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Yang Y, Wang Y, Guo L, Gao W, Tang TL, Yan M. Interaction between macrophages and ferroptosis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:355. [PMID: 35429990 PMCID: PMC9013379 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04775-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Ferroptosis, a newly discovered iron-dependent cell death pathway, is characterized by lipid peroxidation and GSH depletion mediated by iron metabolism and is morphologically, biologically and genetically different from other programmed cell deaths. Besides, ferroptosis is usually found accompanied by inflammatory reactions. So far, it has been found participating in the development of many kinds of diseases. Macrophages are a group of immune cells that widely exist in our body for host defense and play an important role in tissue homeostasis by mediating inflammation and regulating iron, lipid and amino acid metabolisms through their unique functions like phagocytosis and efferocytosis, cytokines secretion and ROS production under different polarization. According to these common points in ferroptosis characteristics and macrophages functions, it’s obvious that there must be relationship between macrophages and ferroptosis. Therefore, our review aims at revealing the interaction between macrophages and ferroptosis concerning three metabolisms and integrating the application of certain relationship in curing diseases, mostly cancer. Finally, we also provide inspirations for further studies in therapy for some diseases by targeting certain resident macrophages in distinct tissues to regulate ferroptosis. Facts Ferroptosis is considered as a newly discovered form characterized by its nonapoptotic and iron-dependent lipid hydroperoxide, concerning iron, lipid and amino acid metabolisms. Ferroptosis has been widely found playing a crucial part in various diseases, including hepatic diseases, neurological diseases, cancer, etc. Macrophages are phagocytic immune cells, widely existing and owning various functions such as phagocytosis and efferocytosis, cytokines secretion and ROS production. Macrophages are proved to participate in mediating metabolisms and initiating immune reactions to maintain balance in our body. Recent studies try to treat cancer by altering macrophages’ polarization which damages tumor microenvironment and induces ferroptosis of cancer cells.
Open questions How do macrophages regulate ferroptosis of other tissue cells specifically? Can we use the interaction between macrophages and ferroptosis in treating diseases other than cancer? What can we do to treat diseases related to ferroptosis by targeting macrophages? Is the use of the relationship between macrophages and ferroptosis more effective than other therapies when treating diseases?
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ting-Li Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Miao Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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2
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Lanser L, Fuchs D, Kurz K, Weiss G. Physiology and Inflammation Driven Pathophysiology of Iron Homeostasis-Mechanistic Insights into Anemia of Inflammation and Its Treatment. Nutrients 2021; 13:3732. [PMID: 34835988 PMCID: PMC8619077 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anemia is very common in patients with inflammatory disorders. Its prevalence is associated with severity of the underlying disease, and it negatively affects quality of life and cardio-vascular performance of patients. Anemia of inflammation (AI) is caused by disturbances of iron metabolism resulting in iron retention within macrophages, a reduced erythrocyte half-life, and cytokine mediated inhibition of erythropoietin function and erythroid progenitor cell differentiation. AI is mostly mild to moderate, normochromic and normocytic, and characterized by low circulating iron, but normal and increased levels of the storage protein ferritin and the iron hormone hepcidin. The primary therapeutic approach for AI is treatment of the underlying inflammatory disease which mostly results in normalization of hemoglobin levels over time unless other pathologies such as vitamin deficiencies, true iron deficiency on the basis of bleeding episodes, or renal insufficiency are present. If the underlying disease and/or anemia are not resolved, iron supplementation therapy and/or treatment with erythropoietin stimulating agents may be considered whereas blood transfusions are an emergency treatment for life-threatening anemia. New treatments with hepcidin-modifying strategies and stabilizers of hypoxia inducible factors emerge but their therapeutic efficacy for treatment of AI in ill patients needs to be evaluated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Lanser
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (L.L.); (K.K.)
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Katharina Kurz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (L.L.); (K.K.)
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (L.L.); (K.K.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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3
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Mallikarjunappa S, Brito LF, Pant SD, Schenkel FS, Meade KG, Karrow NA. Johne's Disease in Dairy Cattle: An Immunogenetic Perspective. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:718987. [PMID: 34513975 PMCID: PMC8426623 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.718987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD), also known as paratuberculosis, is a severe production-limiting disease with significant economic and welfare implications for the global cattle industry. Caused by infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), JD manifests as chronic enteritis in infected cattle. In addition to the economic losses and animal welfare issues associated with JD, MAP has attracted public health concerns with potential association with Crohn's disease, a human inflammatory bowel disease. The lack of effective treatment options, such as a vaccine, has hampered JD control resulting in its increasing global prevalence. The disease was first reported in 1895, but in recognition of its growing economic impact, extensive recent research facilitated by a revolution in technological approaches has led to significantly enhanced understanding of the immunological, genetic, and pathogen factors influencing disease pathogenesis. This knowledge has been derived from a variety of diverse models to elucidate host-pathogen interactions including in vivo and in vitro experimental infection models, studies measuring immune parameters in naturally-infected animals, and by studies conducted at the population level to enable the estimation of genetic parameters, and the identification of genetic markers and quantitative trait loci (QTL) putatively associated with susceptibility or resistance to JD. The main objectives of this review are to summarize these recent developments from an immunogenetics perspective and attempt to extract the principal and common findings emerging from this wealth of recent information. Based on these analyses, and in light of emerging technologies such as gene-editing, we conclude by discussing potential future avenues for effectively mitigating JD in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Mallikarjunappa
