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Schroeder M, Jakovcevski M, Polacheck T, Lebow M, Drori Y, Engel M, Ben-Dor S, Chen A. A Methyl-Balanced Diet Prevents CRF-Induced Prenatal Stress-Triggered Predisposition to Binge Eating-like Phenotype. Cell Metab 2017; 25:1269-1281.e6. [PMID: 28576418 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Binge eating (BE) is a common aberrant form of eating behavior, characterized by overconsumption of food in a brief period of time. Recurrent episodes of BE constitute the BE disorder, which mostly affects females and is associated with early-life adversities. Here, we show that corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-induced prenatal stress (PNS) in late gestation predisposes female offspring to BE-like behavior that coincides with hypomethylation of hypothalamic miR-1a and downstream dysregulation of the melanocortin system through Pax7/Pax3. Moreover, exposing the offspring to a methyl-balanced diet during adolescence prevents the dysregulation and predisposition from being triggered. We demonstrate that gestational programming, per se, will not lead to BE-like behavior, but pre-existing alterations due to prenatal programming are revealed only when challenged during adolescence. We provide experimental evidence for long-term epigenetic abnormalities stemming from PNS in predisposing female offspring to BE disorder as well as a potential non-invasive prevention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Schroeder
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Mira Jakovcevski
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Tamar Polacheck
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Maya Lebow
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Yonat Drori
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Mareen Engel
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Shifra Ben-Dor
- Bioinformatics and Biological Computing Unit, Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany.
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Morales-Lara D, De-la-Peña C, Murillo-Rodríguez E. Dad's Snoring May Have Left Molecular Scars in Your DNA: the Emerging Role of Epigenetics in Sleep Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2713-2724. [PMID: 28155201 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0409-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The sleep-wake cycle is a biological phenomena under the orchestration of neurophysiological, neurochemical, neuroanatomical, and genetical mechanisms. Moreover, homeostatic and circadian processes participate in the regulation of sleep across the light-dark period. Further complexity of the understanding of the genesis of sleep engages disturbances which have been characterized and classified in a variety of sleep-wake cycle disorders. The most prominent sleep alterations include insomnia as well as excessive daytime sleepiness. On the other side, several human diseases have been linked with direct changes in DNA, such as chromatin configuration, genomic imprinting, DNA methylation, histone modifications (acetylation, methylation, ubiquitylation or sumoylation, etc.), and activating RNA molecules that are transcribed from DNA but not translated into proteins. Epigenetic theories primarily emphasize the interaction between the environment and gene expression. According to these approaches, the environment to which mammals are exposed has a significant role in determining the epigenetic modifications occurring in chromosomes that ultimately would influence not only development but also the descendants' physiology and behavior. Thus, what makes epigenetics intriguing is that, unlike genetic variation, modifications in DNA are altered directly by the environment and, in some cases, these epigenetic changes may be inherited by future generations. Thus, it is likely that epigenetic phenomena might contribute to the homeostatic and/or circadian control of sleep and, possibly, have an undescribed link with sleep disorders. An exciting new horizon of research is arising between sleep and epigenetics since it represents the relevance of the study of how the genome learns from its experiences and modulates behavior, including sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Morales-Lara
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Carretera Mérida-Progreso Km. 15.5, A.P. 96 Cordemex, C.P. 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.,Grupo de Investigación en Envejecimiento, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Clelia De-la-Peña
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Eric Murillo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Carretera Mérida-Progreso Km. 15.5, A.P. 96 Cordemex, C.P. 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico. .,Grupo de Investigación en Envejecimiento, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico. .,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico. .,Grupo de Investigación Desarrollos Tecnológicos para la Salud, División de Ingeniería y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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Determinants of orofacial clefting I: Effects of 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine on cellular processes and gene expression during development of the first branchial arch. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 67:85-99. [PMID: 27915011 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we identify gene targets and cellular events mediating the teratogenic action(s) of 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (AzaD), an inhibitor of DNA methylation, on secondary palate development. Exposure of pregnant mice (on gestation day (GD) 9.5) to AzaD for 12h resulted in the complete penetrance of cleft palate (CP) in fetuses. Analysis of cells of the embryonic first branchial arch (1-BA), in fetuses exposed to AzaD, revealed: 1) significant alteration in expression of genes encoding several morphogenetic factors, cell cycle inhibitors and regulators of apoptosis; 2) a decrease in cell proliferation; and, 3) an increase in apoptosis. Pyrosequencing of selected genes, displaying pronounced differential expression in AzaD-exposed 1-BAs, failed to reveal significant alterations in CpG methylation levels in their putative promoters or gene bodies. CpG methylation analysis suggested that the effects of AzaD on gene expression were likely indirect.
