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Alaseem AM. Advancements in MDM2 inhibition: Clinical and pre-clinical investigations of combination therapeutic regimens. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:101790. [PMID: 37818252 PMCID: PMC10561124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells often depend on multiple pathways for their growth and survival, resulting in therapeutic resistance and the limited effectiveness of treatments. Combination therapy has emerged as a favorable approach to enhance treatment efficacy and minimize acquired resistance and harmful side effects. The murine double minute 2 (MDM2) protein regulates cellular proliferation and promotes cancer-related activities by negatively regulating the tumor suppressor protein p53. MDM2 aberrations have been reported in a variety of human cancers, making it an appealing target for cancer therapy. As a result, several small-molecule MDM2 inhibitors have been developed and are currently being investigated in clinical studies. Nevertheless, it has been shown that the inhibition of MDM2 alone is inadequate to achieve long-term suppression of tumor growth, thus prompting the need for further investigation into combination therapeutic strategies. In this review, possible clinical and preclinical MDM2 combination inhibitor regimens are thoroughly analyzed and discussed. It provides a rationale for combining MDM2 inhibitors with other therapeutic approaches in the management of cancer, taking into consideration ongoing clinical trials that evaluate the combination of MDM2 inhibitors. The review explores the current status of MDM2 inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy or targeted therapy, as well as promising approach of combining MDM2 inhibitors with immunotherapy. In addition, it investigates the function of PROTACs as MDM2 degraders in cancer treatment. A comprehensive examination of these combination regimens highlights the potential for advancing MDM2-inhibitor therapy and improving clinical outcomes for cancer patients and establishes the foundation for future research and development in this promising area of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M. Alaseem
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Shoaib TH, Abdelmoniem N, Mukhtar RM, Alqhtani AT, Alalawi AL, Alawaji R, Althubyani MS, Mohamed SGA, Mohamed GA, Ibrahim SRM, Hussein HGA, Alzain AA. Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Studies Reveal the Anticancer Potential of Medicinal-Plant-Derived Lignans as MDM2-P53 Interaction Inhibitors. Molecules 2023; 28:6665. [PMID: 37764441 PMCID: PMC10536213 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the tumor suppressor protein p53 and its negative regulator, the MDM2 oncogenic protein, has gained significant attention in cancer drug discovery. In this study, 120 lignans reported from Ferula sinkiangensis and Justicia procumbens were assessed for docking simulations on the active pocket of the MDM2 crystal structure bound to Nutlin-3a. The docking analysis identified nine compounds with higher docking scores than the co-crystallized reference. Subsequent AMDET profiling revealed satisfactory pharmacokinetic and safety parameters for these natural products. Three compounds, namely, justin A, 6-hydroxy justicidin A, and 6'-hydroxy justicidin B, were selected for further investigation due to their strong binding affinities of -7.526 kcal/mol, -7.438 kcal/mol, and -7.240 kcal/mol, respectively, which surpassed the binding affinity of the reference inhibitor Nutlin-3a (-6.830 kcal/mol). To assess the stability and reliability of the binding of the candidate hits, a molecular dynamics simulation was performed over a duration of 100 ns. Remarkably, the thorough analysis demonstrated that all the hits exhibited stable molecular dynamics profiles. Based on their effective binding to MDM2, favorable pharmacokinetic properties, and molecular dynamics behavior, these compounds represent a promising starting point for further refinement. Nevertheless, it is essential to synthesize the suggested compounds and evaluate their activity through in vitro and in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tagyedeen H. Shoaib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Wad Madani 21111, Sudan; (T.H.S.); (N.A.); (R.M.M.)
| | - Nihal Abdelmoniem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Wad Madani 21111, Sudan; (T.H.S.); (N.A.); (R.M.M.)
| | - Rua M. Mukhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Wad Madani 21111, Sudan; (T.H.S.); (N.A.); (R.M.M.)
| | - Amal Th. Alqhtani
- Pharmaceutical Care Services, Madinah Cardiac Center, MOH, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah 11176, Saudi Arabia; (A.T.A.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Abdullah L. Alalawi
- Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Salman Medical City, MOH, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah 11176, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Razan Alawaji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mashael S. Althubyani
- Pharmaceutical Care Services, Madinah Cardiac Center, MOH, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah 11176, Saudi Arabia; (A.T.A.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Shaimaa G. A. Mohamed
- Faculty of Dentistry, British University, El Sherouk City, Suez Desert Road, Cairo 11837, Egypt;
| | - Gamal A. Mohamed
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sabrin R. M. Ibrahim
- Preparatory Year Program, Department of Chemistry, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Hazem G. A. Hussein
- Preparatory Year Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulrahim A. Alzain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Wad Madani 21111, Sudan; (T.H.S.); (N.A.); (R.M.M.)
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3
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Mitobe Y, Suzuki S, Nakagawa-Saito Y, Togashi K, Sugai A, Sonoda Y, Kitanaka C, Okada M. Antagonizing MDM2 Overexpression Induced by MDM4 Inhibitor CEP-1347 Effectively Reactivates Wild-Type p53 in Malignant Brain Tumor Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4326. [PMID: 37686602 PMCID: PMC10486490 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15174326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of MDM4 inhibitors as an approach to reactivating p53 in human cancer is attracting increasing attention; however, whether they affect the function of MDM2 and how they interact with MDM2 inhibitors remain unknown. We addressed this question in the present study using CEP-1347, an inhibitor of MDM4 protein expression. The effects of CEP-1347, the genetic and/or pharmacological inhibition of MDM2, and their combination on the p53 pathway in malignant brain tumor cell lines expressing wild-type p53 were investigated by RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. The growth inhibitory effects of CEP-1347 alone or in combination with MDM2 on inhibition were examined by dye exclusion and/or colony formation assays. The treatment of malignant brain tumor cell lines with CEP-1347 markedly increased MDM2 protein expression, while blocking CEP-1347-induced MDM2 overexpression by genetic knockdown augmented the effects of CEP-1347 on the p53 pathway and cell growth. Blocking the MDM2-p53 interaction using the small molecule MDM2 inhibitor RG7112, but not MDM2 knockdown, reduced MDM4 expression. Consequently, RG7112 effectively cooperated with CEP-1347 to reduce MDM4 expression, activate the p53 pathway, and inhibit cell growth. The present results suggest the combination of CEP-1347-induced MDM2 overexpression with the selective inhibition of MDM2's interaction with p53, while preserving its ability to inhibit MDM4 expression, as a novel and rational strategy to effectively reactivate p53 in wild-type p53 cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Mitobe
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Shuhei Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yurika Nakagawa-Saito
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Keita Togashi
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Asuka Sugai
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Sonoda
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Chifumi Kitanaka
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
- Research Institute for Promotion of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Masashi Okada
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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4
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Mannarino M, Wu-Martinez O, Sheng K, Li L, Navarro-Ramirez R, Jarzem P, Ouellet JA, Cherif H, Haglund L. Senolytic Combination Treatment Is More Potent Than Single Drugs in Reducing Inflammatory and Senescence Burden in Cells from Painful Degenerating IVDs. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1257. [PMID: 37627322 PMCID: PMC10452201 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low back pain is a global health problem directly related to intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. Senolytic drugs (RG-7112 and o-Vanillin) target and remove senescent cells from IVDs in vitro, improving tissue homeostasis. One drawback of using a single senolytic agent is the failure to target multiple senescent antiapoptotic pathways. This study aimed to determine if combining the two senolytic drugs, o-Vanillin and RG-7112, could more efficiently remove senescent cells and reduce the release of inflammatory factors and pain mediators in cells from degenerating human IVDs than either drug alone. METHODS Preliminary data evaluating multiple concentrations of o-Vanillin and RG-7112 led to the selection of four treatment groups. Monolayer and pellet cultures of cells from painful degenerate IVDs were exposed to TLR-2/6 agonist. They were then treated with the senolytics o-Vanillin and RG7112 alone or combined. p16ink4a, Ki-67, caspase-3, inflammatory mediators, and neuronal sprouting were assessed. RESULTS Compared to the single treatments, the combination of o-Vanillin and RG-7112 significantly reduced the amount of senescent IVD cells, proinflammatory cytokines, and neurotrophic factors. Moreover, both single and combination treatments significantly reduced neuronal sprouting in rat adrenal pheochromocytoma (PC-12 cells). CONCLUSIONS Combining o-Vanillin and RG-7112 greatly enhanced the effect of either senolytic alone. Together, these results support the potential of senolytics as a promising treatment for IVD-related low back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Mannarino
- Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada; (M.M.); (O.W.-M.); (K.S.); (L.L.); (P.J.); (J.A.O.); (H.C.)
- Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada;
| | - Oliver Wu-Martinez
- Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada; (M.M.); (O.W.-M.); (K.S.); (L.L.); (P.J.); (J.A.O.); (H.C.)
- Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada;
| | - Kai Sheng
- Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada; (M.M.); (O.W.-M.); (K.S.); (L.L.); (P.J.); (J.A.O.); (H.C.)
- Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada;
- Shriner’s Hospital for Children, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - Li Li
- Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada; (M.M.); (O.W.-M.); (K.S.); (L.L.); (P.J.); (J.A.O.); (H.C.)
- Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada;
| | - Rodrigo Navarro-Ramirez
- Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada;
- Shriner’s Hospital for Children, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - Peter Jarzem
- Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada; (M.M.); (O.W.-M.); (K.S.); (L.L.); (P.J.); (J.A.O.); (H.C.)
- Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada;
| | - Jean A. Ouellet
- Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada; (M.M.); (O.W.-M.); (K.S.); (L.L.); (P.J.); (J.A.O.); (H.C.)
- Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada;
- Shriner’s Hospital for Children, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - Hosni Cherif
- Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada; (M.M.); (O.W.-M.); (K.S.); (L.L.); (P.J.); (J.A.O.); (H.C.)
- Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada;
- Shriner’s Hospital for Children, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - Lisbet Haglund
- Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada; (M.M.); (O.W.-M.); (K.S.); (L.L.); (P.J.); (J.A.O.); (H.C.)
- Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada;
- Shriner’s Hospital for Children, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada
- Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, C.10.166, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
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5
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Li CC, Chen TWW. New targeted treatments for advanced sarcomas. Curr Opin Oncol 2023; 35:309-314. [PMID: 37222206 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000000955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide the rationale and results behind recent clinical trials regarding molecular-targeted agents for advanced sarcomas. RECENT FINDINGS Tazemetostat, a first-in-class EZH2 inhibitor, was approved to treat advanced epithelioid sarcoma. In synovial sarcoma, the interaction between pathognomonic SS18-SSX fusion protein and the BAF complex has brought insight in using BRD9 inhibitors as a treatment based on synthetic lethality. MDM2 overexpression is an important mechanism to suppress p53 function, and MDM2 gene amplification is pathognomonic in well differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcoma. Two MDM2 inhibitors, milademetan and BI907828, have both reached the optimal dosing and have shown promising efficacy in MDM2-amplified liposarcoma. Late-stage pivotal studies are ongoing for both of these MDM2 inhibitors. The co-amplification of CDK4 and MDM2 in liposarcoma also provided a rationale for CDK4/6 inhibitors as a potential therapy. Selinexor, an exportin-1 inhibitor, has shown single-agent activity in dedifferentiated liposarcoma and action in gastrointestinal stromal tumour in combination with imatinib. Lastly, a new formulation of mTOR inhibitor, nab-sirolimus, was recently approved for perivascular epithelioid cell tumour (PEComa). SUMMARY Molecular-guided precision medicine holds a bright future in bringing more active treatments for advanced sarcoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chen Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Taiwan University Cancer Center
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital
| | - Tom Wei-Wu Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Taiwan University Cancer Center
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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6
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Gounder MM, Bauer TM, Schwartz GK, Weise AM, LoRusso P, Kumar P, Tao B, Hong Y, Patel P, Lu Y, Lesegretain A, Tirunagaru VG, Xu F, Doebele RC, Hong DS. A First-in-Human Phase I Study of Milademetan, an MDM2 Inhibitor, in Patients With Advanced Liposarcoma, Solid Tumors, or Lymphomas. J Clin Oncol 2023; 41:1714-1724. [PMID: 36669146 PMCID: PMC10022862 DOI: 10.1200/jco.22.01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and preliminary efficacy of milademetan, a small-molecule murine double minute-2 (MDM2) inhibitor, in patients with advanced cancers. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this first-in-human phase I study, patients with advanced solid tumors or lymphomas received milademetan orally once daily as extended/continuous (days 1-21 or 1-28 every 28 days) or intermittent (days 1-7, or days 1-3 and 15-17 every 28 days) schedules. The primary objective was to determine the recommended phase II dose and schedule. Secondary objectives included tumor response according to standard evaluation criteria. Predefined analyses by tumor type were performed. Safety and efficacy analyses included all patients who received milademetan. RESULTS Between July 2013 and August 2018, 107 patients were enrolled and received milademetan. The most common grade 3/4 drug-related adverse events were thrombocytopenia (29.0%), neutropenia (15.0%), and anemia (13.1%). Respective rates at the recommended dose and schedule (260 mg once daily on days 1-3 and 15-17 every 28 days, ie, 3/14 days) were 15.0%, 5.0%, and 0%. Across all cohorts (N = 107), the disease control rate was 45.8% (95% CI, 36.1 to 55.7) and median progression-free survival was 4.0 months (95% CI, 3.4 to 5.7). In the subgroup with dedifferentiated liposarcomas, the disease control rate and median progression-free survival were 58.5% (95% CI, 44.1 to 71.9) and 7.2 months overall (n = 53), and 62.0% (95% CI, 35.4 to 84.8) and 7.4 months with the recommended intermittent schedule (n = 16), respectively. CONCLUSION An intermittent dosing schedule of 3/14 days of milademetan mitigates dose-limiting hematologic abnormalities while maintaining efficacy. Notable single-agent activity with milademetan in dedifferentiated liposarcomas has prompted a randomized phase III trial (MANTRA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal M. Gounder
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Todd M. Bauer
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, PLLC, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Amy M. Weise
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI
| | | | | | - Ben Tao
- Daiichi Sankyo Inc, Basking Ridge, NJ
| | - Ying Hong
- Daiichi Sankyo Inc, Basking Ridge, NJ
| | | | - Yasong Lu
- Daiichi Sankyo Inc, Basking Ridge, NJ
| | | | | | - Feng Xu
- Rain Oncology Inc, Newark, CA
| | | | - David S. Hong
- University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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7
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Abstract
Mutations in the TP53 tumour suppressor gene are very frequent in cancer, and attempts to restore the functionality of p53 in tumours as a therapeutic strategy began decades ago. However, very few of these drug development programmes have reached late-stage clinical trials, and no p53-based therapeutics have been approved in the USA or Europe so far. This is probably because, as a nuclear transcription factor, p53 does not possess typical drug target features and has therefore long been considered undruggable. Nevertheless, several promising approaches towards p53-based therapy have emerged in recent years, including improved versions of earlier strategies and novel approaches to make undruggable targets druggable. Small molecules that can either protect p53 from its negative regulators or restore the functionality of mutant p53 proteins are gaining interest, and drugs tailored to specific types of p53 mutants are emerging. In parallel, there is renewed interest in gene therapy strategies and p53-based immunotherapy approaches. However, major concerns still remain to be addressed. This Review re-evaluates the efforts made towards targeting p53-dysfunctional cancers, and discusses the challenges encountered during clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ori Hassin
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Moshe Oren
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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8
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Aguilar A, Wang S. Therapeutic Strategies to Activate p53. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 16:24. [PMID: 36678521 PMCID: PMC9866379 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 protein has appropriately been named the "guardian of the genome". In almost all human cancers, the powerful tumor suppressor function of p53 is compromised by a variety of mechanisms, including mutations with either loss of function or gain of function and inhibition by its negative regulators MDM2 and/or MDMX. We review herein the progress made on different therapeutic strategies for targeting p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Aguilar
- The Rogel Cancer Center, Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- The Rogel Cancer Center, Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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9
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Salama AKAA, Trkulja MV, Casanova E, Uras IZ. Targeted Protein Degradation: Clinical Advances in the Field of Oncology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15440. [PMID: 36499765 PMCID: PMC9741350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of targeted protein degradation (TPD) is a rapidly developing therapeutic modality with the promise to tame disease-relevant proteins in ways that are difficult or impossible to tackle with other strategies. While we move into the third decade of TPD, multiple degrader drugs have entered the stage of the clinic and many more are expected to follow. In this review, we provide an update on the most recent advances in the field of targeted degradation with insights into possible clinical implications for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Iris Z. Uras
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology & Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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10
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Wang B, Gao J, Zhao Z, Zhong X, Cui H, Hou H, Zhang Y, Zheng J, Di J, Liu Y. Identification of a small-molecule RPL11 mimetic that inhibits tumor growth by targeting MDM2-p53 pathway. Mol Med 2022; 28:109. [PMID: 36071402 PMCID: PMC9450376 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting ribosome biogenesis to activate p53 has recently emerged as a therapeutic strategy in human cancer. Among various ribosomal proteins, RPL11 centralizes the nucleolar stress-sensing pathway by binding MDM2, leading to MDM2 inactivation and p53 activation. Therefore, the identification of MDM2-binding RPL11-mimetics would be valuable for anti-cancer therapeutics. METHODS Based on the crystal structure of the interface between RPL11 and MDM2, we have identified 15 potential allosteric modulators of MDM2 through the virtual screening. RESULTS One of these compounds, named S9, directly binds MDM2 and competitively inhibits the interaction between RPL11 and MDM2, leading to p53 stabilization and activation. Moreover, S9 inhibits cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic study reveals that MDM2 is required for S9-induced G2 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, whereas p53 contributes to S9-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Putting together, S9 may serve as a lead compound for the development of an anticancer drug that specifically targets RPL11-MDM2-p53 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingwu Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China
| | - Zhongjun Zhao
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xuefei Zhong
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hao Cui
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hui Hou
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Radiation and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 450 West Drive, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
| | - Jiehui Di
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China. .,The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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11
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Zhao Q, Xiong SS, Chen C, Zhu HP, Xie X, Peng C, He G, Han B. Discovery of spirooxindole-derived small-molecule compounds as novel HDAC/MDM2 dual inhibitors and investigation of their anticancer activity. Front Oncol 2022; 12:972372. [PMID: 35992773 PMCID: PMC9386376 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.972372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous inhibition of more than one target is considered to be a novel strategy in cancer therapy. Owing to the importance of histone deacetylases (HDACs) and p53-murine double minute 2 (MDM2) interaction in tumor development and their synergistic effects, a series of MDM2/HDAC bifunctional small-molecule inhibitors were rationally designed and synthesized by incorporating an HDAC pharmacophore into spirooxindole skeletons. These compounds exhibited good inhibitory activities against both targets. In particular, compound 11b was demonstrated to be most potent for MDM2 and HDAC, reaching the enzyme inhibition of 68% and 79%, respectively. Compound 11b also showed efficient antiproliferative activity towards MCF-7 cells with better potency than the reference drug SAHA and Nutlin-3. Furthermore, western blot analysis revealed that compound 11b increased the expression of p53 and Ac-H4 in MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Our results indicate that dual inhibition of HDAC and MDM2 may provide a novel and efficient strategy for the discovery of antitumor drug in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shan-Shan Xiong
- Department of Dermatology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Can Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Ping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Gu He
- Department of Dermatology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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12
