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Khandoker AH, Wahbah M, Yoshida C, Kasahara Y, Funamoto K, Niizeki K, Kimura Y. Investigating the effect of cholinergic and adrenergic blocking agents on maternal-fetal heart rates and their interactions in mice fetuses. Biol Open 2022; 11:274473. [PMID: 35188546 PMCID: PMC9019529 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the role of autonomic control of maternal and fetal heart rate variability (MHRV and FHRV) and their heartbeats phase coupling prevalence (CPheartbeat) in mice. The subjects are divided into three groups: control with saline, cholinergic blockade with atropine, and β-adrenergic blockade with propranolol. Electrocardiogram signals of 27 anesthetized pregnant mice and 48 fetuses were measured for 20 min (drugs were administered after 10 min). For the coupling analysis, different maternal heartbeats were considered for one fetal beat. Results show that saline infusion did not produce any significant changes in MHRV and FHRV, as well as CPheartbeat. Atropine increased maternal HR (MHR) and decreased MHRV significantly without any considerable effect on fetal HR (FHR) and FHRV. Propranolol infusion did not produce any significant changes in MHR and MHRV, but significantly decreased FHR and increased FHRV. Moreover, atropine had led to a decrease in CPheartbeat when considering two and three maternal beats, and an increase for four beats; while propranolol resulted in a decrease for two heartbeats, but an increase for four and five beats. The proposed approach is useful for assessing the impact of maternal autonomic modulation activity on fetal distress and obstetric complications prevalent in pregnant mothers. Summary: Autonomic development of fetal mice is analyzed through electrocardiography. Saline infusion does not alter maternal and fetal heart rate variation and coupling significantly. Atropine increases maternal heart rate, while propranolol lowers fetal heart rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan H Khandoker
- Health Engineering Innovation Center (HEIC), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maisam Wahbah
- Health Engineering Innovation Center (HEIC), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Chihiro Yoshida
- Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Kiyoe Funamoto
- Health Engineering Innovation Center (HEIC), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kyuichi Niizeki
- Graduate School of Bio-System Engineering, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
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Freire Machi J, Schmidt R, Salgueiro LM, Fernandes Stoyell-Conti F, de Andrade Barboza C, Hernandez DR, Morris M. Exercise benefits the cardiac, autonomic and inflammatory responses to organophosphate toxicity. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:666-673. [PMID: 31673494 PMCID: PMC6816132 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DFP promotes cardiac and autonomic dysfunction. DFP led to mild neuroinflammation. Exercise training prevents/attenuates some of the impairments provoked by DFP.
The organophosphate, diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP), may impair cardiovascular, autonomic and immune function while exercise training is thougt to be restorative. Experiments determined effects of wheel exercise in C57B1 male mice, testing cardiovascular and autonomic function and characterization of the immunological profile. Sedentary (S) and exercise (ET) groups were treated with corticosterone (CORT) followed by injection of DFP. This model was associated with systolic and diastolic dysfunction in the S group, measured using echocardiography (ECHO). Chronic exercise ameliorated the cardiac deficit. Autonomic balance, accessed by heart rate variability (HRV), showed increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic modulation in S group. Autonomic balance in ET mice was not affected by DFP. Our DFP model resulted in mild neuroinflammation seen by increased IL5, IL12 and MIP2 in brain and plasma IL6 and IL1a. DFP had a negative impact on cardiac/autonomic function and inflammatory markers, effects reduced by exercise. Data suggest a beneficial effect of exercise training on the cardiovascular and autonomic responses to DFP/CORT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Freire Machi
- Institute of Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic MediciNE, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.,Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rodrigo Schmidt
- Institute of Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic MediciNE, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.,Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA.,Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis M Salgueiro
- Institute of Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic MediciNE, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.,Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Filipe Fernandes Stoyell-Conti
- Institute of Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic MediciNE, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.,Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA.,College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Catarina de Andrade Barboza
- Institute of Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic MediciNE, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.,Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA.,Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.,University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Diana Rosa Hernandez
- Institute of Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic MediciNE, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.,Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mariana Morris
- Institute of Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic MediciNE, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.,Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
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Sarin causes autonomic imbalance and cardiomyopathy: an important issue for military and civilian health. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2012; 60:76-87. [PMID: 22549449 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3182580b75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sarin, a lethal chemical nerve agent, may be a causative factor in multifactorial syndrome implicated in the Gulf War and Tokyo terrorist attacks. Although a high dose results in seizure and death, low-dose exposure may lead to autonomic imbalance and chronic cardiac pathologies. In this study, echocardiography and electrocardiography were used to examine the late-onset effects of a low-dose sarin on cardiac structure and function in mice. Adrenal corticosterone and tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA levels were measured. Stress responsiveness of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis was also tested. Findings demonstrate changes consistent with a dilated cardiomyopathy, including left ventricular dilatation, reduced contractility, and altered electrophysiological and inotropic responses to β-adrenergic stimulation. Results also indicate reduced adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA, corticosterone and altered stress responsiveness of HPA indicating autonomic imbalance. The role of low-dose sarin/organophosphate exposure needs to be considered in the military and civilian populations that suffer from autonomic imbalance and/or cardiomyopathies of indeterminate origin.
