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Wang P, Yang X, Yang F, Cardiff K, Houchins M, Carballo N, Shear DA, Scultetus AH, Bailey ZS. Intravenous Administration of Anti-CD47 Antibody Augments Hematoma Clearance, Mitigates Acute Neuropathology, and Improves Cognitive Function in a Rat Model of Penetrating Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2024. [PMID: 38874230 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2024.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced intracerebral hematoma is a major driver of secondary injury pathology such as neuroinflammation, cerebral edema, neurotoxicity, and blood-brain barrier dysfunction, which contribute to neuronal loss, motor deficits, and cognitive impairment. Cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47) is an antiphagocytic cell surface protein inhibiting hematoma clearance. This study was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of blockade of CD47 via intravenous (i.v.) administration of anti-CD47 antibodies following penetrating ballistic-like brain injury (PBBI) with significant traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (tICH). The pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of the anti-CD47 antibody elicited that antibody concentration decayed over 7 days post-administration. Blood tests and necropsy analysis indicated no severe adverse events following treatment. Cerebral hemoglobin levels were significantly increased after injury, however, anti-CD47 antibody administration at 0.1 mg/kg resulted in a significant reduction in cerebral hemoglobin levels at 72 h post-administration, indicating augmentation of hematoma clearance. Immunohistochemistry assessment of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1) demonstrated a significant reduction of GFAP levels in the lesion core and peri-lesional area. Based on these analyses, the optimal dose was identified as 0.1 mg/kg. Lesion volume showed a reduction following treatment. Rotarod testing revealed significant motor deficits in all injured groups but no significant therapeutic benefits. Spatial learning performance revealed significant deficits in all injured groups, which were significantly improved by the last testing day. Anti-CD47 antibody treated rats showed significantly improved attention deficits, but not retention scores. These results provide preliminary evidence that blockade of CD47 using i.v. administration of anti-CD47 antibodies may serve as a potential therapeutic for TBI with ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaofang Yang
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Fangzhou Yang
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine Cardiff
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Melonie Houchins
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Noemy Carballo
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Deborah A Shear
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Anke H Scultetus
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Zachary S Bailey
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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2
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Xu L, Wang X, Zhang T, Meng X, Zhao W, Pi C, Yang YG. Expression of a mutant CD47 protects against phagocytosis without inducing cell death or inhibiting angiogenesis. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101450. [PMID: 38508139 PMCID: PMC10983038 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
CD47 is a ligand of SIRPα, an inhibitory receptor expressed by macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, and, therefore, transgenic overexpression of CD47 is considered an effective approach to inhibiting transplant rejection. However, the detrimental effect of CD47 signaling is overlooked when exploring this approach. Here, we construct a mutant CD47 by replacing the transmembrane and intracellular domains with a membrane anchor (CD47-IgV). In both human and mouse cells, CD47-IgV is efficiently expressed on the cell surface and protects against phagocytosis in vitro and in vivo but does not induce cell death or inhibit angiogenesis. Furthermore, hematopoietic stem cells expressing transgenic CD47-IgV show no detectable alterations in engraftment or differentiation. This study provides a potentially effective means of achieving transgenic CD47 expression that may help to produce gene-edited pigs for xenotransplantation and hypoimmunogenic pluripotent stem cells for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Xiandi Meng
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Wenjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Chenchen Pi
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China; International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China.
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3
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Hankenson K, Zondervan R, Capobianco C, Jenkins D, Reicha J, Frederick L, Lam C, Isenberg J, Ahn J, Marcucio RS. CD47 is Required for Mesenchymal Progenitor Proliferation and Fracture Repair. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4022423. [PMID: 38562718 PMCID: PMC10984034 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4022423/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
CD47 is a ubiquitous and pleiotropic cell-surface receptor. Disrupting CD47 enhances injury repair in various tissues but the role of CD47 has not been studied in bone injuries. In a murine closed-fracture model, CD47-null mice showed decreased callus bone volume, bone mineral content, and tissue mineral content as assessed by microcomputed tomography 10 days post-fracture, and increased fibrous volume as determined by histology. To understand the cellular basis for this phenotype, mesenchymal progenitors (MSC) were harvested from bone marrow. CD47-null MSC showed decreased large fibroblast colony formation (CFU-F), significantly less proliferation, and fewer cells in S-phase, although osteoblast differentiation was unaffected. However, consistent with prior research, CD47-null endothelial cells showed increased proliferation relative to WT cells. Similarly, in a murine ischemic fracture model, CD47-null mice showed reduced fracture callus bone volume and bone mineral content relative to WT. Consistent with our In vitro results, in vivo EdU labeling showed decreased cell proliferation in the callus of CD47-null mice, while staining for CD31 and endomucin demonstrated increased endothelial cell mass. Finally, WT mice administered a CD47 morpholino, which blocks CD47 protein production, showed a callus phenotype similar to that of non-ischemic and ischemic fractures in CD47-null mice, suggesting the phenotype was not due to developmental changes in the knockout mice. Thus, inhibition of CD47 during bone healing reduces both non-ischemic and ischemic fracture healing, in part, by decreasing MSC proliferation. Furthermore, the increase in endothelial cell proliferation and early blood vessel density caused by CD47 disruption is not sufficient to overcome MSC dysfunction.