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He S, Dong G, Cheng J, Wu Y, Sheng C. Strategies for designing proteolysis targeting chimaeras (PROTACs). Med Res Rev 2022; 42:1280-1342. [PMID: 35001407 DOI: 10.1002/med.21877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteolysis targeting chimaeras (PROTACs) is a cutting edge and rapidly growing technique for new drug discovery and development. Currently, the largest challenge in the molecular design and drug development of PROTACs is efficient identification of potent and drug-like degraders. This review aims to comprehensively summarize and analyse state-of-the-art methods and strategies in the design of PROTACs. We provide a detailed illustration of the general principles and tactics for designing potent PROTACs, highlight representative case studies, and discuss the advantages and limitations of these strategies. Particularly, structure-based rational PROTAC design and emerging new types of PROTACs (e.g., homo-PROTACs, multitargeting PROTACs, photo-control PROTACs and PROTAC-based conjugates) will be focused on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng He
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfei Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacy, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Kunming, China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Saleh MN, Patel MR, Bauer TM, Goel S, Falchook GS, Shapiro GI, Chung KY, Infante JR, Conry RM, Rabinowits G, Hong DS, Wang JS, Steidl U, Walensky LD, Naik G, Guerlavais V, Vukovic V, Annis DA, Aivado M, Meric-Bernstam F. Phase 1 Trial of ALRN-6924, a Dual Inhibitor of MDMX and MDM2, in Patients with Solid Tumors and Lymphomas Bearing Wild-type TP53. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:5236-5247. [PMID: 34301750 PMCID: PMC9401461 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-0715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We describe the first-in-human dose-escalation trial for ALRN-6924, a stabilized, cell-permeating peptide that disrupts p53 inhibition by mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) and MDMX to induce cell-cycle arrest or apoptosis in TP53-wild-type (WT) tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS Two schedules were evaluated for safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and antitumor effects in patients with solid tumors or lymphomas. In arm A, patients received ALRN-6924 by intravenous infusion once-weekly for 3 weeks every 28 days; arm B was twice-weekly for 2 weeks every 21 days. RESULTS Seventy-one patients were enrolled: 41 in arm A (0.16-4.4 mg/kg) and 30 in arm B (0.32-2.7 mg/kg). ALRN-6924 showed dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and increased serum levels of MIC-1, a biomarker of p53 activation. The most frequent treatment-related adverse events were gastrointestinal side effects, fatigue, anemia, and headache. In arm A, at 4.4 mg/kg, dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) were grade 3 (G3) hypotension, G3 alkaline phosphatase elevation, G3 anemia, and G4 neutropenia in one patient each. At the MTD in arm A of 3.1 mg/kg, G3 fatigue was observed in one patient. No DLTs were observed in arm B. No G3/G4 thrombocytopenia was observed in any patient. Seven patients had infusion-related reactions; 3 discontinued treatment. In 41 efficacy-evaluable patients with TP53-WT disease across both schedules the disease control rate was 59%. Two patients had confirmed complete responses, 2 had confirmed partial responses, and 20 had stable disease. Six patients were treated for >1 year. The recommended phase 2 dose was schedule A, 3.1 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS ALRN-6924 was well tolerated and demonstrated antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoor N. Saleh
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Corresponding Authors: Funda Meric-Bernstam, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030. Phone: 713-794-1226; E-mail: ; and Mansoor N. Saleh, Aga Khan University Nairobi, 3rd Parklands/Limuru Rd., Nairobi, Kenya. Phone: 254-709-93-1500; E-mail:
| | - Manish R. Patel
- Florida Cancer Specialists/Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Sarasota, Florida
| | - Todd M. Bauer
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sanjay Goel
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine—Montefiore Medical Center, The Bronx, New York
| | | | | | - Ki Y. Chung
- Prisma Health Cancer Institute, Greenville, South Carolina
| | - Jeffrey R. Infante
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | - David S. Hong
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Judy S. Wang
- Florida Cancer Specialists/Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Sarasota, Florida
| | - Ulrich Steidl
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine—Montefiore Medical Center, The Bronx, New York
| | | | - Gurudatta Naik
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | | | | | - Manuel Aivado
- Aileron Therapeutics, Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Corresponding Authors: Funda Meric-Bernstam, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030. Phone: 713-794-1226; E-mail: ; and Mansoor N. Saleh, Aga Khan University Nairobi, 3rd Parklands/Limuru Rd., Nairobi, Kenya. Phone: 254-709-93-1500; E-mail:
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14
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Bauer S, Demetri GD, Halilovic E, Dummer R, Meille C, Tan DSW, Guerreiro N, Jullion A, Ferretti S, Jeay S, Van Bree L, Hourcade-Potelleret F, Wuerthner JU, Fabre C, Cassier PA. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic guided optimisation of dose and schedule of CGM097, an HDM2 inhibitor, in preclinical and clinical studies. Br J Cancer 2021; 125:687-698. [PMID: 34140638 PMCID: PMC8405607 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CGM097 inhibits the p53-HDM2 interaction leading to downstream p53 activation. Preclinical in vivo studies support clinical exploration while providing preliminary evidence for dosing regimens. This first-in-human phase I study aimed at assessing the safety, MTD, PK/PD and preliminary antitumor activity of CGM097 in advanced solid tumour patients (NCT01760525). METHODS Fifty-one patients received oral treatment with CGM097 10-400 mg 3qw (n = 31) or 300-700 mg 3qw 2 weeks on/1 week off (n = 20). Choice of dose regimen was guided by PD biomarkers, and quantitative models describing the effect of CGM097 on circulating platelet and PD kinetics. RESULTS No dose-limiting toxicities were reported in any regimens. The most common treatment-related grade 3/4 AEs were haematologic events. PK/PD models well described the time course of platelet and serum GDF-15 changes, providing a tool to predict response to CGM097 for dose-limiting thrombocytopenia and GDF-15 biomarker. The disease control rate was 39%, including one partial response and 19 patients in stable disease. Twenty patients had a cumulative treatment duration of >16 weeks, with eight patients on treatment for >32 weeks. The MTD was not determined. CONCLUSIONS Despite delayed-onset thrombocytopenia frequently observed, the tolerability of CGM097 appears manageable. This study provided insights on dosing optimisation for next-generation HDM2 inhibitors. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE Haematologic toxicity with delayed thrombocytopenia is a well-known on-target effect of HDM2 inhibitors. Here we have developed a PK/PD guided approach to optimise the dose and schedule of CGM097, a novel HDM2 inhibitor, using exposure, platelets and GDF-15, a known p53 downstream target to predict patients at higher risk to develop thrombocytopenia. While CGM097 had shown limited activity, with disease control rate of 39% and only one patient in partial response, the preliminary data from the first-in-human escalation study together with the PK/PD modeling provide important insights on how to optimize dosing of next generation HDM2 inhibitors to mitigate hematologic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bauer
- grid.5718.b0000 0001 2187 5445Department of Medical Oncology, Sarcoma Center, West German Cancer Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - George D. Demetri
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDana-Farber Cancer Institute and Ludwig Center at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Ensar Halilovic
- grid.418424.f0000 0004 0439 2056Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- grid.412004.30000 0004 0478 9977University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Meille
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel S. W. Tan
- grid.410724.40000 0004 0620 9745National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nelson Guerreiro
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland ,grid.417570.00000 0004 0374 1269Present Address: F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Astrid Jullion
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephane Ferretti
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastien Jeay
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland ,grid.508389.f0000 0004 6414 2411Present Address: Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Van Bree
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jens U. Wuerthner
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland ,grid.508900.40000 0004 4910 8549Present Address: ADC Therapeutics, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Claire Fabre
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philippe A. Cassier
- grid.418116.b0000 0001 0200 3174Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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15
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Lees A, Sessler T, McDade S. Dying to Survive-The p53 Paradox. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3257. [PMID: 34209840 PMCID: PMC8268032 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 tumour suppressor is best known for its canonical role as "guardian of the genome", activating cell cycle arrest and DNA repair in response to DNA damage which, if irreparable or sustained, triggers activation of cell death. However, despite an enormous amount of work identifying the breadth of the gene regulatory networks activated directly and indirectly in response to p53 activation, how p53 activation results in different cell fates in response to different stress signals in homeostasis and in response to p53 activating anti-cancer treatments remains relatively poorly understood. This is likely due to the complex interaction between cell death mechanisms in which p53 has been activated, their neighbouring stressed or unstressed cells and the local stromal and immune microenvironment in which they reside. In this review, we evaluate our understanding of the burgeoning number of cell death pathways affected by p53 activation and how these may paradoxically suppress cell death to ensure tissue integrity and organismal survival. We also discuss how these functions may be advantageous to tumours that maintain wild-type p53, the understanding of which may provide novel opportunity to enhance treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lees
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK;
| | | | - Simon McDade
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK;
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16
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He S, Ma J, Fang Y, Liu Y, Wu S, Dong G, Wang W, Sheng C. Homo-PROTAC mediated suicide of MDM2 to treat non-small cell lung cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1617-1628. [PMID: 34221872 PMCID: PMC8245912 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The dose-related adverse effects of MDM2‒P53 inhibitors have caused significant concern in the development of clinical safe anticancer agents. Herein we report an unprecedented homo-PROTAC strategy for more effective disruption of MDM2‒P53 interaction. The design concept is inspired by the capacity of sub-stoichiometric catalytic PROTACs enabling to degrade an unwanted protein and the dual functions of MDM2 as an E3 ubiquitin ligase and a binding protein with tumor suppressor P53. The new homo-PROTACs are designed to induce self-degradation of MDM2. The results of the investigation have shown that PROTAC 11a efficiently dimerizes MDM2 with highly competitive binding activity and induces proteasome-dependent self-degradation of MDM2 in A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells. Furthermore, markedly, enantiomer 11a-1 exhibits potent in vivo antitumor activity in A549 xenograft nude mouse model, which is the first example of homo-PROTAC with in vivo therapeutic potency. This study demonstrates the potential of the homo-PROTAC as an alternative chemical tool for tumorigenic MDM2 knockdown, which could be developed into a safe therapy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng He
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Junhui Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuxin Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Shanchao Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 81871239.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 81871239.
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 81871239.