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Luiz F Brito
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Sameer D Pant
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Flavio S Schenkel
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kieran G Meade
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niel A Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Cortes‐Selva D, Fairfax K. Schistosome and intestinal helminth modulation of macrophage immunometabolism. Immunology 2021; 162:123-134. [PMID: 32614982 PMCID: PMC7808165 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are fundamental to sustain physiological equilibrium and to regulate the pathogenesis of parasitic and metabolic processes. The functional heterogeneity and immune responses of macrophages are shaped by cellular metabolism in response to the host's intrinsic factors, environmental cues and other stimuli during disease. Parasite infections induce a complex cascade of cytokines and metabolites that profoundly remodel the metabolic status of macrophages. In particular, helminths polarize macrophages to an M2 state and induce a metabolic shift towards reliance on oxidative phosphorylation, lipid oxidation and amino acid metabolism. Accumulating data indicate that helminth-induced activation and metabolic reprogramming of macrophages underlie improvement in overall whole-body metabolism, denoted by improved insulin sensitivity, body mass in response to high-fat diet and atherogenic index in mammals. This review aims to highlight the metabolic changes that occur in human and murine-derived macrophages in response to helminth infections and helminth products, with particular interest in schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Cortes‐Selva
- Division of Microbiology and ImmunologyDepartment of PathologyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Janssen BiotherapeuticsJanssen R&DSpring HousePAUSA
| | - Keke Fairfax
- Division of Microbiology and ImmunologyDepartment of PathologyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
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5
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Banerjee S, Datta R. Leishmania infection triggers hepcidin-mediated proteasomal degradation of Nramp1 to increase phagolysosomal iron availability. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13253. [PMID: 32827218 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (Nramp1) was originally discovered as a genetic determinant of resistance against multiple intracellular pathogens, including Leishmania. It encodes a transmembrane protein of the phago-endosomal compartments, where it functions as an iron transporter. But the mechanism by which Nramp1 controls host-pathogen dynamics and determines final outcome of an infection is yet to be fully deciphered. Whether the expression of Nramp1 is altered in response to a pathogen attack is also unknown. To address these, Nramp1 status was examined in Leishmania major-infected murine macrophages. We observed that at 12 hrs post infection, there was drastic lowering of Nramp1 level accompanied by increased phagolysosomal iron content and enhanced intracellular parasite growth. Leishmania infection-induced Nramp1 downregulation was caused by ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway, which in turn was found to be mediated by the iron-regulatory peptide hormone hepcidin. Blocking of Nramp1 degradation with proteasome inhibitor or transcriptional agonist of hepcidin resulted in depletion of phagolysosomal iron pool that led to significant reduction of intracellular parasite burden. Interestingly, Nramp1 level was restored to normalcy after 30 hrs of infection with a concomitant drop in phagolysosomal iron, which is suggestive of a host counteractive response to deprive the pathogen of this essential micronutrient. Taken together, our study implicates Nramp1 as a central player in the host-pathogen battle for phagolysosomal iron. We also report Nramp1 as a novel target for hepcidin, and this 'hepcidin-Nramp1' axis may have a broader role in regulating macrophage iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Rupak Datta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
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6
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Virág L, Jaén RI, Regdon Z, Boscá L, Prieto P. Self-defense of macrophages against oxidative injury: Fighting for their own survival. Redox Biol 2019; 26:101261. [PMID: 31279985 PMCID: PMC6614175 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated macrophages play a central role in both the development and resolution of inflammation. These immune cells need to be functional in harmful conditions with high levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that can damage their basic cell components, which may alter their metabolism. An excessive accumulation of these cell alterations drives macrophages inexorably to cell death, which has been associated to the development of several inflammatory diseases and even with aging in a process termed as "immunosenescence". Macrophages, however, exhibit a prolonged survival in this hostile environment because they equip themselves with a complex network of protective mechanisms. Here we provide an overview of these self-defense mechanisms with special attention being paid to bioactive lipid mediators, NRF2 signaling and metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Virág
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Rafael I Jaén
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM). Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Zsolt Regdon
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM). Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Patricia Prieto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM). Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Sukhbaatar N, Weichhart T. Iron Regulation: Macrophages in Control. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11040137. [PMID: 30558109 PMCID: PMC6316009 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are sentinel cells of the innate immune system and have important functions in development, tissue homeostasis, and immunity. These phylogenetically ancient cells also developed a variety of mechanisms to control erythropoiesis and the handling of iron. Red pulp macrophages in the spleen, Kupffer cells in the liver, and central nurse macrophages in the bone marrow ensure a coordinated metabolism of iron to support erythropoiesis. Phagocytosis of senescent red blood cells by macrophages in the spleen and the liver provide a continuous delivery of recycled iron under steady-state conditions and during anemic stress. Central nurse macrophages in the bone marrow utilize this iron and provide a cellular scaffold and niche to promote differentiation of erythroblasts. This review focuses on the role of the distinct macrophage populations that contribute to efficient iron metabolism and highlight important cellular and systemic mechanisms involved in iron-regulating processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyamdelger Sukhbaatar
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Vienna 1090, Austria.
| | - Thomas Weichhart
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Vienna 1090, Austria.