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Tuite JJ, Haley RW. Meteorological and intelligence evidence of long-distance transit of chemical weapons fallout from bombing early in the 1991 Persian Gulf War. Neuroepidemiology 2012; 40:160-77. [PMID: 23257977 DOI: 10.1159/000345123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coalition bombings on the night of 18-19 January 1991, early in the Gulf War, targeted the Iraqi chemical weapons infrastructure. On 19 January 1991, nerve agent alarms sounded within Coalition positions hundreds of kilometers to the south, and the trace presence of sarin vapor was identified by multiple technologies. Considering only surface dispersion of plumes from explosions, officials concluded that the absence of casualties around bombed sites precluded long-distance transit of debris to US troop positions to explain the alarms and detections. Consequently, they were discounted as false positives, and low-level nerve agent exposure early in the air war was disregarded in epidemiologic investigations of chronic illnesses. INTELLIGENCE DATA Newly assembled evidence indicates that plumes from those nighttime bombings of Iraqi chemical facilities would have traversed the stable nocturnal boundary layer and penetrated the residual layer where they would be susceptible to rapid transit by supergeostrophic winds. This explanation is supported by plume height predictions, available weather charts, weather satellite images showing transit of a hot air mass, effects of solar mixing of atmospheric layers, and observations of a stationary weather front and thermal inversion in the region. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence supports long-distance transit. Epidemiologic studies of chronic postwar illness should be reassessed using veterans' reports of hearing nerve agent alarms as the measure of exposure.
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Liu P, Aslan S, Li X, Buhner DM, Spence JS, Briggs RW, Haley RW, Lu H. Perfusion deficit to cholinergic challenge in veterans with Gulf War Illness. Neurotoxicology 2010; 32:242-6. [PMID: 21147163 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A highly plausible etiology for Gulf War Illness (GWI) is that the neural damage and cognitive deficits are associated with excessive exposure to cholinesterase-inhibiting cholinergic stimulants. Our previous SPECT study provided strong indication that cerebral blood flow (CBF) in veterans with GWI may be different from those of unaffected control veterans. The present study confirmed and extended previous findings that patients with GWI have abnormal response to an inhibitory cholinergic challenge, physostigmine infusion, when compared to age-gender-education matched control veterans. The MRI-based arterial spin labeling (ASL) and phase-contrast techniques have several key advantages over SPECT, including shorter experiment duration, complete non-invasiveness, and higher spatial and temporal resolutions, and therefore may provide a cost-effective biomarker for characterization of GWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiying Liu
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Haley RW, Spence JS, Carmack PS, Gunst RF, Schucany WR, Petty F, Devous MD, Bonte FJ, Trivedi MH. Abnormal brain response to cholinergic challenge in chronic encephalopathy from the 1991 Gulf War. Psychiatry Res 2009; 171:207-20. [PMID: 19230625 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Revised: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Several case definitions of chronic illness in veterans of the 1991 Persian Gulf War have been linked epidemiologically with environmental exposure to cholinesterase-inhibiting chemicals, which cause chronic changes in cholinergic receptors in animal models. Twenty-one chronically ill Gulf War veterans (5 with symptom complex 1, 11 with complex 2, and 5 with complex 3) and 17 age-, sex- and education-matched controls, underwent an 99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT brain scan following infusion of saline and >48 h later a second scan following infusion of physostigmine in saline. From each SPECT image mean normalized regional cerebral blood flow (nrCBF) from 39 small blocks of correlated voxels were extracted with geostatistical spatial modeling from eight deep gray matter structures in each hemisphere. Baseline nrCBF in symptom complex 2 was lower than controls throughout deep structures. The change in nrCBF after physostigmine (challenge minus baseline) was negative in complexes 1 and 3 and controls but positive in complex 2 in some structures. Since effects were opposite in different groups, no finding typified the entire patient sample. A hold-out discriminant model of nrCBF from 17 deep brain blocks predicted membership in the clinical groups with sensitivity of 0.95 and specificity of 0.82. Gulf War-associated chronic encephalopathy in a subset of veterans may be due to neuronal dysfunction, including abnormal cholinergic response, in deep brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Haley
- Epidemiology Division, Departments of Internal Medicine and Clinical Science, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Mach M, Grubbs RD, Price WA, Nagaoka M, Dubovický M, Lucot JB. Delayed behavioral and endocrine effects of sarin and stress exposure in mice. J Appl Toxicol 2008; 28:132-9. [PMID: 17503400 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The organophosphorus agent sarin is a potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. Experiments tested the influence of exposure to low doses of sarin along with psychological stress on delayed behavioral and endocrine changes in mice. Motor activity, acoustic startle response (ASR), pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) of ASR, activity of cholinesterase in blood and catecholamine levels in adrenals were evaluated after low dose sarin exposure (3 x 0.4 LD50 subcutaneously) combined with chronic intermittent stress in C57BL/6J mice. While sarin alone produced depression of motor activity, no interaction of the stress with sarin exposure was observed. Cholinesterase activity was significantly reduced 24 h after exposure to sarin; however, the basal activity was re-established 3 weeks later. The combination of low dose sarin exposure and stress produced delayed behavioral change manifested as excessive grooming together with endocrine alterations in adrenals 7 weeks after exposure. The size of the adrenals in the combined exposure group was increased and the concentration of catecholamines was significantly decreased. In conclusion, these findings indicate that sarin in low doses is more dangerous when combined with shaker stress inducing delayed behavioral and endocrine changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojmir Mach
- Wright State University, Boohnshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.
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