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17
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Wang L, Li H, Shen X, Zeng J, Yue L, Lin J, Yang J, Zou W, Li Y, Qin D, Wu A, Wu J. Elucidation of the molecular mechanism of Sanguisorba Officinalis L. against leukopenia based on network pharmacology. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110934. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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18
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Yee K, Papayannidis C, Vey N, Dickinson MJ, Kelly KR, Assouline S, Kasner M, Seiter K, Drummond MW, Yoon SS, Lee JH, Blotner S, Jukofsky L, Pierceall WE, Zhi J, Simon S, Higgins B, Nichols G, Monnet A, Muehlbauer S, Ott M, Chen LC, Martinelli G. Murine double minute 2 inhibition alone or with cytarabine in acute myeloid leukemia: Results from an idasanutlin phase 1/1b study⋆. Leuk Res 2020; 100:106489. [PMID: 33302031 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2020.106489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis remains poor for patients with relapsed or refractory (r/r) acute myeloid leukemia; thus, novel therapies are needed. We evaluated idasanutlin-a new, potent murine double minute 2 antagonist-alone or with cytarabine in patients with r/r acute myeloid leukemia, de novo untreated acute myeloid leukemia unsuitable for standard treatment or with adverse features, or secondary acute myeloid leukemia in a multicenter, open-label, phase 1/1b trial. Primary objectives were to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended dose for expansion (RDE) and characterize the safety profile of idasanutlin monotherapy and combination therapy. Clinical activity and pharmacokinetics were secondary objectives. Two idasanutlin formulations were investigated: a microprecipitate bulk powder (MBP) and optimized spray-dried powder (SDP). Following dose escalation, patients (N = 122) received idasanutlin at the RDE in the extension cohorts. No formal MTD was identified. Idasanutlin was tolerable alone and in combination with cytarabine. The RDE was determined as 600 mg twice a day for the MBP formulation and 300 mg twice a day for the SDP formulation. Adverse events were mostly grade 1/2 (76.2 %). The most common any-grade adverse events were gastrointestinal (including diarrhea [90.2 %]). The early death rate across all patients was 14.8 %. Plasma idasanutlin exposure was dose related. In TP53 wild-type patients, composite complete remission rates were 18.9 % with monotherapy and 35.6 % with combination therapy. Based on these results, idasanutlin development continued with further investigation in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01773408.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Yee
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Cristina Papayannidis
- Institute of Hematology "L. and A. Seràgnoli", University Hospital S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Norbert Vey
- Department of Hematology, Aix-Marseille University, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Michael J Dickinson
- Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kevin R Kelly
- Division of Hematology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sarit Assouline
- Division of Hematologic Oncology, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Margaret Kasner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Karen Seiter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Mark W Drummond
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sung-Soo Yoon
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Hwan Lee
- Department of Hematology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Steven Blotner
- Translational Medicine-Oncology, Roche Innovation Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lori Jukofsky
- Translational Medicine-Oncology, Roche Innovation Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - William E Pierceall
- Translational Medicine-Oncology, Roche Innovation Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jianguo Zhi
- Clinical Pharmacology, Roche Innovation Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Silke Simon
- Clinical Pharmacology, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brian Higgins
- Product Development Oncology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Gwen Nichols
- Translational Medicine-Oncology, Roche Innovation Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Annabelle Monnet
- Department of Biostatistics Oncology, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Marion Ott
- Clinical Development Oncology, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lin-Chi Chen
- Translational Medicine-Oncology, Roche Innovation Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Giovanni Martinelli
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
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19
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LeBlanc N, Mallette E, Zhang W. Targeted modulation of E3 ligases using engineered ubiquitin variants. FEBS J 2020; 288:2143-2165. [PMID: 32867007 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination plays an essential role in signal transduction to regulate most if not all cellular processes. Among the enzymes that are involved in the ubiquitin (Ub) signaling cascade, tremendous efforts have been focused on elucidating the roles of E3 Ub ligases as they determine the complexity and specificity of ubiquitination. Not surprisingly, the malfunction of E3 ligases is directly implicated in many human diseases, including cancer. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop potent and specific molecules to modulate E3 ligase activity as intracellular probes for target validation and as pharmacological agents in preclinical research. Unfortunately, the progress has been hampered by the dynamic regulation mechanisms for different types of E3 ligases. Here, we summarize the progress of using protein engineering to develop Ub variant (UbV) inhibitors for all major families of E3 ligases and UbV activators for homologous with E6-associated protein C terminus E3s and homodimeric RING E3s. We believe that this provides a general strategy and a valuable toolkit for the research community to inhibit or activate E3 ligases and these synthetic molecules have important implications in exploring protein degradation for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole LeBlanc
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Evan Mallette
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
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20
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Zanjirband M, Rahgozar S. Targeting p53-MDM2 Interaction Using Small Molecule Inhibitors and the Challenges Needed to be Addressed. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:1091-1111. [PMID: 30947669 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190402120701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MDM2 protein is the core negative regulator of p53 that maintains the cellular levels of p53 at a low level in normal cells. Mutation of the TP53 gene accounts for 50% of all human cancers. In the remaining malignancies with wild-type TP53, p53 function is inhibited through other mechanisms. Recently, synthetic small molecule inhibitors have been developed which target a small hydrophobic pocket on MDM2 to which p53 normally binds. Given that MDM2-p53 antagonists have been undergoing clinical trials for different types of cancer, this review illustrates different aspects of these new cancer targeted therapeutic agents with the focus on the major advances in the field. It emphasizes on the p53 function, regulation of p53, targeting of the p53-MDM2 interaction for cancer therapy, and p53-dependent and -independent effects of inhibition of p53-MDM2 interaction. Then, representatives of small molecule MDM2-p53 binding antagonists are introduced with a focus on those entered into clinical trials. Furthermore, the review discusses the gene signatures in order to predict sensitivity to MDM2 antagonists, potential side effects and the reasons for the observed hematotoxicity, mechanisms of resistance to these drugs, their evaluation as monotherapy or in combination with conventional chemotherapy or with other targeted therapeutic agents. Finally, it highlights the certainly intriguing questions and challenges which would be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zanjirband
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Azadi Square, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Soheila Rahgozar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Azadi Square, Isfahan, Iran
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Konopleva M, Martinelli G, Daver N, Papayannidis C, Wei A, Higgins B, Ott M, Mascarenhas J, Andreeff M. MDM2 inhibition: an important step forward in cancer therapy. Leukemia 2020; 34:2858-2874. [PMID: 32651541 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-0949-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the interaction between tumor suppressor p53 and the E3 ligase MDM2 represents an attractive treatment approach for cancers with wild-type or functional TP53. Indeed, several small molecules have been developed and evaluated in various malignancies. We provide an overview of MDM2 inhibitors under preclinical and clinical investigation, with a focus on molecules with ongoing clinical trials, as indicated by ClinicalTrials.gov . Because preclinical and clinical exploration of combination strategies is underway, data supporting these combinations are also described. We identified the following molecules for inclusion in this review: RG7112 (RO5045337), idasanutlin (RG7388), AMG-232 (KRT-232), APG-115, BI-907828, CGM097, siremadlin (HDM201), and milademetan (DS-3032b). Information about each MDM2 inhibitor was collected from major congress records and PubMed using the following search terms: each molecule name, "MDM2"and "HDM2." Only congress records were limited by date (January 1, 2012-March 6, 2020). Special attention was given to available data in hematologic malignancies; however, available safety data in any indication are reported. Overall, targeting MDM2 is a promising treatment strategy, as evidenced by the increasing number of MDM2 inhibitors entering the clinic. Additional clinical investigation is needed to further elucidate the role of MDM2 inhibitors in the treatment of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Giovanni Martinelli
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, IRST IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Naval Daver
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cristina Papayannidis
- Institute of Hematology "L. and A". Seràgnoli, University Hospital S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrew Wei
- The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Marion Ott
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John Mascarenhas
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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22
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Small-molecule MDM2/X inhibitors and PROTAC degraders for cancer therapy: advances and perspectives. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1253-1278. [PMID: 32874827 PMCID: PMC7452049 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking the MDM2/X–P53 protein–protein interaction has been widely recognized as an attractive therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancers. Numerous small-molecule MDM2 inhibitors have been reported since the release of the structure of the MDM2–P53 interaction in 1996, SAR405838, NVP-CGM097, MK-8242, RG7112, RG7388, DS-3032b, and AMG232 currently undergo clinical evaluation for cancer therapy. This review is intended to provide a comprehensive and updated overview of MDM2 inhibitors and proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) degraders with a particular focus on how these inhibitors or degraders are identified from starting points, strategies employed, structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies, binding modes or co-crystal structures, biochemical data, mechanistic studies, and preclinical/clinical studies. Moreover, we briefly discuss the challenges of designing MDM2/X inhibitors for cancer therapy such as dual MDM2/X inhibition, acquired resistance and toxicity of P53 activation as well as future directions.
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23
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Schubert NA, Lowery CD, Bergthold G, Koster J, Eleveld TF, Rodríguez A, Jones DTW, Vassal G, Stancato LF, Pfister SM, Caron HN, Molenaar JJ. Systematic target actionability reviews of preclinical proof-of-concept papers to match targeted drugs to paediatric cancers. Eur J Cancer 2020; 130:168-181. [PMID: 32224415 PMCID: PMC7203547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Children with cancer are in urgent need of new therapies, as approximately 25% of patients experience a relapse and 20% succumb to their disease. Moreover, the majority of survivors suffer from clinically relevant health problems. Repurposing of targeted agents developed for adult indications could provide novel therapeutic options for paediatric cancer patients. To prioritise targeted drugs for paediatric clinical development, we applied a systematic review methodology to develop a Target Actionability Review (TAR) strategy. These TARs assess the strength and completeness of published preclinical proof-of-concept (PoC) data by structured critical appraisal of and summarising the available scientific literature for a specific target (pathway) and the associated drugs in paediatric tumours. Methods A sensitive literature search in PubMed was performed and relevant papers were identified. For each paper, the individual experimental findings were extracted, marked for paediatric tumour type and categorised into nine separate PoC data modules. Each experimental finding was scored for experimental outcome and quality independently by two reviewers; discrepancies were assessed by a third reviewer and resolved by adjudication. Scores corresponding to one PoC module were merged for each tumour type and visualised in a heat map matrix in the publicly available R2 data portal [r2.amc.nl]. Results and conclusions To test our TAR methodology, we conducted a pilot study on MDM2 and TP53. The heat map generated from analysis of 161 publications provides a rationale to support drug development in specific paediatric solid and brain tumour types. Furthermore, our review highlights tumour types where preclinical data are incomplete or lacking and for which additional preclinical testing is advisable. A new strategy to review literature on targeted compounds in paediatric cancer. Results help to guide and prioritise clinical development of novel targeted agents. Outcomes are visualised in a publicly available, interactive heat map. We applied this unique methodology to MDM2 and TP53 and MDM2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nil A Schubert
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jan Koster
- Department of Oncogenomics, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas F Eleveld
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - David T W Jones
- Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gilles Vassal
- Department of Clinical Research, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Stefan M Pfister
- Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jan J Molenaar
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Over the last several years, the systemic treatment landscape for dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLPS) has notably expanded. Historically, systemic therapy options have been limited to cytotoxic chemotherapy agents, including doxorubicin, ifosfamide, gemcitabine, and docetaxel, that were shown to have efficacy in unselected populations of patients with soft tissue sarcomas. More recently, however, there have been phase II and III trials establishing clinical benefit of the cytotoxic agents trabectedin and eribulin along with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor pazopanib in patients with advanced liposarcoma and DDLPS. Additionally, there are several investigational targeted therapies that have incorporated advances in the understanding of DDLPS disease biology, exploiting the fact that nearly all such tumors include highly amplified expression of MDM2 and CDK4. Recent clinical trials have supported the benefit of the CDK4 inhibitor abemaciclib and the nuclear export inhibitor selinexor and support continued development of anti-MDM2 therapies, with particular attention to the bone marrow toxicity and resultant thrombocytopenia that has thus far limited their use. In contrast, the checkpoint inhibitors pembrolizumab and nivolumab remain of questionable benefit, although these immunotherapy drugs may have a role when combined with other therapeutic agents. Ongoing phase III trials will clarify the role of these novel agents. Future directions include directly comparing current standard-of-care options and newer therapies, developing synergistic combinations of novel agents, and evaluating their role in patients with localized DDLPS.