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8
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Xu YZ, Thuraisingam T, Kanagaratham C, Tao S, Radzioch D. c-Src kinase is involved in the tyrosine phosphorylation and activity of SLC11A1 in differentiating macrophages. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196230. [PMID: 29723216 PMCID: PMC5933793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated that the solute carrier family 11 member 1 (SLC11A1) is heavily glycosylated and phosphorylated in macrophages. However, the mechanisms of SLC11A1 phosphorylation, and the effects of phosphorylation on SLC11A1 activity remain largely unknown. Here, the tyrosine phosphorylation of SLC11A1 is observed in SLC11A1-expressing U937 cells when differentiated into macrophages by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). The phosphorylation of SLC11A1 is almost completely blocked by treatment with PP2, a selective inhibitor of Src family kinases. Furthermore, we found that SLC11A1 is a direct substrate for active c-Src kinase and siRNA-mediated knockdown of cellular Src (c-Src) expression results in a significant decrease in tyrosine phosphorylation. We found that PMA induces the interaction of SLC11A1 with c-Src kinase. We demonstrated that SLC11A1 is phosphorylated by Src family kinases at tyrosine 15 and this type of phosphorylation is required for SLC11A1-mediated modulation of NF-κB activation and nitric oxide (NO) production induced by LPS. Our results demonstrate important roles for c-Src tyrosine kinase in phosphorylation and activation of SLC11A1 in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhong Xu
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Thusanth Thuraisingam
- Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cynthia Kanagaratham
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shao Tao
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Danuta Radzioch
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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9
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Abstract
Macrophages exert multiple important roles in iron metabolism. As scavengers, splenic and hepatic macrophages phagocytize and degrade senescent and damaged erythrocytes to recycle iron, predominantly for the production of hemoglobin in new erythrocytes. Splenic red pulp macrophages are specialized for iron recycling, with increased expression of proteins for the uptake of hemoglobin, breakdown of heme, and export of iron. Iron release from macrophages is closely regulated by the interaction of hepcidin, a peptide hormone produced by hepatocytes, with the macrophage iron exporter ferroportin. As regulators and effectors of antimicrobial host defense, macrophages employ multiple mechanisms to contain microbial infections by depriving microbes of iron. Macrophages also have an important trophic role in the bone marrow, supporting efficient erythropoiesis.
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10
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Singh N, Gedda MR, Tiwari N, Singh SP, Bajpai S, Singh RK. Solute carrier protein family 11 member 1 (Slc11a1) activation efficiently inhibits Leishmania donovani survival in host macrophages. J Parasit Dis 2016; 41:671-677. [PMID: 28848257 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-016-0864-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar), a life threatening disease caused by L. donovani, is a latent threat to more than 147 million people living in disease endemic South East Asia region of the Indian subcontinent. The therapeutic option to control leishmanial infections are very limited, and at present comprise only two drugs, an antifungal amphotericin B and an antitumor miltefosine, which are also highly vulnerable for parasitic resistance. Therefore, identification and development of alternate control measures is an exigent requirement to control leishmanial infections. In this study, we report that functionally induced expression of solute carrier protein family 11 member 1 (Slc11a1), a transmembrane divalent cationic transporter recruited on the surface of phagolysosomes after phagocytosis of parasites, effectively inhibits Leishmania donovani growth in host macrophages. Further, the increased Slc11a1 functionality also resulted in increased production of NOx, TNF-α and IL-12 by activated macrophages. The findings of this study signify the importance of interplay between Slc11a1 expression and macrophages activation that can be effectively used to control of Leishmania growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India.,Departement of Biochemistry, HNB University, Srinagar, Uttrakhand 246174 India
| | - Mallikarjuna Rao Gedda
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
| | - Neeraj Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
| | - Suya P Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
| | - Surabhi Bajpai
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India.,Department of Bioscience and Biotechnolgy, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Tonk, Rajasthan 304022 India
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
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11
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Abstract
Terminal erythroid differentiation occurs in the bone marrow, within specialized niches termed erythroblastic islands. These functional units consist of a macrophage surrounded by differentiating erythroblasts and have been described more than five decades ago, but their function in the pathophysiology of erythropoiesis has remained unclear until recently. Here we propose that the central macrophage in the erythroblastic island contributes to the pathophysiology of anemia of inflammation. After introducing erythropoiesis and the interactions between the erythroblasts and the central macrophage within the erythroblastic islands, we will discuss the immunophenotypic characterization of this specific subpopulation of macrophages. We will then integrate these concepts into the currently known pathophysiological drivers of anemia of inflammation and address the role of the central macrophage in this disorder. Finally, as a means of furthering our understanding of the various concepts, we will discuss the differences between murine and rat models with regard to developmental and stress erythropoiesis in an attempt to define a model system representative of human pathophysiology.
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12
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Ndfip2 is a potential regulator of the iron transporter DMT1 in the liver. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24045. [PMID: 27048792 PMCID: PMC4822147 DOI: 10.1038/srep24045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of divalent metal ion transporter DMT1, the primary non-heme iron importer in mammals, is critical for maintaining iron homeostasis. Previously we identified ubiquitin-dependent regulation of DMT1 involving the Nedd4 family of ubiquitin ligases and the Ndfip1 and Ndfip2 adaptors. We also established the in vivo function of Ndfip1 in the regulation of DMT1 in the duodenum of mice. Here we have studied the function of Ndfip2 using Ndfip2-deficient mice. The DMT1 protein levels in the duodenum were comparable in wild type and Ndfip2−/− mice, as was the transport activity of isolated enterocytes. A complete blood examination showed no significant differences between wild type and Ndfip2−/− mice in any of the hematological parameters measured. However, when fed a low iron diet, female Ndfip2−/− mice showed a decrease in liver iron content, although they maintained normal serum iron levels and transferrin saturation, compared to wild type female mice that showed a reduction in serum iron and transferrin saturation. Ndfip2−/− female mice also showed an increase in DMT1 expression in the liver, with no change in male mice. We suggest that Ndfip2 controls DMT1 in the liver with female mice showing a greater response to altered dietary iron than the male mice.
