7 Gy, the numbers of thrombocytes significantly increased, and on the contrary, the numbers of erythrocytes, the amount of haemoglobin, and haematocrit significantly decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiřina Vávrová
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Defence in Brno, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
It has been well established that blood and bone share a unique, regulatory relationship with one another, though the specifics of this relationship still remain unanswered. Erythropoietin (Epo) is known primarily for its role as a hematopoietic hormone. However, after the discovery of Epo receptor outside the hematopoietic tissues, Epo has been avidly studied for its possible nonhematopoietic effects. It has been proposed that Epo interacts with bone both directly, by activating bone marrow stromal cells, and indirectly, through signaling pathways on hematopoietic stem cells. Yet, the role of Epo in regulating skeletal maintenance and regeneration remains controversial. Here, we review the current state of knowledge pertaining to the effects of Epo on the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J McGee
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, 48109-1078, USA
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Scott MA, Levi B, Askarinam A, Nguyen A, Rackohn T, Ting K, Soo C, James AW. Brief review of models of ectopic bone formation. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:655-67. [PMID: 22085228 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic bone formation is a unique biologic entity--distinct from other areas of skeletal biology. Animal research models of ectopic bone formation most often employ rodent models and have unique advantages over orthotopic (bone) environments, including a relative lack of bone cytokine stimulation and cell-to-cell interaction with endogenous (host) bone-forming cells. This allows for relatively controlled in vivo experimental bone formation. A wide variety of ectopic locations have been used for experimentation, including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and kidney capsule transplantation. The method, benefits and detractions of each method are summarized in the following review. Briefly, subcutaneous implantation is the simplest method. However, the most pertinent concern is the relative paucity of bone formation in comparison to other models. Intramuscular implantation is also widely used and relatively simple, however intramuscular implants are exposed to skeletal muscle satellite progenitor cells. Thus, distinguishing host from donor osteogenesis becomes challenging without cell-tracking studies. The kidney capsule (perirenal or renal capsule) method is less widely used and more technically challenging. It allows for supraphysiologic blood and nutrient resource, promoting robust bone growth. In summary, ectopic bone models are extremely useful in the evaluation of bone-forming stem cells, new osteoinductive biomaterials, and growth factors; an appropriate choice of model, however, will greatly increase experimental success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Scott
- Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Roseman University of Health Sciences, Henderson, Nevada, USA
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16
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Burgess A, Vanella L, Bellner L, Schwartzman ML, Abraham NG. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and heme oxygenase-1 interaction attenuates diabetes and metabolic syndrome complications. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2012; 97:1-16. [PMID: 22100745 PMCID: PMC3261364 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MSCs are considered to be the natural precursors to adipocyte development through the process of adipogenesis. A link has been established between decreased protective effects of EETs or HO-1 and their interaction in metabolic syndrome. Decreases in HO-1 or EET were associated with an increase in adipocyte stem cell differentiation and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines. EET agonist (AKR-I-27-28) inhibited MSC-derived adipocytes and decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines. We further describe the role of CYP-epoxygenase expression, HO expression, and circulating cytokine levels in an obese mouse, ob/ob(-/-) mouse model. Ex vivo measurements of EET expression within MSCs derived from ob/ob(-/-) showed decreased levels of EETs that were increased by HO induction. This review demonstrates that suppression of HO and EET systems exist in MSCs prior to the development of adipocyte dysfunction. Further, adipocyte dysfunction can be ameliorated by induction of HO-1 and CYP-epoxygenase, i.e. EET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Burgess
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, OH 43614
| | - Luca Vanella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, OH 43614
| | - Lars Bellner
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595
| | | | - Nader G. Abraham
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, OH 43614
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Fung EB, Vichinsky EP, Kwiatkowski JL, Huang J, Bachrach LK, Sawyer AJ, Zemel BS. Characterization of low bone mass in young patients with thalassemia by DXA, pQCT and markers of bone turnover. Bone 2011; 48:1305-12. [PMID: 21443975 PMCID: PMC3095710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.03.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Previous reports using dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) suggest that up to 70% of adults with thalassemia major (Thal) have low bone mass. However, few studies have controlled for body size and pubertal delay, variables known to affect bone mass in this population. In this study, bone mineral content and areal density (BMC, aBMD) of the spine and whole body were assessed by DXA, and volumetric BMD and cortical geometries of the distal tibia by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) in subjects with Thal (n = 25, 11 male, 10 to 30 years) and local controls (n=34, 15 male, 7 to 30 years). Z-scores for bone outcomes were calculated from reference data from a large sample of healthy children and young adults. Fasting blood and urine were collected, pubertal status determined by self-assessment and dietary intake and physical activity assessed by written questionnaires. Subjects with Thal were similar in age, but had lower height, weight and lean mass index Z-scores (all p < 0.001) compared to controls. DXA aBMD was significantly lower in Thal compared to controls at all sites. Adult Thal subjects (> 18 years, n = 11) had lower tibial trabecular vBMD (p = 0.03), cortical area, cortical BMC, cortical thickness, periosteal circumference and section modulus Z-scores (all p < 0.01) compared to controls. Cortical area, cortical BMC, cortical thickness, and periosteal circumference Z-scores (p = 0.02) were significantly lower in young Thal (≤ 18 years, n = 14) compared to controls. In separate multivariate models, tibial cortical area, BMC, and thickness and spine aBMD and whole body BMC Z-scores remained lower in Thal compared to controls after adjustment for gender, lean mass and/or growth deficits (all p < 0.01). Tanner stage was not predictive in these models. Osteocalcin, a marker of bone formation, was significantly reduced in Thal compared to controls after adjusting for age, puberty and whole body BMC (p=0.029). In summary, we have found evidence of skeletal deficits that cannot be dismissed as an artifact of small bone size or delayed maturity alone. Given that reduced bone density and strength are associated with increased risk of fracture, therapies focused on increasing bone formation and bone size in younger patients are worthy of further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen B Fung
- Department of Hematology at the Children's Hospital & Research Center, Oakland, CA, USA.