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25
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Pellegrino M, Traversi G, Arena A, Cappa M, Rosado MM, Andreani M, Delfino DV, Moretti F, Fierabracci A. Effect of p53 activation through targeting MDM2/MDM4 heterodimer on T regulatory and effector cells in the peripheral blood of Type 1 diabetes patients. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228296. [PMID: 31995625 PMCID: PMC6988923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various immunotherapies for the treatment of type 1 diabetes are currently under investigation. Some of these aim to rescue the remaining beta cells from autoimmune attack caused by the disease. Among the strategies employed, p53 has been envisaged as a possible target for immunomodulation. We studied the possible effect of p53 activation on Treg subsets and Treg/Teff balance in type 1 diabetes patients' PBMC. Upon p53 activation, we observed an increase in CD8+ Treg and activated CD8+ Teff whilst CD8+ Teff cells significantly decreased in healthy PBMC when stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28. No effect was detected on percentages of CD4+ Treg, while a reduction was seen in CD4+ Teff cells and an increase in activated CD4+ Teff cells. In patients' PBMC, upon p53 activation followed by 6 days of anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation, CD8+ Treg and activated CD8+ Teff were increased while CD8+ Teff were decreased. No differences were detected in the CD4+ counterparts. CD8+ Teff PD1+, CD8+ Teff PD1low were increased upon p53 activation in type 1 diabetics compared to controls while CD8+ Teff PD1high were increased in both groups. The same increased percentages were detected for CD4+ counterparts. CD4+ Treg PD1high cells were decreased in diabetics upon p53 activation at day 6 of anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation. In conclusion, a Teff dysregulation is observed upon p53 activation suggesting that molecules promoting p53 cannot be used for therapy in type 1 diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha Pellegrino
- Infectivology and Clinical Trials Research Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianandrea Traversi
- Infectivology and Clinical Trials Research Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Arena
- Infectivology and Clinical Trials Research Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Cappa
- Endocrinology Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Manuela Rosado
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Andreani
- Transplantation Immunogenetics Laboratory, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico V. Delfino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabiola Moretti
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fierabracci
- Infectivology and Clinical Trials Research Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Rusiecki R, Witkowski J, Jaszczewska-Adamczak J. MDM2-p53 Interaction Inhibitors: The Current State-of-Art and Updated Patent Review (2010-Present). Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2020; 14:324-369. [DOI: 10.2174/1574892814666191022163540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Mouse Double Minute 2 protein (MDM2) is a cellular regulator of p53 tumor
suppressor (p53). Inhibition of the interaction between MDM2 and p53 proteins is a promising anticancer
therapy.
Objective:
This updated patent review is an attempt to compile the research and achievements of the
various researchers working on small molecule MDM2 inhibitors from 2010 to date. We provide an
outlook into the future for therapy based on MDM2 inhibition by presenting an overview of the most
relevant patents which have recently appeared in the literature.
Methods:
Literature and recent patents focusing on the anticancer potential of MDM2-p53 interaction
inhibitors and its applications have been analyzed. We put the main emphasis on the most perspective
compounds which are or were examined in clinical trials.
Results:
Literature data indicated that MDM2 inhibitors are therapeutically effective in specific types
of cancer or non-cancer diseases. A great number of patents and research work around new MDM2-
p53 interaction inhibitors, possible combinations, new indications, clinical regimens in previous years
prove that this targeted therapy is in the scope of interest for many business and academic research
groups.
Conclusion:
Novel MDM2 inhibitors thanks to higher potency and better ADME properties have
shown effectiveness in preclinical and clinical development however the final improvement of therapeutic
potential for MDM2 inhibitors might depend on the useful combination therapy and exploring
new cancer and non-cancer indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Rusiecki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw 00-664, Poland
| | - Jakub Witkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
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Li B, Rampal RK, Xiao Z. Targeted therapies for myeloproliferative neoplasms. Biomark Res 2019; 7:15. [PMID: 31346467 PMCID: PMC6636147 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-019-0166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of JAK2V617F and the demonstration that BCR-ABL-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are driven by abnormal JAK2 activation have led to advances in diagnostic algorithms, prognosis and ultimately also treatment strategies. The JAK 1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib was a pivotal moment in the treatment of MPNs, representing the first targeted treatment in this field. Despite a weak effect on the cause of the disease itself in MPNs, ruxolitinib improves the clinical state of patients and increases survival in myelofibrosis. In parallel, other JAK inhibitors with potential for pathologic and molecular remissions, less myelosuppression, and with greater selectivity for JAK1 or JAK2, and the ability to overcome JAK inhibitor persistence are in various stages of development. Moreover, many novel classes of targeted agents continue to be investigated in efforts to build on the progress made with ruxolitinib. This article will discuss some of the advances in the targeted therapy in this field in recent years and explore in greater detail some of the most advanced emerging agents as well as those with greatest potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- 1MDS and MPN Centre, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020 China.,2State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Raajit K Rampal
- 3Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Zhijian Xiao
- 1MDS and MPN Centre, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020 China.,2State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
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Anti-tumor activity of the MDM2-TP53 inhibitor BI-907828 in dedifferentiated liposarcoma patient-derived xenograft models harboring MDM2 amplification. Clin Transl Oncol 2019; 22:546-554. [PMID: 31201607 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-019-02158-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLPS) is a soft tissue malignancy characterized by amplification of the mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) gene. MDM2 is a negative regulator of tumor protein 53 (TP53). We tested the in vivo efficacy of BI-907828, a small molecule inhibitor of the MDM2-TP53 interaction, in two DDLPS patient-derived xenografts (PDX). METHODS Partially immunodeficient mice were bilaterally engrafted with UZLX-STS3 (n = 24) and UZLX-STS5 (n = 24) human DDLPS tissue harboring MDM2 amplifications. Mice were grouped as follows: (a) vehicle (0.5% hydroxyethylcellullose) 10 ml/kg daily per os (p.o.); (b) doxorubicin 5 mg/kg weekly intraperitoneally (i.p.); (c) BI-907828 2.5 mg/kg daily p.o. and (d) BI-907828 10 mg/kg daily p.o. The treatment lasted for 15 days, all mice treated with BI-907828 were followed for 37 days post-treatment. Efficacy was assessed by tumor volume and histopathological evaluation. RESULTS The 15-day treatment with 2.5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg BI-907828 significantly inhibited tumor growth in UZLX-STS5 and -STS3 (p < 0.0001 compared to control for both models). All UZLX-STS5 and -STS3 tumors treated with BI-907828 decreased in size during treatment, and BI-907828-treated UZLX-STS5 tumors even disappeared completely. During the follow-up period, no tumor regrowth was observed in the UZLX-STS5 model and both doses of BI-907828 led to a pathological complete response, whereas a dose-dependent regrowth was seen in the UZLX-STS3 model. CONCLUSION BI-907828 showed significant anti-tumor activity in DDLPS PDX harboring MDM2 amplifications, providing a strong rationale for early clinical testing of BI-907828 in a DDLPS patient population.
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Masarova L, Verstovsek S. Emerging drugs for essential thrombocythemia. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2019; 24:93-105. [PMID: 31050912 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2019.1615437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite our recent progress in the understanding of essential thrombocythemia (ET) pathogenesis, the therapeutic management of this disease has remained largely unchanged in the past decades. Treatment has mostly focused on decreasing the risk of complications, especially prevention of thrombotic or hemorrhagic events. Areas covered: Over recent years, the treatment options of ET have been expanding with some novel agents on the horizon. The classes of agents described in this review include targeted and immunomodulatory agents, such as JAK1/2 inhibitors, interferon-α, histone deacetylase inhibitors, telomerase inhibitors and human double minute 2 inhibitors. These compounds entered various stages of development, albeit the only portion of them is currently actively undergoing evaluation in clinical trials. In this review, we look at the current therapies and discuss novel agents available in the management of ET. Expert opinion: The drug development in ET possesses several challenges stemming from its relatively benign and prolonged disease course. Therapy focused on reducing the risk of thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications and symptom management needs to be chosen wisely as a vast majority of these patients have a near-normal life expectancy. To date, no therapy has shown effective and definitive alteration of the disease behavior. Although novel agents are in development and hopefully some of them will extend treatment armamentarium of ET, their exact role remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Masarova
- a MD Anderson Cancer Center , The University of Texas , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Srdan Verstovsek
- a MD Anderson Cancer Center , The University of Texas , Houston , TX , USA
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de Weger VA, de Jonge M, Langenberg MHG, Schellens JHM, Lolkema M, Varga A, Demers B, Thomas K, Hsu K, Tuffal G, Goodstal S, Macé S, Deutsch E. A phase I study of the HDM2 antagonist SAR405838 combined with the MEK inhibitor pimasertib in patients with advanced solid tumours. Br J Cancer 2019; 120:286-293. [PMID: 30585255 PMCID: PMC6354023 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0355-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This phase I, open-label, dose-escalation study evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of combination therapy with the HDM2 inhibitor SAR405838 and the MEK1/2 inhibitor pimasertib administered orally once daily (QD) or twice daily (BID) in locally advanced or metastatic solid tumours (NCT01985191). METHODS Patients with locally advanced or metastatic solid tumours with documented wild-type TP53 and RAS or RAF mutations were enroled. A 3 + 3 dose-escalation design was employed. The primary objective was to assess maximum tolerated dose (MTD). RESULTS Twenty-six patients were treated with SAR405838 200 or 300 mg QD plus pimasertib 60 mg QD or 45 mg BID. The MTD was SAR405838 200 mg QD plus pimasertib 45 mg BID. The most common dose-limiting toxicity was thrombocytopenia. The most frequently occurring treatment-related adverse events were diarrhoea (81%), increased blood creatine phosphokinase (77%), nausea (62%) and vomiting (62%). No significant drug-drug interactions were observed. The biomarkers MIC-1 and pERK were, respectively, upregulated and downregulated in response to study treatment. In 24 efficacy-evaluable patients, one patient (4%) had a partial response and 63% had stable disease. CONCLUSIONS The safety profile of SAR405838 and pimasertib combined was consistent with the safety profiles of both drugs. Preliminary antitumour activity was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent A de Weger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Maja de Jonge
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC/Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jan H M Schellens
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Lolkema
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC/Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Varga
- Gustave Roussy, INSERM 1030, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric Deutsch
- Gustave Roussy, INSERM 1030, F-94805, Villejuif, France
- University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, F-94270, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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31
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Wurz RP, Cee VJ. Targeted Degradation of MDM2 as a New Approach to Improve the Efficacy of MDM2-p53 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2018; 62:445-447. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. Wurz
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Victor J. Cee
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
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32
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Islam MS, Ghawas HM, El-Senduny FF, Al-Majid AM, Elshaier YAMM, Badria FA, Barakat A. Synthesis of new thiazolo-pyrrolidine-(spirooxindole) tethered to 3-acylindole as anticancer agents. Bioorg Chem 2018; 82:423-430. [PMID: 30508794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anticancer therapeutics with profiles of high potency, low toxicity, and low resistance is of considerable interest. A new series of functionalized spirooxindole linked with 3-acylindole scaffold is reported, starting from chalcones derived from 3-acetyl indole with isatin, and l-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid. The reactions proceeded regioselectivity, stereoselectivity, without side products in high yield (71-89%). The new spirooxindole hybrids have been evaluated in vitro for their antiproliferative effects against colon cancer (HCT-116), hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and prostate cancer (PC-3). The selectivity of their activity was evaluated. Some of the synthesized compounds showed considerable anticancer activities. Compound 4k proved to retain a high cytotoxic activity and selectivity against colon cancer cells HCT-116 (IC50 = 7 ± 0.27 µM, SI: 3.7), and HepG2 (IC50 = 5.5 ± 0.2 µM, SI: 4.7) in comparison to (IC50 = 12.6 ± 0.5, SI: 0.4 and 5.5 ± 0.3 µM, SI: 0.9, respectively). Compound 4k was less active (IC50 = 6 ± 0.3 µM, SI: 4.3) than cisplatin (IC50 = 5 ± 0.56 µM, SI: 1.0) but showed greater selectivity towards prostate cancer cells PC-3 in comparison to cisplatin. The details of the binding mode of the active compounds were clarified by molecular docking. Ligand Efficiency (LE) and Ligand Lipophilic Efficiency (LLE) were evaluated and revealed that compound 4k had acceptable value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shahidul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussien Mansur Ghawas
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdullah Mohammed Al-Majid
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yaseen A M M Elshaier
- Department of organic and medicinal chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Menofia, Egypt
| | - Farid A Badria
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Assem Barakat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia, Alexandria 21321, Egypt.