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4
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Ohira T, Ando R, Saito T, Yahata M, Oshima Y, Tamura K. Busulfan-induced pathological changes of the cerebellar development in infant rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 65:789-97. [PMID: 23276622 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Busulfan, an antineoplastic bifunctional-alkylating agent, is known to induce developmental anomalies and fetal neurotoxicity. We previously reported that busulfan induced p53-dependent neural progenitor cell apoptosis in fetal rat brain (Ohira et al., 2012). The present study was carried out to clarify the characteristics and sequence of busulfan-induced pathological changes in infant rat brain. Six-day-old male infant rats were treated with 10, 20, 30 or 50 mg/kg of busulfan, and their brains were examined at 1, 2, 4, 7, and 14 days after treatment (DAT). As a result, histopathological changes were selectively detected in the external granular layer (EGL), deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) and cerebellar white matter (CWM) in the cerebellum with dose-dependent severity but not in the cerebrum. In the normal infant rat cerebellum, granular cells in the EGL were proliferating and moving to the internal granular layer during the normal developmental process. In the EGL of the busulfan group, apoptotic granular cells increased at 2 DAT simultaneously with increased numbers of p53- and p21-positive cells while mitotic granular cells decreased, suggesting an occurrence of p53-related apoptosis and depression of proliferative activity in granular cells. In the DCN, apoptotic glial cells increased at 2 DAT and glial cells showing abnormal mitosis increased at 4 DAT. In the CWN, edematous change accompanying a few apoptotic cells was found in the CWN, especially in the parafolliculus (PFL), from 2 to 7 DAT. The present study demonstrated for the first time the characteristics and sequence of busulfan-induced pathological changes in infant rat cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toko Ohira
- Gotemba Laboratories, Biology and Zoology Research Center Inc., 1284, Kamado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan.
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Sequence of busulfan-induced neural progenitor cell damage in the fetal rat brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 65:523-30. [PMID: 22494849 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The sequence of neural progenitor cell (NPC) damage induced in fetal rat brain by transplacental exposure to busulfan, an antineoplastic bifunctional-alkylating agent, on gestational day 13 was examined by immunohistochemical and real-time RT-PCR analyses. Following busulfan treatment, pyknotic NPCs first appeared in the medial layer and then extended to the dorsal layer of the ventricular zone (VZ) of the telencephalon. Pyknotic NPCs that were immunohistochemically positive for cleaved caspase-3, i.e. apoptotic NPCs, began to increase at 24 h after treatment, peaked at 48 h, and returned to the control levels at 96 h. On the other hand, the index (%) of phospho-histone H3-positive NPCs, i.e. mitotic NPCs, and that of BrdU-positive NPCs, i.e. S-phase cells, decreased in accordance with the increase in the index of apoptotic NPCs. Prior to the peak time of apoptotic NPCs, the indices of p53- and p21-positive NPCs peaked at 36 h. In addition, the expression levels of p21 and Puma (p53-target genes) mRNAs were elevated in real-time RT-PCR analysis. These findings indicated that busulfan not only induced apoptosis through the p53-mediated intrinsic pathway but also inhibited cell proliferation in NPCs, resulting in a reduction of the width of the telencephalon. On the other hand, in spite of up-regulation of p21 expression, the expression of cyclin D1, part of the cell cycle machinery of the G1/S transition, and the expression levels of Cdc20 and cyclin B1 which are involved in G2/M transition, showed no changes, giving no possible information of busulfan-induced cell cycle arrest in NPCs.