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Archer NS, Nassif NT, O'Brien BA. Genetic variants of SLC11A1 are associated with both autoimmune and infectious diseases: systematic review and meta-analysis. Genes Immun 2015; 16:275-83. [PMID: 25856512 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2015.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A systematic review and meta-analyses were undertaken to investigate the association of SLC11A1 genetic variants with disease occurrence. Literature searching indentified 109 publications to include in the meta-analyses assessing the association of 11 SLC11A1 variants with autoimmune and infectious disease. The (GT)n promoter alleles 2 and 3 (rs534448891), which alter SLC11A1 expression, were significantly associated with tuberculosis (OR=1.47 (1.30-1.66), OR=0.76 (0.65-0.89), respectively) and infectious disease (OR=1.25 (1.10-1.42), OR=0.83 (0.74-0.93), respectively). However, although no association was observed with autoimmune disease, a modest significant association was observed with type 1 diabetes (allele 2 OR=0.94 (0.89-0.98)). On the basis of a stronger association of (GT)n allele 2 with tuberculosis, compared with the protective effect of allele 3, we hypothesise that allele 2 is likely the disease-causing variant influencing disease susceptibility. Significant associations were observed between the 469+14G/C polymorphism (rs3731865) and autoimmune disease (OR=1.30 (1.04-1.64)) and rheumatoid arthritis (OR=1.60 (1.20-2.13)) and between the -237C/T polymorphism (rs7573065) and inflammatory bowel disease (OR=0.60 (0.43-0.84)). Further, significant associations were identified between the 469+14G/C, 1730G/A and 1729+55del4 polymorphisms (rs3731865, rs17235409 and rs17235416, respectively) and both infectious disease per se and tuberculosis. These findings show a clear association between variants in the SLC11A1 locus and autoimmune and infectious disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Archer
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - N T Nassif
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - B A O'Brien
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
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Gammella E, Buratti P, Cairo G, Recalcati S. Macrophages: central regulators of iron balance. Metallomics 2015; 6:1336-45. [PMID: 24905850 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00104d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are important to immune function and also actively participate in iron homeostasis. The involvement of splenic and liver macrophages in the processing of effete erythrocytes and the subsequent return of iron to the circulation is well established, and the molecular details of iron recycling have been characterized recently. Another important aspect regarding iron handling by macrophages is their capacity to act as immune cells, which involves the inflammatory response, as well as other pathological conditions in which macrophages are central. This review discusses the latest advances in macrophage iron trafficking and the pathophysiological consequences of altered iron homeostasis in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gammella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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15
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Nairz M, Schroll A, Demetz E, Tancevski I, Theurl I, Weiss G. 'Ride on the ferrous wheel'--the cycle of iron in macrophages in health and disease. Immunobiology 2014; 220:280-94. [PMID: 25240631 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Iron homeostasis and macrophage biology are closely interconnected. On the one hand, iron exerts multiple effects on macrophage polarization and functionality. On the other hand, macrophages are central for mammalian iron homeostasis. The phagocytosis of senescent erythrocytes and their degradation by macrophages enable efficient recycling of iron and the maintenance of systemic iron balance. Macrophages express multiple molecules and proteins for the acquisition and utilization of iron and many of these pathways are affected by inflammatory signals. Of note, iron availability within macrophages has significant effects on immune effector functions and metabolic pathways within these cells. This review summarizes the physiological and pathophysiological aspects of macrophage iron metabolism and highlights its relevant consequences on immune function and in common diseases such as infection and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Andrea Schroll
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Egon Demetz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ivan Tancevski
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
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Gou W, Peng J, Wu Q, Zhang Q, Zhang H, Wu C. Expression pattern of heme oxygenase 1 gene and hypoxic adaptation in chicken embryos. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 174:23-8. [PMID: 24947210 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), a rate-limiting enzyme of heme catabolism, has a crucial role of cytoprotective functions under hypoxia. The objective of the present study was to investigate potential differences in protective effect of HO-1 gene on chicken (Gallus gallus) embryo lung during late incubation. At embryonic day (D) D16, D18, D19, and D20 of incubation, the expression of HO-1 in the lungs of chicken embryos (Tibet and Shouguang chickens) incubated in normoxic (21% O2) and hypoxic (13% O2) conditions was measured. SNPs were screened within 5'-flanking region and coding regions with PCR-sequencing and the genotype of the SNPs was determined with PCR-RFLP in Tibet, Chahua and Shouguang chicken populations. In conclusion, the Tibet chicken had higher HO-1 expression on D19 under hypoxic incubation and had two SNPs with different frequency distributions from other chicken breeds, which might be a way that the Tibet chicken had hereditary adaptation to hypoxia during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Gou
- National Engineering Laboratory For Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junfei Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory For Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qian Wu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beijing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory For Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory For Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Changxin Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory For Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Heme oxygenase 1 is expressed in murine erythroid cells where it controls the level of regulatory heme. Blood 2014; 123:2269-77. [PMID: 24511086 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-04-496760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme is essential for the function of all aerobic cells. However, it can be toxic when it occurs in a non-protein-bound form; cells maintain a fine balance between heme synthesis and catabolism. The only physiological mechanism of heme degradation is by heme oxygenases (HOs). The heme-inducible isoform, HO-1, has been extensively studied in numerous nonerythroid cells, but virtually nothing is known about the expression and potential significance of HO-1 in developing red blood cells. We have demonstrated that HO-1 is present in erythroid cells and that its expression is upregulated during erythroid differentiation. Overexpression of HO-1 in erythroid cells impairs hemoglobin synthesis, whereas HO-1 absence enhances hemoglobinization in cultured erythroid cells. Based on these results, we conclude that HO-1 controls the regulatory heme pool at appropriate levels for any given stage of erythroid differentiation. In summary, our study brings to light the importance of HO-1 expression for erythroid development and expands our knowledge about the fine regulation of hemoglobin synthesis in erythroid cells. Our results indicate that HO-1 plays an important role as a coregulator of the erythroid differentiation process. Moreover, HO-1 expression must be tightly regulated during red blood cell development.