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4
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Zondervan RL, Capobianco CA, Jenkins DC, Reicha JD, Fredrick LM, Lam C, Isenberg JS, Ahn J, Marcucio RS, Hankenson KD. CD47 is Required for Mesenchymal Progenitor Proliferation and Fracture Repair. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.06.583756. [PMID: 38496546 PMCID: PMC10942414 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.06.583756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
CD47 is a ubiquitous and pleiotropic cell-surface receptor. Disrupting CD47 enhances injury repair in various tissues but the role of CD47 has not been studied in bone injuries. In a murine closed-fracture model, CD47-null mice showed decreased callus bone volume, bone mineral content, and tissue mineral content as assessed by microcomputed tomography 10 days post-fracture, and increased fibrous volume as determined by histology. To understand the cellular basis for this phenotype, mesenchymal progenitors (MSC) were harvested from bone marrow. CD47-null MSC showed decreased large fibroblast colony formation (CFU-F), significantly less proliferation, and fewer cells in S-phase, although osteoblast differentiation was unaffected. However, consistent with prior research, CD47-null endothelial cells showed increased proliferation relative to WT cells. Similarly, in a murine ischemic fracture model, CD47-null mice showed reduced fracture callus bone volume and bone mineral content relative to WT. Consistent with our in vitro results, in vivo EdU labeling showed decreased cell proliferation in the callus of CD47-null mice, while staining for CD31 and endomucin demonstrated increased endothelial cell mass. Finally, WT mice administered a CD47 morpholino, which blocks CD47 protein production, showed a callus phenotype similar to that of non-ischemic and ischemic fractures in CD47-null mice, suggesting the phenotype was not due to developmental changes in the knockout mice. Thus, inhibition of CD47 during bone healing reduces both non-ischemic and ischemic fracture healing, in part, by decreasing MSC proliferation. Furthermore, the increase in endothelial cell proliferation and early blood vessel density caused by CD47 disruption is not sufficient to overcome MSC dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Zondervan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States, 48824
| | - Christina A. Capobianco
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Michigan, United States, 48109
| | - Daniel C. Jenkins
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109
| | - John D. Reicha
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109
| | - Livia M. Fredrick
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109
| | - Charles Lam
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States, 94142
| | - Jeffery S. Isenberg
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism and Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, United States, 91010
| | - Jaimo Ahn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109
| | - Ralph S. Marcucio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States, 94142
| | - Kurt D. Hankenson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109
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Haj-Yehia E, Korste S, Jochem R, Lusha A, Roth A, Dietzel N, Niroomand J, Stock P, Westendorf AM, Buer J, Hendgen-Cotta UB, Rassaf T, Totzeck M. CD47 blockade enhances phagocytosis of cardiac cell debris by neutrophils. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2023; 48:101269. [PMID: 37731517 PMCID: PMC10507185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2023.101269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
CD47 is a cell surface protein controlling phagocytotic activity of innate immune cells. CD47 blockade was investigated as an immune checkpoint therapy in cancer treatment, enhancing phagocytosis of tumor cells by macrophages. Anti-CD47 treatment also reduced injury size during reperfused acute myocardial infarction (repAMI) by enhancing phagocytotic acitivity of macrophages. Little is known about the impact of CD47 blockade on neutrophils, representing the main portion of early infiltrating immune cells after repAMI. Therefore, we performed 45 min of cardiac ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion, observing a decreased cardiac injury size measured by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) Evan's blue staining. We were able to detect this effect with an innovative three-dimensional method based on light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM). This further allowed us a simultaneous analysis of neutrophil infiltration, showing an unaltered amount of injury-associated neutrophils with reduced cardiac injury volume from repAMI. This observation suggests modulated phagocytosis of cell debris by neutrophils. Therefore, we performed flow cytometry analysis, revealing an increased phagocytotic activity of neutrophils in vitro. These findings highlight that CD47 blockade also enhances phagocytosis of cardiac cell debris by neutrophils, which might be an additional protective effect of anti-CD47 treatment after repAMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Haj-Yehia
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Korste
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Robert Jochem
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Aldona Lusha
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Anna Roth
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Nina Dietzel
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Josefine Niroomand
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Pia Stock
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Astrid M. Westendorf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jan Buer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrike B. Hendgen-Cotta
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Tienush Rassaf
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Totzeck
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
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6
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Cheng J, Wang W, Xia Y, Li Y, Jia J, Xiao G. Regulators of phagocytosis as pharmacologic targets for stroke treatment. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1122527. [PMID: 37601043 PMCID: PMC10433754 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1122527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke, including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, causes massive cell death in the brain, which is followed by secondary inflammatory injury initiated by disease-associated molecular patterns released from dead cells. Phagocytosis, a cellular process of engulfment and digestion of dead cells, promotes the resolution of inflammation and repair following stroke. However, professional or non-professional phagocytes also phagocytose stressed but viable cells in the brain or excessively phagocytose myelin sheaths or prune synapses, consequently exacerbating brain injury and impairing repair following stroke. Phagocytosis includes the smell, eating and digestion phases. Notably, efficient phagocytosis critically depends on phagocyte capacity to take up dead cells continually due to the limited number of phagocytes vs. dead cells after injury. Moreover, phenotypic polarization of phagocytes occurring after phagocytosis is also essential to the proresolving and prorepair properties of phagocytosis. Much has been learned about the molecular signals and regulatory mechanisms governing the sense and recognition of dead cells by phagocytes during the smell and eating phase following stroke. However, some key areas remain extremely understudied, including the mechanisms involved in digestion regulation, continual phagocytosis and phagocytosis-induced phenotypic switching following stroke. Here, we summarize new discoveries related to the molecular mechanisms and multifaceted effects of phagocytosis on brain injury and repair following stroke and highlight the knowledge gaps in poststroke phagocytosis. We suggest that advancing the understanding of poststroke phagocytosis will help identify more biological targets for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cheng
- Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Li
- Academy of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jia Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guodong Xiao
- Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Yu F, Wang Y, Stetler AR, Leak RK, Hu X, Chen J. Phagocytic microglia and macrophages in brain injury and repair. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1279-1293. [PMID: 35751629 PMCID: PMC9344092 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Phagocytosis is the cellular digestion of extracellular particles, such as pathogens and dying cells, and is a key element in the evolution of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Microglia and macrophages are the professional phagocytes of the CNS. By clearing toxic cellular debris and reshaping the extracellular matrix, microglia/macrophages help pilot the brain repair and functional recovery process. However, CNS resident and invading immune cells can also magnify tissue damage by igniting runaway inflammation and phagocytosing stressed-but viable-neurons. DISCUSSION Microglia/macrophages help mediate intercellular communication and react quickly to the "find-me" signals expressed by dead/dying neurons. The activated microglia/macrophages then migrate to the injury site to initiate the phagocytic process upon encountering "eat-me" signals on the surfaces of endangered cells. Thus, healthy cells attempt to avoid inappropriate engulfment by expressing "do not-eat-me" signals. Microglia/macrophages also have the capacity to phagocytose immune cells that invade the injured brain (e.g., neutrophils) and to regulate their pro-inflammatory properties. During brain recovery, microglia/macrophages engulf myelin debris, initiate synaptogenesis and neurogenesis, and sculpt a favorable extracellular matrix to support network rewiring, among other favorable roles. Here, we review the multilayered nature of phagocytotic microglia/macrophages, including the molecular and cellular mechanisms that govern microglia/macrophage-induced phagocytosis in acute brain injury, and discuss strategies that tap into the therapeutic potential of this engulfment process. CONCLUSION Identification of biological targets that can temper neuroinflammation after brain injury without hindering the essential phagocytic functions of microglia/macrophages will expedite better medical management of the stroke recovery stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yu
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yangfan Wang
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anne R Stetler
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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8
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Jia J, Yang L, Chen Y, Zheng L, Chen Y, Xu Y, Zhang M. The Role of Microglial Phagocytosis in Ischemic Stroke. Front Immunol 2022; 12:790201. [PMID: 35082781 PMCID: PMC8784388 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.790201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system that exert diverse roles in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. During the past decades, microglial polarization and chemotactic properties have been well-studied, whereas less attention has been paid to phagocytic phenotypes of microglia in stroke. Generally, whether phagocytosis mediated by microglia plays a beneficial or detrimental role in stroke remains controversial, which calls for further investigations. Most researchers are in favor of the former proposal currently since efficient clearance of tissue debris promotes tissue reconstruction and neuronal network reorganization in part. Other scholars propose that excessively activated microglia engulf live or stressed neuronal cells, which results in neurological deficits and brain atrophy. Upon ischemia challenge, the microglia infiltrate injured brain tissue and engulf live/dead neurons, myelin debris, apoptotic cell debris, endothelial cells, and leukocytes. Cell phagocytosis is provoked by the exposure of "eat-me" signals or the loss of "don't eat-me" signals. We supposed that microglial phagocytosis could be initiated by the specific "eat-me" signal and its corresponding receptor on the specific cell type under pathological circumstances. In this review, we will summarize phagocytic characterizations of microglia after stroke and the potential receptors responsible for this programmed biological progress. Understanding these questions precisely may help to develop appropriate phagocytic regulatory molecules, which are promoting self-limiting inflammation without damaging functional cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiu Jia
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lili Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanting Chen
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meijuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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9
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Gheibihayat SM, Cabezas R, Nikiforov NG, Jamialahmadi T, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. CD47 in the Brain and Neurodegeneration: An Update on the Role in Neuroinflammatory Pathways. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133943. [PMID: 34203368 PMCID: PMC8271744 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CD47 is a receptor belonging to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily and broadly expressed on cell membranes. Through interactions with ligands such as SIRPα, TSP-1, integrins, and SH2-domain bearing protein tyrosine phosphatase substrate-1 (SHPS-1), CD47 regulates numerous functions like cell adhesion, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, homeostasis, and the immune system. In this aspect, previous research has shown that CD47 modulates phagocytosis via macrophages, the transmigration of neutrophils, and the activation of T-cells, dendritic cells, and B-cells. Moreover, several studies have reported the increased expression of the CD47 receptor in a variety of diseases, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), multiple myeloma (MM), bladder cancer, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), Gaucher disease, Multiple Sclerosis and stroke among others. The ubiquitous expression of the CD47 cell receptor on most resident cells of the CNS has previously been established through different methodologies. However, there is little information concerning its precise functions in the development of different neurodegenerative pathologies in the CNS. Consequently, further research pertaining to the specific functions and roles of CD47 and SIRP is required prior to its exploitation as a druggable approach for the targeting of various neurodegenerative diseases that affect the human population. The present review attempts to summarize the role of both CD47 and SIRP and their therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd 8916188635, Iran;
| | - Ricardo Cabezas
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá 111511, Colombia;
| | - Nikita G. Nikiforov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan 19395/1495, Iran;