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Increased bone resorption is implicated in the pathogenesis of bone loss in hemophiliacs: correlations with hemophilic arthropathy and HIV infection. Ann Hematol 2009; 89:67-74. [PMID: 19488753 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-009-0759-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis has been recently recognized as a severe comorbidity factor in hemophilia. However, its pathogenesis is still obscure. We evaluated the incidence of osteoporosis in 90 hemophilia patients and investigated possible correlations with clinical and laboratory data. Out of the 90 patients, 80 (89%) had severe hemophilia, and 35 (38.9%) were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive. Hemophilic arthropahty was assessed using World Federation of Hemophilia clinical score and Petterson radiological score. Bone mineral density of the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) were measured using dual-energy X-ray absortiometry. Bone turnover was evaluated by the measurement of: (1) bone resorption markers [N-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of collagen type I (NTX), C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of collagen type I (CTX), and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform-5b (TRACP-5b)], (2) bone formation markers [bone-alkaline phosphatase (bALP) and osteocalcin], and (3) osteoclast stimulators (receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand, osteoprotegerin, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha). Osteopenia or osteoporosis was observed in 86% and 65% of the patients in FN and LS, respectively. Osteoporosis was more common among HIV-positive patients in both FN (65.3% vs 41.6%; p = 0.007) and LS (17.86% vs 5.41%, p = 0.004). The severity of osteoporosis in FN correlated with the patients' total clinical and radiological score (p = 0.001). Hemophilia patients showed increased osteoclastic activity (significant increase of TRACP-5b, NTX, and CTX), which was not accompanied by a comparable increased bone formation (reduced osteocalcin and borderline increase of bALP). In multivariate analysis, HIV infection (p = 0.05) and total clinical score (p = 0.001) were independent risk factors for osteoporosis development. We conclude that there is a high prevalence of osteoporosis among hemophiliacs, which is related to the severity of arthropathy and is enhanced by HIV infection. We report for the first time a high bone resorption that seems not to be balanced by a comparable bone formation.
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Gurevitch O, Slavin S, Feldman AG. Conversion of red bone marrow into yellow – Cause and mechanisms. Med Hypotheses 2007; 69:531-6. [PMID: 17433565 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Marrow cavities in all the bones of newborn mammals contain active hematopoietic tissue, known as red bone marrow. From the early postnatal period onwards, the hematopoietic tissue, mainly in the bones of the extremities, is gradually replaced by non-hematopoietic mesenchymal cells that accumulate lipid drops, known as yellow or fatty bone marrow. For its maintenance, hematopoietic tissue depends on the support of special mesenchymal cells in the bone marrow cavity, known as hematopoietic microenvironment. Both bone-forming cells and hematopoietic microenvironment cells have common progenitors - mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We hypothesize that: (1) Hematopoietic microenvironment cells advance along a three stage differentiation/maturation pathway. In the first stage, they support hematopoiesis and contain no fat. In the second stage, cells accumulate fat and no longer support steady state hematopoiesis; however, under conditions of increased hematopoietic requirement, they lose fat and regain their ability to support hematopoiesis. In the last stage, hematopoietic microenvironment cells retain the appearance of yellow bone marrow and do not support hematopoiesis regardless of the state of hematopoietic requirement.(2) Since MSCs are bound to endosteal and trabecular surfaces, in tubular bones their number is relatively small, compared to cancellous bones that have much larger areas of internal bone surface. MSCs are exposed to proliferative and differentiative pressures, leading to gradual reduction of their number. Consequently, the MSC population in tubular bones becomes exhausted rather early, and the post-maturation compartment of mesenchymal cells finally consists of unipotential bone precursors maintaining bone tissue and hematopoietic microenvironment advancing towards the last (fatty) stage of differentiation. In contrast, in cancellous bones the relatively large number of MSCs does not suffer exhaustion and continues to provide newly differentiated hematopoietic microenvironment, thus maintaining red bone marrow throughout the organism's life.(3) Osteogenic and hematopoietic microenvironment differentiation pathways compete with each other for their common precursor. During the organism's growth period osteogenic stimuli prevail, while in the post-maturation period, MSC differentiation into hematopoietic microenvironment increases at the expense of differentiation into bone. This results in the reduction of bone volume and expansion of marrow cavities in hematopoietically active cancellous bones, but not in tubular bones already depleted of MSCs and not participating in hematopoiesis. Experimental and clinical data supporting these hypotheses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gurevitch
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunobiology Research Center, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
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