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De Franco M, Peters LC, Correa MA, Galvan A, Canhamero T, Borrego A, Jensen JR, Gonçalves J, Cabrera WHK, Starobinas N, Ribeiro OG, Dragani T, Ibañez OM. Pristane-induced arthritis loci interact with the Slc11a1 gene to determine susceptibility in mice selected for high inflammation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88302. [PMID: 24505471 PMCID: PMC3914970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIRmax (maximal inflammation) and AIRmin (minimal inflammation) mice show distinct susceptibilities to pristane-induced arthritis (PIA). The Slc11a1 gene, which regulates macrophage and neutrophil activity, is involved in this infirmity. AIRmaxSS mice homozygous for the non-functional Slc11a1 S (gly169asp) allele obtained by genotype-assisted crosses from AIRmax and AIRmin mice are more susceptible than mice homozygous for the Slc11a1 resistant (R) allele. The present work sought to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTL) regulating PIA and to examine the interactions of these QTL with Slc11a1 alleles in modulating PIA. Mice were given two ip injections of 0.5 mL pristane at 60 day intervals, and the incidence and severity of PIA was scored up to 160 days. Genome-wide linkage studies were performed to search for arthritis QTL in an F2 (AIRmax × AIRmin, n = 290) population. Significant arthritis QTL (LODscore>4) were detected on chromosomes 5 and 8, and suggestive QTL on chromosomes 7, 17 and 19. Global gene expression analyses performed on Affymetrix mouse 1.0 ST bioarrays (27k genes) using RNA from arthritic or control mice paws showed 419 differentially expressed genes between AIRmax and AIRmin mice and demonstrated significantly (P<0.001) over-represented genes related to inflammatory responses and chemotaxis. Up-regulation of the chemokine genes Cxcl1, Cxcl9, Cxcl5, Cxcl13 on chromosome 5 was higher in AIRmaxSS than in the other lines. Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 and hemeoxigenase (decycling) 1 genes on chromosome 8 were also expressed at higher levels in AIRmaxSS mice. Our results show that the gene expression profiles of the two arthritis QTL (on chromosomes 5 and 8) correlate with Slc11a1 alleles, resulting in enhanced AIRmaxSS mice susceptibility to PIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo De Franco
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Mara A. Correa
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonella Galvan
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Borrego
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José R. Jensen
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Nancy Starobinas
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Tommaso Dragani
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Olga M. Ibañez
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
The iron hormone hepcidin and its receptor and cellular iron exporter ferroportin control the major fluxes of iron into blood plasma: intestinal iron absorption, the delivery of recycled iron from macrophages, and the release of stored iron from hepatocytes. Because iron losses are comparatively very small, iron absorption and its regulation by hepcidin and ferroportin determine total body iron content. Hepcidin is in turn feedback-regulated by plasma iron concentration and iron stores, and negatively regulated by the activity of erythrocyte precursors, the dominant consumers of iron. Hepcidin and ferroportin also play a role in host defense and inflammation, and hepcidin synthesis is induced by inflammatory signals including interleukin-6 and activin B. This review summarizes and discusses recent progress in molecular characterization of systemic iron homeostasis and its disorders, and identifies areas for further investigation.
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Montalbetti N, Simonin A, Kovacs G, Hediger MA. Mammalian iron transporters: families SLC11 and SLC40. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:270-87. [PMID: 23506870 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This review is focused on the mammalian SLC11 and SLC40 families and their roles in iron homeostasis. The SLC11 family is composed of two members, SLC11A1 and SLC11A2. SLC11A1 is expressed in the lysosomal compartment of macrophages and in the tertiary granules of neutrophils, playing a key role in innate resistance against infection by intracellular microbes. SLC11A2 is a key player in iron metabolism and is ubiquitously expressed, most notably in the proximal duodenum, immature erythroid cells, brain, placenta and kidney. Intestinal iron absorption is mediated by SLC11A2 at the apical membrane of enterocytes, followed by basolateral exit via SLC40A1. To meet the daily requirement for iron, approximately 80% of the iron comes from the breakdown of hemoglobin following macrophage phagocytosis of senescent erythrocytes (iron recycling). Both SLC11A1 and SLC11A2 play an important role in macrophage iron recycling. SLC11A2 also transports iron into the cytosol across the membrane of endocytotic vesicles of the transferrin receptor-cycle. SLC40A1 is the sole member of the SLC40 family and is involved in the only cellular iron efflux mechanism described. SLC40A1 is highly expressed in several tissues and cells that play a critical role in body iron homeostasis. The signaling pathways that regulate SLC11A2 and SLC40A1 expression at transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational levels are discussed. The roles of SLC11A2 and/or SLC40A1 in iron-associated disorders such as hemochromatosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and breast cancer are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Montalbetti
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Identification and functional characterization of Leishmania donovani secretory peroxidase: delineating its role in NRAMP1 regulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53442. [PMID: 23326430 PMCID: PMC3543463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania silently evades host immune system and establish in the hostile environment of host macrophage phagolysosomes. For differentiation, growth and division parasite acquires divalent cations especially iron from the host nutritive pool. Natural resistance associated with macrophage protein1 (NRAMP1), a cation transporter that effluxes out divalent cations specifically iron from phagosomal milieu to the cytosol, to create ions deprived status for pathogenic microorganisms. The mechanisms of NRAMP1 regulation are largely unknown in leishmanial infections. In the present study, we identified a secretory Leishmania donovani peroxidase (Prx) that showed peroxidoxin like peroxidase activity and significantly reduced H2O2, O2.− and NO levels in LPS activated macrophages. Further, we also observed down regulated Nramp1 expression and concomitantly declined labile iron pool in activated macrophages treated with identified peroxidase. Prx also decreased levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-12 in LPS activated macrophages. These observations indicate a bifunctional protective role of secretory Prx; first it reduces redox activation of macrophages, and secondly it allows iron access to Leishmania by down regulating NRAMP1 expression.