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 13944-91388, Iran
| | - Thomas P. Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64131, USA;
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 13944-91388, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 13944-91388, Iran
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6907, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 13944-91388, Iran
- Correspondence: or
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10
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Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 is a gatekeeper of neutrophil transendothelial migration in ischemic stroke. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 93:277-287. [PMID: 33388423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Adhesion molecules are key elements in stroke-induced brain injury by regulating the migration of effector immune cells from the circulation to the lesion site. Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) is an adhesion molecule highly expressed on endothelial cells and leukocytes, which controls the final steps of trans-endothelial migration. A functional role for PECAM-1 in post-ischemic brain injury has not yet been demonstrated. OBJECTIVE Using genetic Pecam-1 depletion and PECAM-1 blockade using a neutralizing anti-PECAM-1 antibody, we evaluated the role of PECAM-1 mediated trans-endothelial immune cell migration for ischemic injury, delayed brain atrophy, and brain immune cell infiltrates. Trans-endothelial immune cell migration was furthermore evaluated in cultured human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) was induced in 10-12-week-old male Pecam-1-/- and Pecam-1+/+ wildtype mice. PECAM-1 levels increased in the ischemic brain tissue due to the infiltration of PECAM-1+ leukocytes. Using magnetic resonance imaging, we observed smaller infarct volume, less edema formation, and less brain atrophy in Pecam-1-/- compared with Pecam-1+/+ wildtype mice. The transmigration of leukocytes, specifical neutrophils, was selectively reduced by Pecam-1-/-, as shown by immune fluorescence and flow cytometry in vivo and transmigration assays in vitro. Importantly, inhibition with an anti-PECAM-1 antibody in wildtype mice decreased neutrophil brain influx and infarct. CONCLUSION PECAM-1 controls the trans-endothelial migration of neutrophils in a mouse model of ischemic stroke. Antibody blockade of PECAM-1 after stroke onset ameliorates stroke severity in mice, making PECAM-1 an interesting target to dampen post-stroke neuroinflammation, reduce ischemic brain injury, and enhance post-ischemic brain remodeling.
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11
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Jayaraj RL, Azimullah S, Beiram R, Jalal FY, Rosenberg GA. Neuroinflammation: friend and foe for ischemic stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:142. [PMID: 31291966 PMCID: PMC6617684 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1516-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 768] [Impact Index Per Article: 153.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke, the third leading cause of death and disability worldwide, is undergoing a change in perspective with the emergence of new ideas on neurodegeneration. The concept that stroke is a disorder solely of blood vessels has been expanded to include the effects of a detrimental interaction between glia, neurons, vascular cells, and matrix components, which is collectively referred to as the neurovascular unit. Following the acute stroke, the majority of which are ischemic, there is secondary neuroinflammation that both promotes further injury, resulting in cell death, but conversely plays a beneficial role, by promoting recovery. The proinflammatory signals from immune mediators rapidly activate resident cells and influence infiltration of a wide range of inflammatory cells (neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, different subtypes of T cells, and other inflammatory cells) into the ischemic region exacerbating brain damage. In this review, we discuss how neuroinflammation has both beneficial as well as detrimental roles and recent therapeutic strategies to combat pathological responses. Here, we also focus on time-dependent entry of immune cells to the ischemic area and the impact of other pathological mediators, including oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), arachidonic acid metabolites, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and post-translational modifications that could potentially perpetuate ischemic brain damage after the acute injury. Understanding the time-dependent role of inflammatory factors could help in developing new diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic neuroprotective strategies for post-stroke inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L. Jayaraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Sheikh Azimullah
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Rami Beiram
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Fakhreya Y. Jalal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Gary A. Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
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12
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Evzelman MA, Mityaeva EV, Lashkhiia IB, Kamchatnov PR. Acute cerebral ischemia and inflammation. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2019; 119:73-80. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201911912273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Cheng Q, Tong F, Shen Y, He C, Wang C, Ding F. Achyranthes bidentata polypeptide k improves long-term neurological outcomes through reducing downstream microvascular thrombosis in experimental ischemic stroke. Brain Res 2018; 1706:166-176. [PMID: 30414726 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Achyranthes bidentata Bl. (A. bidentata) occupies an important position in traditional Chinese medicine owing to the property of promoting the circulation of blood and removing stasis. Achyranthes bidentata polypeptide k (ABPPk) is one of the active components isolated from A. bidentata. We previously demonstrated that ABPPk has potent neuroprotective effects against neuronal apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo, but the roles and mechanisms of ABPPk on long-term functional recovery after ischemic stroke remain unknown. In the current study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of ABPPk on filament transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) rats and found that ABPPk reduced the infarct volume and maintained the neuronal integrity in the ischemic penumbra. Moreover, we found that ABPPk might reduce the formation of downstream microthrombus through preventing ischemic-induced oxidative damage of brain endothelial cells and activation of tissue factor (TF), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and NF-κB. ABPPk also inhibited polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) infiltration and matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9 (MMP-2/-9) activation in the ischemic penumbra. Morris water maze, foot fault test, and modified neurological severity score were assessed for a period of 6 weeks following tMCAO. ABPPk improved long-term recognition abilities and neurological outcomes after stroke compared with saline-treated rats. Taken together, these results suggested that ABPPk is beneficial to the improvement of long-term outcomes after transient cerebral ischemia injury and can be used as a potential neuroprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Cheng
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Fang Tong
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yuntian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chunjiao He