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Doi K. Mechanisms of neurotoxicity induced in the developing brain of mice and rats by DNA-damaging chemicals. J Toxicol Sci 2012; 36:695-712. [PMID: 22129734 DOI: 10.2131/jts.36.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
It is not widely known how the developing brain responds to extrinsic damage, although the developing brain is considered to be sensitive to diverse environmental factors including DNA-damaging agents. This paper reviews the mechanisms of neurotoxicity induced in the developing brain of mice and rats by six chemicals (ethylnitrosourea, hydroxyurea, 5-azacytidine, cytosine arabinoside, 6-mercaptopurine and etoposide), which cause DNA damage in different ways, especially from the viewpoints of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in neural progenitor cells. In addition, this paper also reviews the repair process following damage in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Doi
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Ome, Tokyo, Japan.
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Muto J, Imai T, Ogawa D, Nishimoto Y, Okada Y, Mabuchi Y, Kawase T, Iwanami A, Mischel PS, Saya H, Yoshida K, Matsuzaki Y, Okano H. RNA-binding protein Musashi1 modulates glioma cell growth through the post-transcriptional regulation of Notch and PI3 kinase/Akt signaling pathways. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33431. [PMID: 22428049 PMCID: PMC3299785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Musashi1 (MSI1) is an RNA-binding protein that plays critical roles in nervous-system development and stem-cell self-renewal. Here, we examined its role in the progression of glioma. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-based MSI1-knock down (KD) in glioblastoma and medulloblastoma cells resulted in a significantly lower number of self renewing colony on day 30 (a 65% reduction), compared with non-silencing shRNA-treated control cells, indicative of an inhibitory effect of MSI1-KD on tumor cell growth and survival. Immunocytochemical staining of the MSI1-KD glioblastoma cells indicated that they ectopically expressed metaphase markers. In addition, a 2.2-fold increase in the number of MSI1-KD cells in the G2/M phase was observed. Thus, MSI1-KD caused the prolongation of mitosis and reduced the cell survival, although the expression of activated Caspase-3 was unaltered. We further showed that MSI1-KD glioblastoma cells xenografted into the brains of NOD/SCID mice formed tumors that were 96.6% smaller, as measured by a bioluminescence imaging system (BLI), than non-KD cells, and the host survival was longer (49.3±6.1 days vs. 33.6±3.6 days; P<0.01). These findings and other cell biological analyses suggested that the reduction of MSI1 in glioma cells prolonged the cell cycle by inducing the accumulation of Cyclin B1. Furthermore, MSI1-KD reduced the activities of the Notch and PI3 kinase-Akt signaling pathways, through the up-regulation of Numb and PTEN, respectively. Exposure of glioma cells to chemical inhibitors of these pathways reduced the number of spheres and living cells, as did MSI1-KD. These results suggest that MSI1 increases the growth and/or survival of certain types of glioma cells by promoting the activation of both Notch and PI3 kinase/Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Muto
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Imai
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ogawa
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Nishimoto
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yo Mabuchi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawase
- Division of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Iwanami
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Paul S. Mischel
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshida
- Division of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumi Matsuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Doi K, Uetsuka K. Mechanisms of mycotoxin-induced neurotoxicity through oxidative stress-associated pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:5213-37. [PMID: 21954354 PMCID: PMC3179161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12085213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Among many mycotoxins, T-2 toxin, macrocyclic trichothecenes, fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) and ochratochin A (OTA) are known to have the potential to induce neurotoxicity in rodent models. T-2 toxin induces neuronal cell apoptosis in the fetal and adult brain. Macrocyclic trichothecenes bring about neuronal cell apoptosis and inflammation in the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb. FB(1) induces neuronal degeneration in the cerebral cortex, concurrent with disruption of de novo ceramide synthesis. OTA causes acute depletion of striatal dopamine and its metabolites, accompanying evidence of neuronal cell apoptosis in the substantia nigra, striatum and hippocampus. This paper reviews the mechanisms of neurotoxicity induced by these mycotoxins especially from the viewpoint of oxidative stress-associated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Doi
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1, Shin-Machi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-428-33-1086; Fax: +81-428-31-6166
| | - Koji Uetsuka
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1, Shin-Machi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