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Subcellular localization of iron and heme metabolism related proteins at early stages of erythrophagocytosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42199. [PMID: 22860081 PMCID: PMC3408460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Senescent red blood cells (RBC) are recognized, phagocytosed and cleared by tissue macrophages. During this erythrophagocytosis (EP), RBC are engulfed and processed in special compartments called erythrophagosomes. We previously described that following EP, heme is rapidly degraded through the catabolic activity of heme oxygenase (HO). Extracted heme iron is then either exported or stored by macrophages. However, the cellular localization of the early steps of heme processing and iron extraction during EP remains to be clearly defined. Methodology/Principal Findings We took advantage of our previously described cellular model of EP, using bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). The subcellular localization of both inducible and constitutive isoforms of HO (HO-1 and HO-2), of the divalent metal transporters (Nramp1, Nramp2/DMT1, Fpn), and of the recently identified heme transporter HRG-1, was followed by fluorescence and electron microscopy during the earliest steps of EP. We also looked at some ER [calnexin, glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity] and lysosomes (Lamp1) markers during EP. In both quiescent and LPS-activated BMDM, Nramp1 and Lamp1 were shown to be strong markers of the erythrophagolysosomal membrane. HRG-1 was also recruited to the erythrophagosome. Furthermore, we observed calnexin labeling and G6Pase activity at the erythrophagosomal membrane, indicating the contribution of ER in this phagocytosis model. In contrast, Nramp2/DMT1, Fpn, HO-1 and HO-2 were not detected at the membrane of erythrophagosomes. Conclusions/Significance Our study highlights the subcellular localization of various heme- and iron-related proteins during early steps of EP, thereby suggesting a model for heme catabolism occurring outside the phagosome, with heme likely being transported into the cytosol through HRG1. The precise function of Nramp1 at the phagosomal membrane in this model remains to be determined.
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Sheftel AD, Mason AB, Ponka P. The long history of iron in the Universe and in health and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1820:161-87. [PMID: 21856378 PMCID: PMC3258305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Not long after the Big Bang, iron began to play a central role in the Universe and soon became mired in the tangle of biochemistry that is the prima essentia of life. Since life's addiction to iron transcends the oxygenation of the Earth's atmosphere, living things must be protected from the potentially dangerous mix of iron and oxygen. The human being possesses grams of this potentially toxic transition metal, which is shuttling through his oxygen-rich humor. Since long before the birth of modern medicine, the blood-vibrant red from a massive abundance of hemoglobin iron-has been a focus for health experts. SCOPE OF REVIEW We describe the current understanding of iron metabolism, highlight the many important discoveries that accreted this knowledge, and describe the perils of dysfunctional iron handling. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Isaac Newton famously penned, "If I have seen further than others, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants". We hope that this review will inspire future scientists to develop intellectual pursuits by understanding the research and ideas from many remarkable thinkers of the past. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The history of iron research is a long, rich story with early beginnings, and is far from being finished. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Transferrins: Molecular mechanisms of iron transport and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex D. Sheftel
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin St., Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Anne B. Mason
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405-0068, USA
| | - Prem Ponka
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte-Ste.-Catherine Rd., Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, and Departments of Physiology and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Shawki A, Knight PB, Maliken BD, Niespodzany EJ, Mackenzie B. H(+)-coupled divalent metal-ion transporter-1: functional properties, physiological roles and therapeutics. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2012. [PMID: 23177986 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394316-3.00005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Divalent metal-ion transporter-1 (DMT1) is a widely expressed, iron-preferring membrane transport protein. Animal models establish that DMT1 plays indispensable roles in intestinal nonheme-iron absorption and iron acquisition by erythroid precursor cells. Rare mutations in human DMT1 result in severe microcytic-hypochromic anemia. When we express DMT1 in RNA-injected Xenopus oocytes, we observe rheogenic Fe(2+) transport that is driven by the proton electrochemical potential gradient. In that same preparation, DMT1 also transports cadmium and manganese but not copper. Whether manganese metabolism relies upon DMT1 remains unclear but DMT1 contributes to the effects of overexposure to cadmium and manganese in some tissues. There exist at least four DMT1 isoforms that arise from variant transcription of the SLC11A2 gene. Whereas these isoforms display identical functional properties, N- and C-terminal variations contain cues that direct the cell-specific targeting of DMT1 isoforms to discrete subcellular compartments (plasma membrane, endosomes, and lysosomes). An iron-responsive element (IRE) in the mRNA 3'-untranslated region permits the regulation of some isoforms by iron status, and additional mechanisms by which DMT1 is regulated are emerging. Natural-resistance-associated macrophage protein-1 (NRAMP1)-the only other member of the mammalian SLC11 gene family-contributes to antimicrobial function by extruding from the phagolysosome divalent metal ions (e.g. Mn(2+)) that may be essential cofactors for bacteria-derived enzymes or required for bacterial growth. The principal or only intestinal nonheme-iron transporter, DMT1 is a validated therapeutic target in hereditary hemochromatosis (HHC) and other iron-overload disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Shawki
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Iron transport machinery of human cells: players and their interactions. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2012; 69:67-93. [PMID: 23046647 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394390-3.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Organisms, like cells, maintain tight control of iron. In humans as well as other mammals, control is achieved through the regulation of iron uptake into the body rather than through the excretion of iron. The mechanisms by which humans and mice regulate both iron uptake and the distribution of iron within the body and cells are reviewed. Special emphasis is given to the iron transporters involved in this process.