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Caiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Fei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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14
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Protective effect of Cordyceps sinensis extract on rat brain microvascular endothelial cells injured by oxygen–glucose deprivation. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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15
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Beckman D, Linden R. A roadmap for investigating the role of the prion protein in depression associated with neurodegenerative disease. Prion 2017; 10:131-42. [PMID: 27057694 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2016.1152437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological properties of the native, endogenous prion protein (PrP(C)) is a matter of concern, due to its pleiotropic functions and links to neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. In line with our hypothesis that the basic function of PrP(C) is to serve as a cell surface scaffold for the assembly of signaling modules, multiple interactions have been identified of PrP(C) with signaling molecules, including neurotransmitter receptors. We recently reported evidence that PrP(C) may modulate monoaminergic neurotransmission, as well as depressive-like behavior in mice. Here, we discuss how those results, together with a number of other studies, including our previous demonstration that both inflammatory and behavioral stress modulate PrP(C) content in neutrophils, suggest a distributed role of PrP(C) in clinical depression and inflammation associated with neurodegenerative diseases. An overarching understanding of the multiple interventions of PrP(C) upon physiological events may both shed light on the pathogenesis of, as well as help the identification of novel therapeutic targets for clinical depression, Prion and Alzheimer's Diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Linden
- a Instituto de Biofísica da UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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16
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Roberts DD, Kaur S, Isenberg JS. Regulation of Cellular Redox Signaling by Matricellular Proteins in Vascular Biology, Immunology, and Cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:874-911. [PMID: 28712304 PMCID: PMC5653149 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE In contrast to structural elements of the extracellular matrix, matricellular proteins appear transiently during development and injury responses, but their sustained expression can contribute to chronic disease. Through interactions with other matrix components and specific cell surface receptors, matricellular proteins regulate multiple signaling pathways, including those mediated by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and H2S. Dysregulation of matricellular proteins contributes to the pathogenesis of vascular diseases and cancer. Defining the molecular mechanisms and receptors involved is revealing new therapeutic opportunities. Recent Advances: Thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) regulates NO, H2S, and superoxide production and signaling in several cell types. The TSP1 receptor CD47 plays a central role in inhibition of NO signaling, but other TSP1 receptors also modulate redox signaling. The matricellular protein CCN1 engages some of the same receptors to regulate redox signaling, and ADAMTS1 regulates NO signaling in Marfan syndrome. In addition to mediating matricellular protein signaling, redox signaling is emerging as an important pathway that controls the expression of several matricellular proteins. CRITICAL ISSUES Redox signaling remains unexplored for many matricellular proteins. Their interactions with multiple cellular receptors remains an obstacle to defining signaling mechanisms, but improved transgenic models could overcome this barrier. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Therapeutics targeting the TSP1 receptor CD47 may have beneficial effects for treating cardiovascular disease and cancer and have recently entered clinical trials. Biomarkers are needed to assess their effects on redox signaling in patients and to evaluate how these contribute to their therapeutic efficacy and potential side effects. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 874-911.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D. Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey S. Isenberg
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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17
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Zhang H, Park JH, Maharjan S, Park JA, Choi KS, Park H, Jeong Y, Ahn JH, Kim IH, Lee JC, Cho JH, Lee IK, Lee CH, Hwang IK, Kim YM, Suh YG, Won MH, Kwon YG. Sac-1004, a vascular leakage blocker, reduces cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by suppressing blood-brain barrier disruption and inflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2017. [PMID: 28645333 PMCID: PMC5481915 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0897-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and inflammation are critical events in ischemic stroke, contributing to aggravated brain damage. The BBB mainly consists of microvascular endothelial cells sealed by tight junctions to protect the brain from blood-borne substances. Thus, the maintenance of BBB integrity may be a potential target for neuroprotection. Sac-1004, a pseudo-sugar derivative of cholesterol, enhances the endothelial barrier by the stabilization of the cortical actin ring. Results Here, we report on the protective effects of Sac-1004 on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Treatment with Sac-1004 significantly blocked the interleukin-1β-induced monolayer hyperpermeability of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs), loss of tight junctions, and formation of actin stress fiber. Sac-1004 suppressed the expression of adhesion molecules, adhesion of U937 cells, and activation of nuclear factor-κB in HBMECs. Using a rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia, it was shown that Sac-1004 effectively ameliorated neurological deficits and ischemic damage. In addition, Sac-1004 decreased BBB leakage and rescued tight junction-related proteins. Moreover, the staining of CD11b and glial fibrillary acidic protein showed that Sac-1004 inhibited glial activation. Conclusions Taken together, these results demonstrate that Sac-1004 has neuroprotective activities through maintaining BBB integrity, suggesting that it is a great therapeutic candidate for stroke. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0897-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, South Korea
| | - Sony Maharjan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea
| | - Jeong Ae Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Sung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea
| | - Hyojin Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea
| | - Yoonjeong Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, South Korea
| | - In Hye Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hwi Cho
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 700-721, South Korea
| | - Choong Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, South Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Vascular System Research Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ger Suh
- Colleges of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea.
| | - Young-Guen Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea.