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Zhuang J, Ye Y, Liu X, Li F, Pan X, Chen Z, Luo H, Ge Y, Ge J, Kaminski J, Yu K. DNA demethylation in retinal neurocytes contributes to the upregulation of DNA repair protein, Ku80. Neuroreport 2010; 21:282-6. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e328336ee7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zhang Y, Parsanejad M, Huang E, Qu D, Aleyasin H, Rousseaux MWC, Gonzalez YR, Cregan SP, Slack RS, Park DS. Pim-1 kinase as activator of the cell cycle pathway in neuronal death induced by DNA damage. J Neurochem 2009; 112:497-510. [PMID: 19895669 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage is a critical component of neuronal death underlying neurodegenerative diseases and injury. Neuronal death evoked by DNA damage is characterized by inappropriate activation of multiple cell cycle components. However, the mechanism regulating this activation is not fully understood. We demonstrated previously that the cell division cycle (Cdc) 25A phosphatase mediates the activation of cyclin-dependent kinases and neuronal death evoked by the DNA damaging agent camptothecin. We also showed that Cdc25A activation is blocked by constitutive checkpoint kinase 1 activity under basal conditions in neurons. Presently, we report that an additional factor is central to regulation of Cdc25A phosphatase in neuronal death. In a gene array screen, we first identified Pim-1 as a potential factor up-regulated following DNA damage. We confirmed the up-regulation of Pim-1 transcript, protein and kinase activity following DNA damage. This induction of Pim-1 is regulated by the nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-kappaB) pathway as Pim-1 expression and activity are significantly blocked by siRNA-mediated knockdown of NF-kappaB or NF-kappaB pharmacological inhibitors. Importantly, Pim-1 activity is critical for neuronal death in this paradigm and its deficiency blocks camptothecin-mediated neuronal death. It does so by activating Cdc25A with consequent activation of cyclin D1-associated kinases. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Pim-1 kinase plays a central role in DNA damage-evoked neuronal death by regulating aberrant neuronal cell cycle activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Ohira T, Ando R, Andoh R, Nakazawa T, Nishihara K, Yamamoto S, Nakamura N, Tamura K. Distribution and sequence of pyknotic cells in rat fetuses exposed to busulfan. J Toxicol Pathol 2009; 22:167-71. [PMID: 22271990 PMCID: PMC3252038 DOI: 10.1293/tox.22.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Busulfan, an antineoplastic bifunctional-alkylating agent, is known to induce developmental anomalies. In the present study, we examined the distribution and sequence of pyknotic cells in rat fetal tissues exposed to busulfan. Pregnant rats on gestation day 13 were administered intraperitoneally 30 mg/kg of busulfan, and fetal tissues were examined at 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 hours after treatment (HAT). Pyknosis of component cells was observed markedly in the brain, moderately in the eyes and spinal cord and mildly in the craniofacial tissue, mandible, limb buds, tail bud, ganglions, alimentary tract, lungs, kidneys, pancreas and liver. In the brain, mitotic inhibition was also detected. Most of the pyknotic cells were considered to be apoptotic cells judging from the results of TUNEL staining and electron microscopic examination. Commonly in the above-mentioned tissues, pyknotic cells began to increase at 24 HAT, peaked at 36 or 48 HAT and disappeared at 96 HAT, which is when the histological picture returned to normal in most tissues except for the brain, spinal cord and eyes. The present study clarified the outline of busulfan-induced apoptosis in rat fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toko Ohira
- Hamamatsu Branch of Pathology Division, BOZO Research Center Inc., 164–2 Wada-cho, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 435-0016, Japan
| | - Ryo Ando
- Pathology Division, Gotemba Laboratories, BOZO Research Center Inc., 1284 Kamado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
| | - Rie Andoh
- Pathology Division, Gotemba Laboratories, BOZO Research Center Inc., 1284 Kamado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nakazawa
- Pathology Division, Gotemba Laboratories, BOZO Research Center Inc., 1284 Kamado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
| | - Kaori Nishihara
- Pathology Division, Gotemba Laboratories, BOZO Research Center Inc., 1284 Kamado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamamoto
- Toxicology Division, Gotemba Laboratories, BOZO Research Center Inc., 1284 Kamado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
| | - Norihiko Nakamura
- Toxicology Division, Gotemba Laboratories, BOZO Research Center Inc., 1284 Kamado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Tamura
- Pathology Division, Gotemba Laboratories, BOZO Research Center Inc., 1284 Kamado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
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T-2 toxin-induced toxicity in pregnant mice and rats. Int J Mol Sci 2008; 9:2146-2158. [PMID: 19330064 PMCID: PMC2635623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9112146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
T-2 toxin is a cytotoxic secondary fungal metabolite that belongs to the trichothecene mycotoxin family. This mycotoxin is a well known inhibitor of protein synthesis through its high binding affinity to peptidyl transferase, which is an integral part of the ribosomal 60s subunit, and it also inhibits the synthesis of DNA and RNA, probably secondary to the inhibition of protein synthesis. In addition, T-2 toxin is said to induce apoptosis in many types of cells bearing high proliferating activity. T-2 toxin readily passes the placenta and is distributed to embryo/fetal tissues, which include many component cells bearing high proliferating activity. This paper reviews the reported data related to T-2 toxin-induced maternal and fetal toxicities in pregnant mice and rats. The mechanisms of T-2 toxin-induced apoptosis in maternal and fetal tissues are also discussed in this paper.