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33
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He S, Dong G, Wu S, Fang K, Miao Z, Wang W, Sheng C. Small Molecules Simultaneously Inhibiting p53-Murine Double Minute 2 (MDM2) Interaction and Histone Deacetylases (HDACs): Discovery of Novel Multitargeting Antitumor Agents. J Med Chem 2018; 61:7245-7260. [PMID: 30045621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
p53-Murine double minute 2 (MDM2) interaction and histone deacetylases (HDACs) are important targets in antitumor drug development. Inspired by the synergistic effects between MDM2 and HDACs, the first MDM2/HDACs dual inhibitors were identified, which showed excellent activities against both targets. In particular, compound 14d was proven to be a potent and orally active MDM2/HDAC dual inhibitor, whose antitumor mechanisms were validated in cancer cells. Compound 14d showed excellent in vivo antitumor potency in the A549 xenograft model, providing a promising lead compound for the development of novel antitumor agents. Also, this proof-of-concept study offers a novel and efficient strategy for multitargeting antitumor drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng He
- School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P.R. China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road , Shanghai 200433 , P.R. China
| | - Shanchao Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road , Shanghai 200433 , P.R. China
| | - Kun Fang
- School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P.R. China
| | - Zhenyuan Miao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road , Shanghai 200433 , P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P.R. China.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , University of New Mexico , MSC03 2060, Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131-0001 , United States
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road , Shanghai 200433 , P.R. China
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34
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Yang J, Ma J, Xiong Y, Wang Y, Jin K, Xia W, Chen Q, Huang J, Zhang J, Jiang N, Jiang S, Ma D. Epigenetic regulation of megakaryocytic and erythroid differentiation by PHF2 histone demethylase. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6841-6852. [PMID: 29336484 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant homeodomain finger 2 (PHF2) is a JmjC family histone demethylase that demethylates H3K9me2, a repressive gene marker. PHF2 was found to play a role in the differentiation of several tissue types such as osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation. We report here that PHF2 plays a role in the epigenetic regulation of megakaryocytic (MK) and erythroid differentiation. We investigated PHF2 expression during MK and erythroid differentiation in K562 and human CD34+ progenitor (hCD34+ ) cells. Our data demonstrate that PHF2 expression is down-regulated during megakaryopoiesis and erythropoiesis. PHF2 has a negative role in MK and erythroid differentiation of K562 cells; knockdown of PHF2 promotes MK and erythroid differentiation of hCD34+ cells. Similarly, we found that p53 expression is also down-regulated during MK and erythroid differentiation, which parallels PHF2 expression. PHF2 binds to the p53 promoter and regulates the expression of p53 by demethylating H3K9me2 in the promoter region of p53. Taken together, our data show that PHF2 is a negative epigenetic regulator of MK and erythroid differentiation, and that one of the pathways through which PHF2 affects MK and erythroid differentiation is via regulation of p53 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichun Yang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xiong
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanlin Wang
- International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiyue Jin
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Xia
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianbo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shayi Jiang
- Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Duan Ma
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen K Suraneni
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John D Crispino
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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36
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The role of p53 in cancer drug resistance and targeted chemotherapy. Oncotarget 2018; 8:8921-8946. [PMID: 27888811 PMCID: PMC5352454 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer has long been a grievous disease complicated by innumerable players aggravating its cure. Many clinical studies demonstrated the prognostic relevance of the tumor suppressor protein p53 for many human tumor types. Overexpression of mutated p53 with reduced or abolished function is often connected to resistance to standard medications, including cisplatin, alkylating agents (temozolomide), anthracyclines, (doxorubicin), antimetabolites (gemcitabine), antiestrogenes (tamoxifen) and EGFR-inhibitors (cetuximab). Such mutations in the TP53 gene are often accompanied by changes in the conformation of the p53 protein. Small molecules that restore the wild-type conformation of p53 and, consequently, rebuild its proper function have been identified. These promising agents include PRIMA-1, MIRA-1, and several derivatives of the thiosemicarbazone family. In addition to mutations in p53 itself, p53 activity may be also be impaired due to alterations in p53s regulating proteins such as MDM2. MDM2 functions as primary cellular p53 inhibitor and deregulation of the MDM2/p53-balance has serious consequences. MDM2 alterations often result in its overexpression and therefore promote inhibition of p53 activity. To deal with this problem, a judicious approach is to employ MDM2 inhibitors. Several promising MDM2 inhibitors have been described such as nutlins, benzodiazepinediones or spiro-oxindoles as well as novel compound classes such as xanthone derivatives and trisubstituted aminothiophenes. Furthermore, even naturally derived inhibitor compounds such as a-mangostin, gambogic acid and siladenoserinols have been discovered. In this review, we discuss in detail such small molecules that play a pertinent role in affecting the p53-MDM2 signaling axis and analyze their potential as cancer chemotherapeutics.
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37
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Mahfoudhi E, Lordier L, Marty C, Pan J, Roy A, Roy L, Rameau P, Abbes S, Debili N, Raslova H, Chang Y, Debussche L, Vainchenker W, Plo I. P53 activation inhibits all types of hematopoietic progenitors and all stages of megakaryopoiesis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:31980-92. [PMID: 26959882 PMCID: PMC5077990 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
TP53 also known as p53 is a tumor suppressor gene mutated in a variety of cancers. P53 is involved in cell cycle, apoptosis and DNA repair mechanisms and is thus tightly controlled by many regulators. Recently, strategies to treat cancer have focused on the development of MDM2 antagonists to induce p53 stabilization and restore cell death in p53 non-mutated cancers. However, some of these molecules display adverse effects in patients including induction of thrombocytopenia. In the present study, we have explored the effect of SAR405838 not only on human megakaryopoiesis but also more generally on hematopoiesis. We compared its effect to MI-219 and Nutlin, which are less potent MDM2 antagonists than SAR405838. We found that all these compounds induce a deleterious effect on all types of hematopoietic progenitors, as well as on erythroid and megakaryocytic differentiation. Moreover, they inhibit both early and late stages of megakaryopoiesis including ploidization and proplatelet formation. In conclusion, MDM2 antagonists induced a major hematopoietic defect in vitro as well as an inhibition of all stages of megakaryopoiesis that may account for in vivo thrombocytopenia observed in treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emna Mahfoudhi
- INSERM, UMR 1170, Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Villejuif, France.,UMR 1170, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Villejuif, France.,Laboratoire d'Hématologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Belvédère, Tunisie
| | - Larissa Lordier
- INSERM, UMR 1170, Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Villejuif, France.,UMR 1170, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Caroline Marty
- INSERM, UMR 1170, Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Villejuif, France.,UMR 1170, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Jiajia Pan
- INSERM, UMR 1170, Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Villejuif, France.,UMR 1170, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Anita Roy
- INSERM, UMR 1170, Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Villejuif, France.,UMR 1170, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Lydia Roy
- Départment of Clinical Hematology, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Créteil, France
| | | | - Salem Abbes
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Belvédère, Tunisie
| | - Najet Debili
- INSERM, UMR 1170, Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Villejuif, France.,UMR 1170, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Hana Raslova
- INSERM, UMR 1170, Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Villejuif, France.,UMR 1170, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Yunhua Chang
- INSERM, UMR 1170, Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Villejuif, France.,UMR 1170, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | - William Vainchenker
- INSERM, UMR 1170, Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Villejuif, France.,UMR 1170, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Villejuif, France
| | - Isabelle Plo
- INSERM, UMR 1170, Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Villejuif, France.,UMR 1170, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Villejuif, France
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Saadatzadeh MR, Elmi AN, Pandya PH, Bijangi-Vishehsaraei K, Ding J, Stamatkin CW, Cohen-Gadol AA, Pollok KE. The Role of MDM2 in Promoting Genome Stability versus Instability. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102216. [PMID: 29065514 PMCID: PMC5666895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In cancer, the mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) is an oncoprotein that contributes to the promotion of cell growth, survival, invasion, and therapeutic resistance. The impact of MDM2 on cell survival versus cell death is complex and dependent on levels of MDM2 isoforms, p53 status, and cellular context. Extensive investigations have demonstrated that MDM2 protein–protein interactions with p53 and other p53 family members (p63 and p73) block their ability to function as transcription factors that regulate cell growth and survival. Upon genotoxic insults, a dynamic and intricately regulated DNA damage response circuitry is activated leading to release of p53 from MDM2 and activation of cell cycle arrest. What ensues following DNA damage, depends on the extent of DNA damage and if the cell has sufficient DNA repair capacity. The well-known auto-regulatory loop between p53-MDM2 provides an additional layer of control as the cell either repairs DNA damage and survives (i.e., MDM2 re-engages with p53), or undergoes cell death (i.e., MDM2 does not re-engage p53). Furthermore, the decision to live or die is also influenced by chromatin-localized MDM2 which directly interacts with the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 complex and inhibits DNA damage-sensing giving rise to the potential for increased genome instability and cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reza Saadatzadeh
- Department of Pediatrics (Division of Hematology/Oncology), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, 1044 West Walnut Street R4 302, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5525, USA.
| | - Adily N Elmi
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Pankita H Pandya
- Department of Pediatrics (Division of Hematology/Oncology), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | | | - Jixin Ding
- Department of Pediatrics (Division of Hematology/Oncology), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, 1044 West Walnut Street R4 302, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5525, USA.
| | - Christopher W Stamatkin
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, 1044 West Walnut Street R4 302, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5525, USA.
| | | | - Karen E Pollok
- Department of Pediatrics (Division of Hematology/Oncology), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, 1044 West Walnut Street R4 302, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5525, USA.