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18
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Shao G, Wang Y, Guan S, Burlingame AL, Lu F, Knox R, Ferriero DM, Jiang X. Proteomic Analysis of Mouse Cortex Postsynaptic Density following Neonatal Brain Hypoxia-Ischemia. Dev Neurosci 2017; 39:66-81. [PMID: 28315865 PMCID: PMC5519436 DOI: 10.1159/000456030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteomics of the synapses and postsynaptic densities (PSDs) have provided a deep understanding of protein composition and signal networks in the adult brain, which underlie neuronal plasticity and neurodegenerative or psychiatric disorders. However, there is a paucity of knowledge about the architecture and organization of PSDs in the immature brain, and how it is modified by brain injury in an early developing stage. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic analysis was performed on PSDs prepared from cortices of postnatal day 9 naïve mice or pups which had suffered hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. 512 proteins of different functional groups were identified from PSDs collected 1 h after HI injury, among which 60 have not been reported previously. Seven newly identified proteins involved in neural development were highlighted. HI injury increased the yield of PSDs at early time points upon reperfusion, and multiple proteins were recruited into PSDs following the insult. Quantitative analysis was performed using spectral counting, and proteins whose relative expression was more than 50% up- or downregulated compared to the sham animals 1 h after HI insult were reported. Validation with Western blotting demonstrated changes in expression and phosphorylation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, activation of a series of postsynaptic protein kinases and dysregulation of scaffold and adaptor proteins in response to neonatal HI insult. This work, along with other recent studies of synaptic protein profiling in the immature brain, builds a foundation for future investigation on the molecular mechanisms underlying developing plasticity. Furthermore, it provides insights into the biochemical changes of PSDs following early brain hypoxia-ischemia, which is helpful for understanding not only the injury mechanisms, but also the process of repair or replenishment of neuronal circuits during recovery from brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Shao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
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19
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Zhao S, Yu Z, Liu Y, Bai Y, Jiang Y, van Leyen K, Yang YG, Lok JM, Whalen MJ, Lo EH, Wang X. CD47 deficiency improves neurological outcomes of traumatic brain injury in mice. Neurosci Lett 2016; 643:125-130. [PMID: 27931776 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
CD47 is a receptor for signal-regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα) in self-recognition by the innate immune system, and a receptor of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) contributing to vascular impairment in response to stress. However, the roles of CD47 in traumatic brain injury (TBI) have not been investigated. In this study we aimed to test our hypothesis that CD47 mediates early neutrophil brain infiltration and late brain vascular remodeling after TBI. Mice were subjected to TBI using a controlled cortical impact (CCI) device. We examined early phase neutrophil infiltration, and late phase brain vessel density, pro-angiogenic markers VEGF and Ang-1 protein expression, neurological function deficits and lesion volumes for up to three weeks after TBI. Our results show that mice deficient in CD47 (CD47 Knockout) had significantly less brain neutrophil infiltration at 24h, upregulated VEGF expression in peri-lesion cortex at 7 and 14days, and increased blood vessel density at 21days after TBI, compared to wild type (WT) mice. CD47 knockout also significantly decreased sensorimotor function deficits and reduced brain lesion volume at 21days after TBI. We conclude that CD47 may play pathological roles in brain neutrophil infiltration, progression of brain tissue damage, impairment of cerebrovascular remodeling and functional recovery after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhao
- Departments of Orthopedic and Neurosurgery, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Room 2401, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Zhanyang Yu
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Room 2401, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Yu Liu
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Room 2401, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Yang Bai
- Departments of Orthopedic and Neurosurgery, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Yinghua Jiang
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Room 2401, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Klaus van Leyen
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Room 2401, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Josephine M Lok
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Room 2401, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
| | - Michael J Whalen
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Room 2401, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Room 2401, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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Strecker JK, Schmidt A, Schäbitz WR, Minnerup J. Neutrophil granulocytes in cerebral ischemia - Evolution from killers to key players. Neurochem Int 2016; 107:117-126. [PMID: 27884770 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil granulocytes (or polymorphonuclear cells, PMNs) have long been considered as crude killing machines, particularly trained to attack bacterial or fungal pathogens in wounds or infected tissues. That perspective has fundamentally changed over the last decades, as PMNs have been shown to exert a livery exchange between other cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. PMNs do provide major immunomodulatory contribution during acute inflammation and subsequent clearance. Following sterile inflammation like cerebral ischemia, PMNs are among the first hematogenous cells attracted to the ischemic tissue. As inflammation is a crucial component within stroke pathophysiology, several studies regarding the role of PMNs following cerebral ischemia have been carried out. And indeed, recent research suggests a direct connection between PMNs' influx and brain damage severity. This review highlights the latest research regarding the close interconnection between PMNs and co-working cells following cerebral ischemia. We describe how PMNs are attracted to the site of injury and their tasks within the inflamed brain tissue and the periphery. We further report of new findings regarding the interaction of PMNs with resident microglia, immigrating macrophages and T cells after stroke. Finally, we discuss recent research results from experimental studies in the context with current clinical trials and point out potential new therapeutic applications that could emerge from this new knowledge on the action and interaction of PMNs following cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Kolja Strecker
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster, Germany.
| | - Antje Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Jens Minnerup
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster, Germany
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21
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Ingberg E, Dock H, Theodorsson E, Theodorsson A, Ström JO. Method parameters' impact on mortality and variability in mouse stroke experiments: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21086. [PMID: 26876353 PMCID: PMC4753409 DOI: 10.1038/srep21086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hundreds of promising substances have been tested in clinical trials,
thrombolysis currently remains the only specific pharmacological treatment for
ischemic stroke. Poor quality, e.g. low statistical power, in the preclinical
studies has been suggested to play an important role in these failures. Therefore,
it would be attractive to use animal models optimized to minimize unnecessary
mortality and outcome variability, or at least to be able to power studies more
exactly by predicting variability and mortality given a certain experimental setup.