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Sureban SM, May R, George RJ, Dieckgraefe BK, McLeod HL, Ramalingam S, Bishnupuri KS, Natarajan G, Anant S, Houchen CW. Knockdown of RNA binding protein musashi-1 leads to tumor regression in vivo. Gastroenterology 2008; 134:1448-58. [PMID: 18471519 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In the gut, tumorigenesis is thought to arise from the stem cell population located near the base of intestinal and colonic crypts. The RNA binding protein musashi-1 (Msi-1) is a putative intestinal and progenitor/stem cell marker. Msi-1 expression is increased during rat brain development and in APC(min/+) mice tumors. This study examined a potential role of Msi-1 in tumorigenesis. METHODS Msi-1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) was administered as a liposomal preparation to HCT116 colon adenocarcinoma xenografts in athymic nude mice and tumor volume was measured. Cell proliferation was assessed by hexosaminidase and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide MTT assays. siRNA-transfected cells were subjected to 12 Gy gamma-irradiation. Apoptosis was assessed by immunoreactive activated caspase-3 and mitosis was assessed by phosphorylated histone H3 staining. The tumor xenografts were stained similarly for phosphorylated histone H3, activated caspase-3, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling, Notch-1, and p21(WAF1). Furthermore, siRNA-transfected cells were subjected to cell-cycle analysis and Western blot analyses for Notch-1 and p21(WAF1). RESULTS Knockdown of Msi-1 resulted in tumor growth arrest in xenografts, reduced cancer cell proliferation, and increased apoptosis alone and in combination with radiation injury. siRNA-mediated reduction of Msi-1 lead to mitotic catastrophe in tumor cells. Moreover, there was inhibition of Notch-1 and up-regulation of p21(WAF1) after knockdown of Msi-1. CONCLUSIONS Our results show the involvement of Msi-1 in cancer cell proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, and mitotic catastrophe, suggesting an important potential mechanism for its role in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sripathi M Sureban
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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Sasaki A, Satoh N. Effects of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine on the gene expression profile during embryogenesis of the Ascidian ciona intestinalis: a microarray analysis. Zoolog Sci 2008; 24:648-55. [PMID: 17824772 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.24.648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is an important epigenetic factor that participates in silencing genes. Genomic approaches to studying DNA methylation promise to be particularly fruitful, since DNA methylation is involved in global control of gene expression in many organisms. With its draft genome completed and a large quantity of available cDNA data, Ciona intestinalis is newly emerging as an invaluable model organism for investigating genome-wide gene expression and function. Here we examine the effects of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-CdR), a chemical that blocks CpG methylation, on the gene expression profile of early C. intestinalis embryos, using oligonucleotide-based microarray analysis. Embryos treated with 5-aza-CdR show delayed gastrulation and are developmentally arrested at the neurula stage. They subsequently lose cellular adhesion and finally die. Apoptosis was not detected in these embryos by TUNEL staining at 12 h, indicating that the defects observed did not result from 5-aza-CdR-induced apoptosis. Gene expression profiles of 12-h-old 5-aza-CdR-treated embryos compared to wild-type revealed 91 upregulated genes and 168 downregulated genes. Although nearly half of these encoded proteins with unknown functions, several encoded cell-signaling molecules and transcription factors. In addition, genes associated with the stress response and cell defense were upregulated, whereas genes involved in cell adhesion were downregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Sasaki
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Neither DNA hypomethylation nor changes in the kinetics of erythroid differentiation explain 5-azacytidine's ability to induce human fetal hemoglobin. Blood 2007; 111:411-20. [PMID: 17916742 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-06-093948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