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Bose P, Verstovsek S. Developmental Therapeutics in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2017; 17S:S43-S52. [PMID: 28760302 PMCID: PMC5540010 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The unprecedented success of the Janus kinase (JAK) 1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib in myelofibrosis (MF) provided much-needed impetus for clinical drug development for the Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms. The survival benefit conferred by this agent, along with its marked efficacy with regard to spleen volume and symptom reduction, have made ruxolitinib the cornerstone of drug therapy in MF. However, there remain significant unmet needs in the treatment of patients with MF, and many novel classes of agents continue to be investigated in efforts to build on the progress made with ruxolitinib. These include inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACs) and DNA methyltransferases, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase isoforms, heat shock protein 90, cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6, and Hedgehog signaling, among others. In parallel, other JAK inhibitors with potential for less myelosuppression or even improvement of anemia, greater selectivity for JAK1 or JAK2, and the ability to overcome JAK inhibitor persistence are in various stages of development. First-in-class agents such as the activin receptor IIA ligand trap sotatercept (for anemia of MF), the telomerase inhibitor imetelstat, and the antifibrotic agent PRM-151 (recombinant human pentraxin-2) are also in clinical trials. In polycythemia vera, a novel interferon administered every 2 weeks is being developed for front-line therapy in high-risk individuals, and inhibitors of human double minute 2 (HDM2) have shown promise in preclinical studies, as have HDAC inhibitors such as givinostat (both in the laboratory and in the clinic). Ruxolitinib is approved for second-line therapy of polycythemia vera and is being developed for essential thrombocythemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithviraj Bose
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
| | - Srdan Verstovsek
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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40
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Elagib KE, Lu CH, Mosoyan G, Khalil S, Zasadzińska E, Foltz DR, Balogh P, Gru AA, Fuchs DA, Rimsza LM, Verhoeyen E, Sansó M, Fisher RP, Iancu-Rubin C, Goldfarb AN. Neonatal expression of RNA-binding protein IGF2BP3 regulates the human fetal-adult megakaryocyte transition. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:2365-2377. [PMID: 28481226 DOI: 10.1172/jci88936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic transitions that accompany fetal development, such as erythroid globin chain switching, play important roles in normal physiology and disease development. In the megakaryocyte lineage, human fetal progenitors do not execute the adult morphogenesis program of enlargement, polyploidization, and proplatelet formation. Although these defects decline with gestational stage, they remain sufficiently severe at birth to predispose newborns to thrombocytopenia. These defects may also contribute to inferior platelet recovery after cord blood stem cell transplantation and may underlie inefficient platelet production by megakaryocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells. In this study, comparison of neonatal versus adult human progenitors has identified a blockade in the specialized positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) activation mechanism that is known to drive adult megakaryocyte morphogenesis. This blockade resulted from neonatal-specific expression of an oncofetal RNA-binding protein, IGF2BP3, which prevented the destabilization of the nuclear RNA 7SK, a process normally associated with adult megakaryocytic P-TEFb activation. Knockdown of IGF2BP3 sufficed to confer both phenotypic and molecular features of adult-type cells on neonatal megakaryocytes. Pharmacologic inhibition of IGF2BP3 expression via bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) inhibition also elicited adult features in neonatal megakaryocytes. These results identify IGF2BP3 as a human ontogenic master switch that restricts megakaryocyte development by modulating a lineage-specific P-TEFb activation mechanism, revealing potential strategies toward enhancing platelet production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaleldin E Elagib
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Chih-Huan Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Goar Mosoyan
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shadi Khalil
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ewelina Zasadzińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Daniel R Foltz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter Balogh
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Alejandro A Gru
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Deborah A Fuchs
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Lisa M Rimsza
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Els Verhoeyen
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team EVIR, Inserm, U1111, Ecole Normale Supériere de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France.,Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Nice, France
| | - Miriam Sansó
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert P Fisher
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Camelia Iancu-Rubin
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam N Goldfarb
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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41
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de Jonge M, de Weger VA, Dickson MA, Langenberg M, Le Cesne A, Wagner AJ, Hsu K, Zheng W, Macé S, Tuffal G, Thomas K, Schellens JHM. A phase I study of SAR405838, a novel human double minute 2 (HDM2) antagonist, in patients with solid tumours. Eur J Cancer 2017; 76:144-151. [PMID: 28324749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In tumours with wild-type TP53, the tumour-suppressive function of p53 is frequently inhibited by HDM2. This phase I, dose-escalating study investigated the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of SAR405838, an HDM2 inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumours (NCT01636479). METHODS In dose escalation, patients with any locally advanced/metastatic solid tumour with TP53 mutation prevalence below 40%, or documented as TP53 wild-type, were eligible. In the MTD expansion cohort, only patients with de-differentiated liposarcoma were included. Primary end-points were MTD and efficacy in the MTD expansion cohort. Secondary end-points included safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics biomarkers. RESULTS Seventy-four patients were treated with SAR405838 (50-800 mg once daily [QD], 800-1800 mg weekly and 1800 mg twice weekly). Two patients treated with SAR405838 400 mg QD had thrombocytopaenia as a dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). The MTD for the QD schedule of SAR405838 was 300 mg QD. No DLTs were observed with the weekly schedule; one patient had a DLT of nausea with the 1800 mg twice-weekly dose. Treatment with SAR405838 was associated with increased plasma MIC-1, reflecting p53 pathway activation. In the de-differentiated liposarcoma MTD cohort, 89% of the patients had HDM2 amplification at baseline and no TP53 mutations were observed; best response was stable disease in 56% and progression-free rate at 3 months was 32%. CONCLUSION SAR405838 had an acceptable safety profile with limited activity in patients with advanced solid tumours. The MTD of SAR405838 was 300 mg QD; MTD was not reached with the weekly schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja de Jonge
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Mark A Dickson
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA.
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42
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Imetelstat, a telomerase inhibitor, differentially affects normal and malignant megakaryopoiesis. Leukemia 2017; 31:2458-2467. [PMID: 28270692 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Imetelstat (GRN163L) is a specific telomerase inhibitor that has demonstrated clinical activity in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) and in patients with solid tumors. The antitumor effects were associated with the development of thrombocytopenia, one of the common side effects observed in patients treated with imetelstat. The events underlying these adverse effects are not apparent. In this report, we investigated the potential mechanisms that account for imetelstat's beneficial effects in MPN patients and the manner by which imetelstat treatment leads to a reduction in platelet numbers. Using a well-established system of ex vivo megakaryopoiesis, we demonstrated that imetelestat treatment affects normal megakaryocyte (MK) development by exclusively delaying maturation of MK precursor cells. By contrast, additional stages along MPN MK development were affected by imetelstat resulting in reduced numbers of assayable colony-forming unit MK and impaired MK maturation. In addition, treatment with imetelstat inhibited the secretion of fibrogenic growth factors by malignant but not by normal MK. Our results indicate that the delay observed in normal MK maturation may account for imetelstat-induced thrombocytopenia, while the more global effects of imetelstat on several stages along the hierarchy of MPN megakaryopoiesis may be responsible for the favorable clinical outcomes reported in MPN patients.
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43
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Gollner A, Rudolph D, Arnhof H, Bauer M, Blake SM, Boehmelt G, Cockroft XL, Dahmann G, Ettmayer P, Gerstberger T, Karolyi-Oezguer J, Kessler D, Kofink C, Ramharter J, Rinnenthal J, Savchenko A, Schnitzer R, Weinstabl H, Weyer-Czernilofsky U, Wunberg T, McConnell DB. Discovery of Novel Spiro[3H-indole-3,2'-pyrrolidin]-2(1H)-one Compounds as Chemically Stable and Orally Active Inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 Interaction. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10147-10162. [PMID: 27775892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Scaffold modification based on Wang's pioneering MDM2-p53 inhibitors led to novel, chemically stable spiro-oxindole compounds bearing a spiro[3H-indole-3,2'-pyrrolidin]-2(1H)-one scaffold that are not prone to epimerization as observed for the initial spiro[3H-indole-3,3'-pyrrolidin]-2(1H)-one scaffold. Further structure-based optimization inspired by natural product architectures led to a complex fused ring system ideally suited to bind to the MDM2 protein and to interrupt its protein-protein interaction (PPI) with TP53. The compounds are highly selective and show in vivo efficacy in a SJSA-1 xenograft model even when given as a single dose as demonstrated for 4-[(3S,3'S,3'aS,5'R,6'aS)-6-chloro-3'-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-1'-(cyclopropylmethyl)-2-oxo-1,2,3',3'a,4',5',6',6'a-octahydro-1'H-spiro[indole-3,2'-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole]-5'-yl]benzoic acid (BI-0252).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gollner
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorothea Rudolph
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heribert Arnhof
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Bauer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophia M Blake
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Guido Boehmelt
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiao-Ling Cockroft
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Dahmann
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG , 88400 Biberach, Germany
| | - Peter Ettmayer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Gerstberger
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jale Karolyi-Oezguer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dirk Kessler
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Kofink
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Juergen Ramharter
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jörg Rinnenthal
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Savchenko
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Schnitzer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Weinstabl
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Tobias Wunberg
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Darryl B McConnell
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG , Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
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Gu L, Zhang H, Liu T, Zhou S, Du Y, Xiong J, Yi S, Qu CK, Fu H, Zhou M. Discovery of Dual Inhibitors of MDM2 and XIAP for Cancer Treatment. Cancer Cell 2016; 30:623-636. [PMID: 27666947 PMCID: PMC5079537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
MDM2 and XIAP are mutually regulated. Binding of MDM2 RING protein to the IRES region on XIAP mRNA results in MDM2 protein stabilization and enhanced XIAP translation. In this study, we developed a protein-RNA fluorescence polarization (FP) assay for high-throughput screening (HTS) of chemical libraries. Our FP-HTS identified eight inhibitors that blocked the MDM2 protein-XIAP RNA interaction, leading to MDM2 degradation. The compound-induced MDM2 downregulation resulted not only in inhibition of XIAP expression, but also in activation of p53, which contributed to cancer cell apoptosis in vitro and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in vivo. Importantly, one of the MDM2/XIAP inhibitors, MX69, showed minimal inhibitory effect on normal human hematopoiesis in vitro and was very well tolerated in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubing Gu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tao Liu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yuhong Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jing Xiong
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Sha Yi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Cheng-Kui Qu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Muxiang Zhou
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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45
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Kang MH, Reynolds CP, Kolb EA, Gorlick R, Carol H, Lock R, Keir ST, Maris JM, Wu J, Lyalin D, Kurmasheva RT, Houghton PJ, Smith MA. Initial Testing (Stage 1) of MK-8242-A Novel MDM2 Inhibitor-by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:1744-52. [PMID: 27238606 PMCID: PMC5657425 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MK-8242 is an inhibitor of MDM2 that stabilizes the tumor suppressor TP53 and induces growth arrest or apoptosis downstream of TP53 induction. PROCEDURES MK-8242 was tested against the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP) in vitro cell line panel at concentrations from 1.0 nM to 10.0 μM and against the PPTP in vivo xenograft panels using oral gavage on Days 1-5 and Day 15-19 at a dose of 125 mg/kg (solid tumors) or 75 mg/kg (acute lymphoblastic leukemia [ALL] models). RESULTS The median IC50 for MK-8242 was 0.07 μM for TP53 wild-type cell lines versus >10 μM for TP53 mutant cell lines. MK-8242 induced a twofold or greater delay in time to event in 10 of 17 (59%) of TP53 wild-type solid tumor xenografts, excluding osteosarcoma xenografts that have very low TP53 expression. Objective responses were observed in seven solid tumor xenografts representing multiple histotypes. For the systemic-disease ALL panel, among eight xenografts there were two complete responses (CRs) and six partial responses (PRs). Two additional MLL-rearranged xenografts (MV4;11 and RS4;11) grown subcutaneously showed maintained CR and PR, respectively. The expected pharmacodynamic responses to TP53 activation were observed in TP53 wild-type models treated with MK-8242. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that MK-8242 drug exposure in SCID mice appears to exceed that was observed in adult phase 1 trials. CONCLUSIONS MK-8242-induced tumor regressions across multiple solid tumor histotypes and induced CRs or PRs for most ALL xenografts. This activity was observed at MK-8242 drug exposures that appear to exceed those observed in human phase 1 trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | | | | | | | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jianwrong Wu
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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46
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Abraha AM, Ketema EB. Apoptotic pathways as a therapeutic target for colorectal cancer treatment. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2016; 8:583-591. [PMID: 27574550 PMCID: PMC4980648 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v8.i8.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of death from cancer among adults. The disease begins as a benign adenomatous polyp, which develops into an advanced adenoma with high-grade dysplasia and then progresses to an invasive cancer. Appropriate apoptotic signaling is fundamentally important to preserve a healthy balance between cell death and cell survival and in maintaining genome integrity. Evasion of apoptotic pathway has been established as a prominent hallmark of several cancers. During colorectal cancer development, the balance between the rates of cell growth and apoptosis that maintains intestinal epithelial cell homeostasis gets progressively disturbed. Evidences are increasingly available to support the hypothesis that failure of apoptosis may be an important factor in the evolution of colorectal cancer and its poor response to chemotherapy and radiation. The other reason for targeting apoptotic pathway in the treatment of cancer is based on the observation that this process is deregulated in cancer cells but not in normal cells. As a result, colorectal cancer therapies designed to stimulate apoptosis in target cells would play a critical role in controlling its development and progression. A better understanding of the apoptotic signaling pathways, and the mechanisms by which cancer cells evade apoptotic death might lead to effective therapeutic strategies to inhibit cancer cell proliferation with minimal toxicity and high responses to chemotherapy. In this review, we analyzed the current understanding and future promises of apoptotic pathways as a therapeutic target in colorectal cancer treatment.