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Rodrigues PN, Gomes SS, Neves JV, Gomes-Pereira S, Correia-Neves M, Nunes-Alves C, Stolte J, Sanchez M, Appelberg R, Muckenthaler MU, Gomes MS. Mycobacteria-induced anaemia revisited: A molecular approach reveals the involvement of NRAMP1 and lipocalin-2, but not of hepcidin. Immunobiology 2011; 216:1127-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abstract
My laboratory has been interested for some time in the influence of iron, a nutrient that is essential for both microbial pathogens and their mammalian hosts, on the course of infectious disease. Our studies indicate that alterations in the expression of host molecules that sequester or transport iron can have direct effects on pathogen growth and can also have an impact on the ability to mount normal immune responses. We have elucidated the mechanistic basis for some of these observations, and have started to apply our findings in strategies to control abnormalities of inflammation and iron metabolism. I will review here what we have learned about the interactions between iron and immunity and discuss the implications of the information that we have acquired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby J Cherayil
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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Chepelev NL, Willmore WG. Regulation of iron pathways in response to hypoxia. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:645-66. [PMID: 21185934 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Constituting an integral part of a heme's porphyrin ring, iron is essential for supplying cells and tissues with oxygen. Given tight links between oxygen delivery and iron availability, it is not surprising that iron deprivation and oxygen deprivation (hypoxia) have very similar consequences at the molecular level. Under hypoxia, the expression of major iron homeostasis genes including transferrin, transferrin receptor, ceruloplasmin, and heme oxygenase-1 is activated by hypoxia-inducible factors to provide increased iron availability for erythropoiesis in an attempt to enhance oxygen uptake and delivery to hypoxic cells. Iron-response proteins (IRP1 and IRP2) and "cap-n-collar" bZIP transcriptional factors (NE-F2 p45; Nrf1, 2, and 3; Bach1 and 2) also control gene and protein expression of the key iron homeostasis proteins. In this article, we give an overview of the mechanisms by which iron pathways are regulated by hypoxia at multiple levels. In addition, potential clinical benefits of manipulating iron pathways in the hypoxia-related conditions anemia and ischemia are discussed.
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Iron and immunity: immunological consequences of iron deficiency and overload. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2010; 58:407-15. [PMID: 20878249 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-010-0095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of iron on immune function has been long appreciated. However, the molecular basis for this interaction is less well understood. Recently, there have been several important advances that have shed light on the mechanisms that regulate mammalian iron metabolism. The new insights provide a conceptual framework for understanding and manipulating the cross-talk between iron homeostasis and the immune system. This article will review what is currently known about how disturbances of iron metabolism can affect immunity and how activation of the immune system can lead to alterations in iron balance.
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Soe-Lin S, Apte SS, Mikhael MR, Kayembe LK, Nie G, Ponka P. Both Nramp1 and DMT1 are necessary for efficient macrophage iron recycling. Exp Hematol 2010; 38:609-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Iron is essential for all life, yet can be dangerous under certain conditions. Iron storage by the 24-subunit protein ferritin renders excess amounts of the metal non-reactive and, consequentially, ferritin is crucial for life. Although the mechanism detailing the storage of iron in ferritin has been well characterized, little is known about the fate of ferritin-stored iron and whether it can be released and reutilized for metabolic use within a single cell. Virtually nothing is known about the use of ferritin-derived iron in non-erythroid cells. We therefore attempted to answer the question of whether iron from ferritin can be used for haem synthesis in the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 cells. Cells treated with ALA (5-aminolaevulinic acid; a precursor of haem synthesis) show increased haem production as determined by enhanced incorporation of transferrin-bound 59Fe into haem. However, the present study shows that, upon the addition of ALA, 59Fe from ferritin cannot be incorporated into haem. Additionally, little 59Fe is liberated from ferritin when haem synthesis is increased upon addition of ALA. In conclusion, ferritin in cultivated macrophages is not a significant source of iron for the cell's own metabolic functions.
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Schultz IJ, Chen C, Paw BH, Hamza I. Iron and porphyrin trafficking in heme biogenesis. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:26753-26759. [PMID: 20522548 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r110.119503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for diverse biological functions. In mammals, the majority of iron is enclosed within a single prosthetic group: heme. In metazoans, heme is synthesized via a highly conserved and coordinated pathway within the mitochondria. However, iron is acquired from the environment and subsequently assimilated into various cellular pathways, including heme synthesis. Both iron and heme are toxic but essential cofactors. How is iron transported from the extracellular milieu to the mitochondria? How are heme and heme intermediates coordinated with iron transport? Although recent studies have answered some questions, several pieces of this intriguing puzzle remain unsolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman J Schultz
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and the Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Caiyong Chen
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences and Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Barry H Paw
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and the Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
| | - Iqbal Hamza
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences and Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742.