5-azacytidine (5-Aza) is a potent inducer of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) in people with beta-thalassemia and sickle cell disease. Two models have been proposed to explain this activity. The first is based on the drug's ability to inhibit global DNA methylation, including the fetal globin genes, resulting in their activation. The second is based on 5-Aza's cytotoxicity and observations that HbF production is enhanced during marrow recovery. We tested these models using human primary cells in an in vitro erythroid differentiation system. We found that doses of 5-Aza that produce near maximal induction of gamma-globin mRNA and HbF do not alter cell growth, differentiation kinetics, or cell cycle, but do cause a localized demethylation of the gamma promoter. However, when we reduced gamma promoter methylation to levels equivalent to those seen with 5-Aza or to the lower levels seen in primary fetal erythroid cells using DNMT1 siRNA and shRNA, we observed no induction of gamma-globin mRNA or HbF. These results suggest that 5-Aza induction of HbF is not the result of global DNA demethylation or of changes in differentiation kinetics, but involves an alternative, previously unrecognized mechanism. Other results suggest that posttranscriptional regulation plays an important role in the 5-Aza response.
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Ueno M, Katayama KI, Yamauchi H, Yasoshima A, Nakayama H, Doi K. Repair process of fetal brain after 5-azacytidine-induced damage. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 24:2758-68. [PMID: 17156202 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The fetal brain is susceptible to many extrinsic stresses. Some of these stresses induce excessive cell death in the prenatal stage, leading to anomalies in the neonatal brain. However, it is unclear how the developing brain responds to and repairs the prenatal tissue damage. We treated pregnant rats on day 13 of gestation with 5-azacytidine, one of the compounds that induces excessive cell death and inhibits proliferation in neural progenitor cells, to damage the fetal brain, and investigated the repair process up to 60 h after treatment. Histological analysis showed that 5-azacytidine induced strong apoptosis of neural cells. By 60 h, apoptotic cells disappeared and the tissue was repaired, although the telencephalic wall remained thinner than in controls. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the cell cycle distribution also returned to control levels at 60 h, suggesting that the repair process was completed around 60 h. During the repair period, amoeboid microglia infiltrated the brain and ingested the apoptotic cells. These microglial cells were positive for the multiple microglial markers, and mRNAs for the microglia-related cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1beta and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) were up-regulated. DNA microarray analysis showed the up-regulation of genes relevant to glial cells, inflammation, the extracellular matrix, glycolysis, proliferation and neural development. We show here that the developing brain has the capacity to respond to the damage induced by extrinsic chemical stresses, including changing the expression of numerous genes and the induction of microglia to aid the repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ueno
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Ueno M, Katayama KI, Yamauchi H, Nakayama H, Doi K. Cell cycle progression is required for nuclear migration of neural progenitor cells. Brain Res 2006; 1088:57-67. [PMID: 16650835 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Revised: 03/01/2006] [Accepted: 03/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the developing brain, neural progenitor cells in the ventricular zone (VZ) show a typical migration pattern-interkinetic nuclear migration, in which nuclear position within the VZ is correlated with the cell cycle. However, the mechanisms underlying this regulation remain unclear. To clarify whether the cell cycle progression controls nuclear migration of neural progenitor cells, we determined whether chemically induced cell cycle arrest affected nuclear migration patterns in the VZ. Administration of 5-azacytidine (5AzC) or cyclophosphamide (CP) to pregnant mice induced cell cycle arrest in the fetal neural progenitor cells of the telencephalon: 5AzC induced G2/M-phase arrest, and CP induced S-phase arrest. We used 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling to determine the position of the cell in the cell cycle and the nuclei within the VZ at the same time. Cells arrested in G2/M-phase stopped migrating in the inner area of the VZ. Cells arrested in S-phase stopped migrating in the outer area. These results indicate that nuclear position within the VZ was correlated with cell cycle phase, even when the cell cycle was disrupted, and that the nuclei of neural progenitor cells can migrate only when their cell cycle is going. Our results suggest that cell cycle regulators might control the machinery of migration through a common regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ueno
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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