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Gurska LM, Ames K, Gritsman K. Signaling Pathways in Leukemic Stem Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1143:1-39. [PMID: 31338813 PMCID: PMC7249489 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7342-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and leukemic stem cells (LSCs) utilize many of the same signaling pathways for their maintenance and survival. In this review, we will focus on several signaling pathways whose roles have been extensively studied in both HSCs and LSCs. Our main focus will be on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and several of its regulators and downstream effectors. We will also discuss several other signaling pathways of particular importance in LSCs, including the WNT/β-catenin pathway, the NOTCH pathway, and the TGFβ pathway. For each of these pathways, we will emphasize differences in how these pathways operate in LSCs, compared to their function in HSCs, to highlight opportunities for the specific therapeutic targeting of LSCs. We will also highlight areas of crosstalk between multiple signaling pathways that may affect LSC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Gurska
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Kristina Ames
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Kira Gritsman
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Hospital, Bronx, New York, USA.
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Palam LR, Mali RS, Ramdas B, Srivatsan SN, Visconte V, Tiu RV, Vanhaesebroeck B, Roers A, Gerbaulet A, Xu M, Janga SC, Takemoto CM, Paczesny S, Kapur R. Loss of epigenetic regulator TET2 and oncogenic KIT regulate myeloid cell transformation via PI3K pathway. JCI Insight 2018; 3:94679. [PMID: 29467326 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.94679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in KIT and TET2 are associated with myeloid malignancies. We show that loss of TET2-induced PI3K activation and -increased proliferation is rescued by targeting the p110α/δ subunits of PI3K. RNA-Seq revealed a hyperactive c-Myc signature in Tet2-/- cells, which is normalized by inhibiting PI3K signaling. Loss of TET2 impairs the maturation of myeloid lineage-derived mast cells by dysregulating the expression of Mitf and Cebpa, which is restored by low-dose ascorbic acid and 5-azacytidine. Utilizing a mouse model in which the loss of TET2 precedes the expression of oncogenic Kit, similar to the human disease, results in the development of a non-mast cell lineage neoplasm (AHNMD), which is responsive to PI3K inhibition. Thus, therapeutic approaches involving hypomethylating agents, ascorbic acid, and isoform-specific PI3K inhibitors are likely to be useful for treating patients with TET2 and KIT mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Reddy Palam
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Raghuveer Singh Mali
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Baskar Ramdas
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Valeria Visconte
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ramon V Tiu
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Axel Roers
- Institute for Immunology, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Mingjiang Xu
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sarath Chandra Janga
- School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University & Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Clifford M Takemoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sophie Paczesny
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Reuben Kapur
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Ghosh J, Kapur R. Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Leukemia Maintenance by the PI3K-mTORC1 Pathway. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40778-016-0067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Pandey R, Kapur R. Targeting phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase pathway for the treatment of Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:118. [PMID: 26062813 PMCID: PMC4464249 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0388-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are a diverse group of chronic hematological disorders that involve unregulated clonal proliferation of white blood cells. Sevearl of them are associated with mutations in receptor tyrosine kinases or cytokine receptor associated tyrosine kinases rendering them independent of cytokine-mediated regulation. Classically they have been broadly divided into BCR-ABL1 fusion + ve (Ph + ve) or -ve (Ph-ve) MPNs. Identification of BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase as a driver of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and successful application of small molecule inhibitors of the tyrosine kinases in the clinic have triggered the search for kinase dependent pathways in other Ph-ve MPNs. In the past few years, identification of mutations in JAK2 associated with a majority of MPNs raised the hopes for similar success with specific targeting of JAK2. However, targeting JAK2 kinase activity has met with limited success. Subsequently, mutations in genes other than JAK2 have been identified. These mutations specifically associate with certain MPNs and can drive cytokine independent growth. Therefore, targeting alternate molecules and pathways may be more successful in management of MPNs. Among other pathways, phosphatidylinositol -3 kinase (PI3K) has emerged as a promising target as different cell surface receptor induced signaling pathways converge on the PI3K signaling axis to regulate cell metabolism, growth, proliferation, and survival. Herein, we will review the clinically relevant inhibitors of the PI3K pathway that have been evaluated or hold promise for the treatment of Ph-ve MPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Reuben Kapur
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Varricchio L, Mancini A, Migliaccio AR. Pathological interactions between hematopoietic stem cells and their niche revealed by mouse models of primary myelofibrosis. Expert Rev Hematol 2014; 2:315-334. [PMID: 20352017 DOI: 10.1586/ehm.09.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) belongs to the Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms and is a hematological disorder caused by abnormal function of the hematopoietic stem cells. The disease manifests itself with a plethora of alterations, including anemia, splenomegaly and extramedullary hematopoiesis. Its hallmarks are progressive marrow fibrosis and atypical megakaryocytic hyperplasia, two distinctive features used to clinically monitor disease progression. In an attempt to investigate the role of abnormal megakaryocytopoiesis in the pathogenesis of PMF, several transgenic mouse models have been generated. These models are based either on mutations that interfere with the extrinsic (thrombopoietin and its receptor, MPL) and intrinsic (the GATA1 transcription factor) control of normal megakaryocytopoiesis, or on known genetic lesions associated with the human disease. Here we provide an up-to-date review on the insights into the pathobiology of human PMF achieved by studying these animal models, with particular emphasis on results obtained with Gata1(low) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Varricchio
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1079, New York, NY 10029, USA Tel.: +1 212 241 6974
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Martin H, Mali RS, Ma P, Chatterjee A, Ramdas B, Sims E, Munugalavadla V, Ghosh J, Mattingly RR, Visconte V, Tiu RV, Vlaar CP, Dharmawardhane S, Kapur R. Pak and Rac GTPases promote oncogenic KIT-induced neoplasms. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:4449-63. [PMID: 24091327 DOI: 10.1172/jci67509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An acquired somatic mutation at codon 816 in the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase is associated with poor prognosis in patients with systemic mastocytosis and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Treatment of leukemic cells bearing this mutation with an allosteric inhibitor of p21-activated kinase (Pak) or its genetic inactivation results in growth repression due to enhanced apoptosis. Inhibition of the upstream effector Rac abrogates the oncogene-induced growth and activity of Pak. Although both Rac1 and Rac2 are constitutively activated via the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Vav1, loss of Rac1 or Rac2 alone moderately corrected the growth of KIT-bearing leukemic cells, whereas the combined loss resulted in 75% growth repression. In vivo, the inhibition of Vav or Rac or Pak delayed the onset of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) and corrected the associated pathology in mice. To assess the role of Rac GEFs in oncogene-induced transformation, we used an inhibitor of Rac, EHop-016, which specifically targets Vav1 and found that EHop-016 was a potent inhibitor of human and murine leukemic cell growth. These studies identify Pak and Rac GTPases, including Vav1, as potential therapeutic targets in MPN and AML involving an oncogenic form of KIT.