The possible combinations of methodological parameters are innumerous, and an
experimental comparison of them all is therefore not feasible. As an alternative
approach, we extracted data from 334 experimental mouse stroke articles and, using a
hypothesis-driven meta-analysis, investigated the method parameters’
impact on infarct size variability and mortality. The use of Swiss and C57BL6 mice
as well as permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery rendered the lowest
variability of the infarct size while the emboli methods increased variability. The
use of Swiss mice increased mortality. Our study offers guidance for researchers
striving to optimize mouse stroke models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvin Ingberg
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Hua Dock
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Elvar Theodorsson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Annette Theodorsson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden.,Division of Neuro and Inflammation Science, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Neurosurgery, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Jakob O Ström
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden.,Vårdvetenskapligt Forskningscentrum/Centre for Health Sciences, Örebro University Hospital, County Council of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden.,School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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22
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Jickling GC, Liu D, Ander BP, Stamova B, Zhan X, Sharp FR. Targeting neutrophils in ischemic stroke: translational insights from experimental studies. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:888-901. [PMID: 25806703 PMCID: PMC4640255 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils have key roles in ischemic brain injury, thrombosis, and atherosclerosis. As such, neutrophils are of great interest as targets to treat and prevent ischemic stroke. After stroke, neutrophils respond rapidly promoting blood-brain barrier disruption, cerebral edema, and brain injury. A surge of neutrophil-derived reactive oxygen species, proteases, and cytokines are released as neutrophils interact with cerebral endothelium. Neutrophils also are linked to the major processes that cause ischemic stroke, thrombosis, and atherosclerosis. Thrombosis is promoted through interactions with platelets, clotting factors, and release of prothrombotic molecules. In atherosclerosis, neutrophils promote plaque formation and rupture by generating oxidized-low density lipoprotein, enhancing monocyte infiltration, and degrading the fibrous cap. In experimental studies targeting neutrophils can improve stroke. However, early human studies have been met with challenges, and suggest that selective targeting of neutrophils may be required. Several properties of neutrophil are beneficial and thus may important to preserve in patients with stroke including antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, and neuroprotective functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen C Jickling
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - DaZhi Liu
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Bradley P Ander
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Boryana Stamova
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Xinhua Zhan
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Frank R Sharp
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
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Min H, Hong J, Cho IH, Jang YH, Lee H, Kim D, Yu SW, Lee S, Lee SJ. TLR2-induced astrocyte MMP9 activation compromises the blood brain barrier and exacerbates intracerebral hemorrhage in animal models. Mol Brain 2015; 8:23. [PMID: 25879213 PMCID: PMC4397689 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0116-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The innate immune response plays an important role in the pathogenesis of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Recent studies have shown that Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is involved in the innate immune response in various neurological diseases, yet neither its role in ICH nor the mechanisms by which it functions have yet been elucidated. We examined these in this study using a collagenase-induced mouse ICH model with TLR2 knock-out (KO) mice. RESULTS TLR2 expression was upregulated in the ipsilateral hemorrhagic tissues of the collagenase-injected mice. Brain injury volume and neurological deficits following ICH were reduced in TLR2 KO mice compared to wild-type (WT) control mice. Heterologous blood-transfer experiments show that TLR2 signaling in brain-resident cells, but not leukocytes, contributes to the injury. In our study to elucidate underlying mechanisms, we found that damage to blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity following ICH was attenuated in TLR2 KO mice compared to WT mice, which may be due to reduced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) activation in astrocytes. The reduced BBB damage accompanies decreased neutrophil infiltration and proinflammatory gene expression in the injured brain parenchyma, which may account for the attenuated brain damage in TLR2 KO mice after ICH. CONCLUSIONS TLR2 plays a detrimental role in ICH-induced brain damage by activating MMP9 in astrocytes, compromising BBB, and enhancing neutrophils infiltration and proinflammatory gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Min
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-749, South Korea.
| | - Jinpyo Hong
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-749, South Korea.
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, South Korea.
| | - Yong Ho Jang
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-749, South Korea.
| | - Hyunkyoung Lee
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-749, South Korea.
| | - Dongwoon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, South Korea.
| | - Seong-Woon Yu
- Department of Brain Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, 711-873, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soojin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, South Korea.
| | - Sung Joong Lee
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-749, South Korea.