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47
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Roy A, Lordier L, Pioche-Durieu C, Souquere S, Roy L, Rameau P, Lapierre V, Le Cam E, Plo I, Debili N, Raslova H, Vainchenker W. Uncoupling of the Hippo and Rho pathways allows megakaryocytes to escape the tetraploid checkpoint. Haematologica 2016; 101:1469-1478. [PMID: 27515249 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.149914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Megakaryocytes are naturally polyploid cells that increase their ploidy by endomitosis. However, very little is known regarding the mechanism by which they escape the tetraploid checkpoint to become polyploid. Recently, it has been shown that the tetraploid checkpoint was regulated by the Hippo-p53 pathway in response to a downregulation of Rho activity. We therefore analyzed the role of Hippo-p53 pathway in the regulation of human megakaryocyte polyploidy. Our results revealed that Hippo-p53 signaling pathway proteins are present and are functional in megakaryocytes. Although this pathway responds to the genotoxic stress agent etoposide, it is not activated in tetraploid or polyploid megakaryocytes. Furthermore, Hippo pathway was observed to be uncoupled from Rho activity. Additionally, polyploid megakaryocytes showed increased expression of YAP target genes when compared to diploid and tetraploid megakaryocytes. Although p53 knockdown increased both modal ploidy and proplatelet formation in megakaryocytes, YAP knockdown caused no significant change in ploidy while moderately affecting proplatelet formation. Interestingly, YAP knockdown reduced the mitochondrial mass in polyploid megakaryocytes and decreased expression of PGC1α, an important mitochondrial biogenesis regulator. Thus, the Hippo pathway is functional in megakaryocytes, but is not induced by tetraploidy. Additionally, YAP regulates the mitochondrial mass in polyploid megakaryocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Roy
- Institut National de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1170, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Larissa Lordier
- Institut National de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1170, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Catherine Pioche-Durieu
- Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8126, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Sylvie Souquere
- Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,CNRS UMR 8122, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Lydia Roy
- Institut National de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1170, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France.,Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | | | | | - Eric Le Cam
- Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8126, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Isabelle Plo
- Institut National de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1170, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Najet Debili
- Institut National de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1170, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Hana Raslova
- Institut National de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1170, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - William Vainchenker
- Institut National de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1170, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France .,Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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48
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Identifying novel therapeutic agents using xenograft models of pediatric cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2016; 78:221-32. [PMID: 27193096 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-016-3042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the USA, the overall cure rate for all childhood cancers is seventy percent, and in many patients that ultimately fail curative therapy, initial responses to current multimodality treatments (surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy) is good, with overall 5-year event-free survival approaching 80 %. However, current approaches to curative therapy result in significant morbidity and long-term sequelae, including cardiac dysfunction and cognitive impairment. Furthermore, dose-intensive chemotherapy with conventional agents has not significantly improved outcomes for patients that present with advanced or metastatic disease. Classical cytotoxic agents remain the backbone for curative therapy of both hematologic and solid tumors of childhood. While 'molecularly' targeted agents have shown some clinical activity, responses are often modest and of short duration; hence, there is a need to identify new classes of cytotoxic agent that are effective in patients at relapse and that have reduced or different toxicity profiles to normal tissues. Here we review the pediatric preclinical testing program experience of testing novel agents, and the value and limitations of preclinical xenograft models and genetically engineered mouse models for developing novel agents for treatment of childhood cancer.
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49
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Wang H, Cai S, Bailey BJ, Reza Saadatzadeh M, Ding J, Tonsing-Carter E, Georgiadis TM, Zachary Gunter T, Long EC, Minto RE, Gordon KR, Sen SE, Cai W, Eitel JA, Waning DL, Bringman LR, Wells CD, Murray ME, Sarkaria JN, Gelbert LM, Jones DR, Cohen-Gadol AA, Mayo LD, Shannon HE, Pollok KE. Combination therapy in a xenograft model of glioblastoma: enhancement of the antitumor activity of temozolomide by an MDM2 antagonist. J Neurosurg 2016; 126:446-459. [PMID: 27177180 DOI: 10.3171/2016.1.jns152513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Improvement in treatment outcome for patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) requires a multifaceted approach due to dysregulation of numerous signaling pathways. The murine double minute 2 (MDM2) protein may fulfill this requirement because it is involved in the regulation of growth, survival, and invasion. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of modulating MDM2 function in combination with front-line temozolomide (TMZ) therapy in GBM. METHODS The combination of TMZ with the MDM2 protein-protein interaction inhibitor nutlin3a was evaluated for effects on cell growth, p53 pathway activation, expression of DNA repair proteins, and invasive properties. In vivo efficacy was assessed in xenograft models of human GBM. RESULTS In combination, TMZ/nutlin3a was additive to synergistic in decreasing growth of wild-type p53 GBM cells. Pharmacodynamic studies demonstrated that inhibition of cell growth following exposure to TMZ/nutlin3a correlated with: 1) activation of the p53 pathway, 2) downregulation of DNA repair proteins, 3) persistence of DNA damage, and 4) decreased invasion. Pharmacokinetic studies indicated that nutlin3a was detected in human intracranial tumor xenografts. To assess therapeutic potential, efficacy studies were conducted in a xenograft model of intracranial GBM by using GBM cells derived from a recurrent wild-type p53 GBM that is highly TMZ resistant (GBM10). Three 5-day cycles of TMZ/nutlin3a resulted in a significant increase in the survival of mice with GBM10 intracranial tumors compared with single-agent therapy. CONCLUSIONS Modulation of MDM2/p53-associated signaling pathways is a novel approach for decreasing TMZ resistance in GBM. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study in a humanized intracranial patient-derived xenograft model to demonstrate the efficacy of combining front-line TMZ therapy and an inhibitor of MDM2 protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health
| | - Shanbao Cai
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health.,Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China; and
| | - Barbara J Bailey
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health
| | - M Reza Saadatzadeh
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health.,Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Department of Neurosurgery
| | - Jixin Ding
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health.,Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Department of Neurosurgery
| | - Eva Tonsing-Carter
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health.,Indiana University Simon Cancer Center.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
| | - Taxiarchis M Georgiadis
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
| | - T Zachary Gunter
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
| | - Eric C Long
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
| | - Robert E Minto
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
| | - Kevin R Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
| | - Stephanie E Sen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
| | - Wenjing Cai
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health
| | - Jacob A Eitel
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Science, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - David L Waning
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology
| | - Lauren R Bringman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Clark D Wells
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Mary E Murray
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lawrence M Gelbert
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health
| | | | - Aaron A Cohen-Gadol
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center.,Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Department of Neurosurgery
| | - Lindsey D Mayo
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health.,Indiana University Simon Cancer Center
| | - Harlan E Shannon
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health
| | - Karen E Pollok
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health.,Indiana University Simon Cancer Center.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
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50
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Estrada-Ortiz N, Neochoritis CG, Dömling A. How To Design a Successful p53-MDM2/X Interaction Inhibitor: A Thorough Overview Based on Crystal Structures. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:757-72. [PMID: 26676832 PMCID: PMC4838565 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A recent therapeutic strategy in oncology is based on blocking the protein-protein interaction between the murine double minute (MDM) homologues MDM2/X and the tumor-suppressor protein p53. Inhibiting the binding between wild-type (WT) p53 and its negative regulators MDM2 and/or MDMX has become an important target in oncology to restore the antitumor activity of p53, the so-called guardian of our genome. Interestingly, based on the multiple disclosed compound classes and structural analysis of small-molecule-MDM2 adducts, the p53-MDM2 complex is perhaps the best studied and most targeted protein-protein interaction. Several classes of small molecules have been identified as potent, selective, and efficient inhibitors of the p53-MDM2/X interaction, and many co-crystal structures with the protein are available. Herein we review the properties as well as preclinical and clinical studies of these small molecules and peptides, categorized by scaffold type. A particular emphasis is made on crystallographic structures and the observed binding modes of these compounds, including conserved water molecules present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Estrada-Ortiz
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Constantinos G Neochoritis
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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