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Ma P, Mali RS, Martin H, Ramdas B, Sims E, Kapur R. Role of intracellular tyrosines in activating KIT-induced myeloproliferative disease. Leukemia 2012; 26:1499-1506. [PMID: 22297723 PMCID: PMC4378686 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in KIT receptor in humans are associated with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), systemic mastocytosis (SM), and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). The intracellular signals that contribute to oncogenic KIT induced myeloproliferative disease (MPD) are poorly understood. Here, we show that oncogenic KITD814V induced MPD occurs in the absence of ligand stimulation. The intracellular tyrosine residues are important for KITD814V induced MPD, albeit to varying degrees. Among the seven intracellular tyrosines examined, tyrosine 719 alone plays a unique role in regulating KITD814V induced proliferation and survival in vitro, and MPD in vivo. Importantly, the extent to which AKT, ERK and Stat5 signaling pathways are activated via the seven intracellular tyrosines in KITD814V impacts the latency of MPD and severity of the disease. Our results identify critical signaling molecules involved in regulating KITD814V induced MPD, which might be useful for developing novel therapeutic targets for hematologic malignancies involving this mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Raghuveer Singh Mali
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Holly Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Baskar Ramdas
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Emily Sims
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Reuben Kapur
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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PTEN deficiency in mast cells causes a mastocytosis-like proliferative disease that heightens allergic responses and vascular permeability. Blood 2011; 118:5466-75. [PMID: 21926349 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-09-309955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Kit regulation of mast cell proliferation and differentiation has been intimately linked to the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase (PI3K). The activating D816V mutation of Kit, seen in the majority of mastocytosis patients, causes a robust activation of PI3K signals. However, whether increased PI3K signaling in mast cells is a key element for their in vivo hyperplasia remains unknown. Here we report that dysregulation of PI3K signaling in mice by deletion of the phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten) gene (which regulates the levels of the PI3K product, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate) caused mast cell hyperplasia and increased numbers in various organs. Selective deletion of Pten in the mast cell compartment revealed that the hyperplasia was intrinsic to the mast cell. Enhanced STAT5 phosphorylation and increased expression of survival factors, such as Bcl-XL, were observed in PTEN-deficient mast cells, and these were further enhanced by stem cell factor stimulation. Mice carrying PTEN-deficient mast cells also showed increased hypersensitivity as well as increased vascular permeability. Thus, Pten deletion in the mast cell compartment results in a mast cell proliferative phenotype in mice, demonstrating that dysregulation of PI3K signals is vital to the observed mast cell hyperplasia.
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Mali RS, Ramdas B, Ma P, Shi J, Munugalavadla V, Sims E, Wei L, Vemula S, Nabinger SC, Goodwin CB, Chan RJ, Traina F, Visconte V, Tiu RV, Lewis TA, Stern AM, Wen Q, Crispino JD, Boswell HS, Kapur R. Rho kinase regulates the survival and transformation of cells bearing oncogenic forms of KIT, FLT3, and BCR-ABL. Cancer Cell 2011; 20:357-69. [PMID: 21907926 PMCID: PMC3207244 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We show constitutive activation of Rho kinase (ROCK) in cells bearing oncogenic forms of KIT, FLT3, and BCR-ABL, which is dependent on PI3K and Rho GTPase. Genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of ROCK in oncogene-bearing cells impaired their growth as well as the growth of acute myeloid leukemia patient-derived blasts and prolonged the life span of mice bearing myeloproliferative disease. Downstream from ROCK, rapid dephosphorylation or loss of expression of myosin light chain resulted in enhanced apoptosis, reduced growth, and loss of actin polymerization in oncogene-bearing cells leading to significantly prolonged life span of leukemic mice. In summary we describe a pathway involving PI3K/Rho/ROCK/MLC that may contribute to myeloproliferative disease and/or acute myeloid leukemia in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/metabolism
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/biosynthesis
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia/metabolism
- Leukemia/mortality
- Leukemia/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/mortality
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/metabolism
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/mortality
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/pathology
- Myosin Light Chains/biosynthesis
- Myosin Light Chains/genetics
- Myosin Light Chains/metabolism
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/biosynthesis
- Phosphorylation
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/biosynthesis
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Stem Cell Factor/biosynthesis
- Stem Cell Factor/genetics
- Stem Cell Factor/metabolism
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/biosynthesis
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/genetics
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/metabolism
- rho GTP-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- rho-Associated Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- rho-Associated Kinases/genetics
- rho-Associated Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuveer Singh Mali
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Baskar Ramdas
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Peilin Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Jianjian Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | - Emily Sims
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Sasidhar Vemula
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Sarah C. Nabinger
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Charles B. Goodwin
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Rebecca J. Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Fabiola Traina
- Dept of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic
| | - Valeria Visconte
- Dept of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic
| | - Ramon V. Tiu
- Dept of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic
| | | | | | - Qiang Wen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - John D. Crispino
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - H. Scott Boswell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Reuben Kapur
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Corresponding Author: Reuben Kapur, Ph.D., Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut Street, Room 168, Indianapolis, IN 46202, , Phone: 317-274-4658, Fax: 317-274-8679
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