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Ruiz-Larrañaga O, Garrido JM, Manzano C, Iriondo M, Molina E, Gil A, Koets AP, Rutten VPMG, Juste RA, Estonba A. Identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the bovine solute carrier family 11 member 1 (SLC11A1) gene and their association with infection by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:1713-21. [PMID: 20338449 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Johne's disease is a chronic enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) that causes substantial financial losses for the cattle industry. Susceptibility to MAP infection is reported to be determined in part by genetic factors, so marker-assisted selection could help to obtain bovine populations that are increasingly resistant to MAP infection. Solute carrier family 11 member 1 (SLC11A1) was adjudged to be a potential candidate gene because of its role in innate immunity, its involvement in susceptibility to numerous intracellular infections, and its previous association with bovine MAP infection. The objectives of this study were to carry out an exhaustive process of discovery and compilation of polymorphisms in SLC11A1 gene, and to perform a population-based genetic association study to test its implication in susceptibility to MAP infection in cattle. In all, 57 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were detected, 25 of which are newly described in Bos taurus. Twenty-four SNP and two 3'-untranslated region polymorphisms, previously analyzed, were selected for a subsequent association study in 558 European Holstein-Friesian animals. The SNP c.1067C>G and c.1157-91A>T and a haplotype formed by these 2 SNP yielded significant association with susceptibility to MAP infection. The c.1067C>G is a nonsynonymous SNP that causes an amino acid change in codon 356 from proline to alanine (P356A) that could alter SLC11A1 protein function. This association study supports the involvement of SLC11A1 gene in susceptibility to MAP infection in cattle. Our results suggest that SNP c.1067C>G may be a potential causal variant, although functional studies are needed to assure this point.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Ruiz-Larrañaga
- Genetics, Physical Anthropology, and Animal Physiology Department, University of the Basque Country, Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
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McCreedy RA, Fleet JC. Forward genetics used to identify new gene Mon1a with critical role in controlling macrophage iron metabolism and iron recycling from erythrocytes. Nutr Rev 2009; 67:607-10. [PMID: 19785692 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent study used a forward genetics approach to identify a new gene whose protein product controls erythrocyte iron recycling mediated through macrophages in the spleen. Initially the investigators found a genetic region on chromosome 9 accounting for one third of the variation in spleen iron level in mice. Additional approaches to narrow the genomic region identified the gene Mon1a, which codes for a protein that acts as a novel regulator of spleen iron release. Cell-based studies showed that Mon1a is necessary for vesicular trafficking of proteins, including the iron-export protein ferroportin, to the macrophage cell membrane. The forward genetics approach, which has currently only been used sparingly by the nutrition research community, offers a powerful and unbiased approach to identifying genes important in nutritional metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A McCreedy
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, and Center for Gene Environment Interactions, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906-2059, USA
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Anderson GJ, Vulpe CD. Mammalian iron transport. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:3241-61. [PMID: 19484405 PMCID: PMC11115736 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron is essential for basic cellular processes but is toxic when present in excess. Consequently, iron transport into and out of cells is tightly regulated. Most iron is delivered to cells bound to plasma transferrin via a process that involves transferrin receptor 1, divalent metal-ion transporter 1 and several other proteins. Non-transferrin-bound iron can also be taken up efficiently by cells, although the mechanism is poorly understood. Cells can divest themselves of iron via the iron export protein ferroportin in conjunction with an iron oxidase. The linking of an oxidoreductase to a membrane permease is a common theme in membrane iron transport. At the systemic level, iron transport is regulated by the liver-derived peptide hepcidin which acts on ferroportin to control iron release to the plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Jon Anderson
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, PO Royal Brisbane Hospital, QLD, Australia.
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Hower V, Mendes P, Torti FM, Laubenbacher R, Akman S, Shulaev V, Torti SV. A general map of iron metabolism and tissue-specific subnetworks. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2009; 5:422-43. [PMID: 19381358 PMCID: PMC2680238 DOI: 10.1039/b816714c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron is required for survival of mammalian cells. Recently, understanding of iron metabolism and trafficking has increased dramatically, revealing a complex, interacting network largely unknown just a few years ago. This provides an excellent model for systems biology development and analysis. The first step in such an analysis is the construction of a structural network of iron metabolism, which we present here. This network was created using CellDesigner version 3.5.2 and includes reactions occurring in mammalian cells of numerous tissue types. The iron metabolic network contains 151 chemical species and 107 reactions and transport steps. Starting from this general model, we construct iron networks for specific tissues and cells that are fundamental to maintaining body iron homeostasis. We include subnetworks for cells of the intestine and liver, tissues important in iron uptake and storage, respectively, as well as the reticulocyte and macrophage, key cells in iron utilization and recycling. The addition of kinetic information to our structural network will permit the simulation of iron metabolism in different tissues as well as in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Hower
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Nramp1 promotes efficient macrophage recycling of iron following erythrophagocytosis in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:5960-5. [PMID: 19321419 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0900808106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (Nramp1) is a divalent metal transporter expressed exclusively in phagocytic cells. We hypothesized that macrophage Nramp1 may participate in the recycling of iron acquired from phagocytosed senescent erythrocytes. To evaluate the role of Nramp1 in vivo, the iron parameters of WT and KO mice were analyzed after acute and chronic induction of hemolytic anemia. We found that untreated KO mice exhibited greater serum transferrin saturation and splenic iron content with higher duodenal ferroportin (Fpn) and divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) expression. Furthermore, hepatocyte iron content and hepcidin mRNA levels were dramatically lower in KO mice, indicating that hepcidin levels can be regulated by low-hepatocyte iron stores despite increased transferrin saturation. After acute treatment with the hemolytic agent phenylhydrazine (Phz), KO mice experienced a significant decrease in transferrin saturation and hematocrit, whereas WT mice were relatively unaffected. After a month-long Phz regimen, KO mice retained markedly increased quantities of iron within the liver and spleen and exhibited more pronounced splenomegaly and reticulocytosis than WT mice. After injection of (59)Fe-labeled heat-damaged reticulocytes, KO animals accumulated erythrophagocytosed (59)Fe within their liver and spleen, whereas WT animals efficiently recycled phagocytosed (59)Fe to the marrow and erythrocytes. These data imply that without Nramp1, iron accumulates within the liver and spleen during erythrophagocytosis and hemolytic anemia, supporting our hypothesis that Nramp1 promotes efficient hemoglobin iron recycling in macrophages. Our observations suggest that mutations in Nramp1 could result in a novel form of human hereditary iron overload.
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