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Zhang H, Li F, Yang Y, Chen J, Hu X. SIRP/CD47 signaling in neurological disorders. Brain Res 2015; 1623:74-80. [PMID: 25795378 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Microglia play important roles in the process of neuronal injury and recovery. Numeous surface receptors have been described to regulate microglial activation. These receptors tightly mediate normal microglial functions including cell mobility, phagocytosis, and production of inflammatory mediators or trophic factors. In recent years, significant progresses have been achieved for understanding the signaling mechanisms underlying these receptors. Their specific roles in neurological diseases have been documented. This review will focus on the signal regulatory protein (SIRP) and its ligand CD47, two surface receptors expressed on microglia and other cells in the central nervous system (CNS) such as neurons. We will discuss the involvement of SIRP/CD47 signaling in microglial activation and in the interplay between microglia and other CNS cells. Current studies reveal the importance of CD47 and SIRPα in the process of neuroinflammation in the CNS disorders. The dual and contradictory role of CD47 suggests that targeting the SIRPα/CD47 signaling may achieve different effects depending on disease stage. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Cell Interactions In Stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Zhang
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Xianaya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fengwu Li
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Teaching Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Xianaya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Teaching Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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25
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Soto-Pantoja DR, Kaur S, Roberts DD. CD47 signaling pathways controlling cellular differentiation and responses to stress. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 50:212-30. [PMID: 25708195 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2015.1014024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CD47 is a widely expressed integral membrane protein that serves as the counter-receptor for the inhibitory phagocyte receptor signal-regulatory protein-α (SIRPα) and as a signaling receptor for the secreted matricellular protein thrombospondin-1. Recent studies employing mice and somatic cells lacking CD47 have revealed important pathophysiological functions of CD47 in cardiovascular homeostasis, immune regulation, resistance of cells and tissues to stress and chronic diseases of aging including cancer. With the emergence of experimental therapeutics targeting CD47, a more thorough understanding of CD47 signal transduction is essential. CD47 lacks a substantial cytoplasmic signaling domain, but several cytoplasmic binding partners have been identified, and lateral interactions of CD47 with other membrane receptors play important roles in mediating signaling resulting from the binding of thrombospondin-1. This review addresses recent advances in identifying the lateral binding partners, signal transduction pathways and downstream transcription networks regulated through CD47 in specific cell lineages. Major pathways regulated by CD47 signaling include calcium homeostasis, cyclic nucleotide signaling, nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide biosynthesis and signaling and stem cell transcription factors. These pathways and other undefined proximal mediators of CD47 signaling regulate cell death and protective autophagy responses, mitochondrial biogenesis, cell adhesion and motility and stem cell self-renewal. Although thrombospondin-1 is the best characterized agonist of CD47, the potential roles of other members of the thrombospondin family, SIRPα and SIRPγ binding and homotypic CD47 interactions as agonists or antagonists of signaling through CD47 should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Soto-Pantoja
- a Laboratory of Pathology , Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
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26
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Benakis C, Garcia-Bonilla L, Iadecola C, Anrather J. The role of microglia and myeloid immune cells in acute cerebral ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 8:461. [PMID: 25642168 PMCID: PMC4294142 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune response to acute cerebral ischemia is a major contributor to stroke pathobiology. The inflammatory response is characterized by the participation of brain resident cells and peripheral leukocytes. Microglia in the brain and monocytes/neutrophils in the periphery have a prominent role in initiating, sustaining and resolving post-ischemic inflammation. In this review we aim to summarize recent literature concerning the origins, fate and role of microglia, monocytes and neutrophils in models of cerebral ischemia and to discuss their relevance for human stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Benakis
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College New York, NY, USA
| | - Lidia Garcia-Bonilla
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College New York, NY, USA
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College New York, NY, USA
| | - Josef Anrather
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College New York, NY, USA
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Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 is a Novel Pathogenetic Factor in Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:231-239. [PMID: 25421209 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The neutrophil collagenase matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP8) is a recently identified member of MMPs that have important roles in various inflammation-related disorders. Previously, we identified MMP8 as a new neuroinflammatory mediator in activated microglia by regulating TNF-α productivity. Here, we present evidence that MMP8 is a critical factor for brain damage in transient focal cerebral ischemia by modulating neuroinflammation likely microglial activation and TNF-α production. Biochemical analyses showed upregulation of MMP8 expression at mRNA and protein levels in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (M/R)-challenged brains. Furthermore, double immunolabeling showed that MMP8 expression was upregulated in the activated microglia of M/R-challenged brains. Assessment of infarct volume, neurological score, and survival/death of neural cells revealed that administration of an MMP8 inhibitor (M8I) immediately after reperfusion reduced brain damage. Histological analyses showed that microglial activation and TNF-α expression in ischemic conditions was abrogated by exposure to M8I, as demonstrated in our previous study using cultured microglia. These outcomes from a pharmacological approach were reaffirmed by a genetic approach using a lentiviral system. Intracerebroventricular microinjection of MMP8-specific shRNA lentivirus reduced the extent of ischemia-induced brain damage, as assessed by infarct volume, neurological score, microglial activation, and TNF-α expression. These results suggest a novel pathogenetic role of MMP8 and implicate modulation of its activity as a tractable strategy for therapies against cerebral ischemia.
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Zhou X, Xie Q, Xi G, Keep RF, Hua Y. Brain CD47 expression in a swine model of intracerebral hemorrhage. Brain Res 2014; 1574:70-6. [PMID: 24931767 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
CD47 contributes to neuronal death, inflammation and angiogenesis after brain ischemia. The role of CD47 in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has not been investigated and the current study examined brain CD47 expression in a pig ICH model. Pigs received a blood injection or needle insertion into the right frontal lobe and were euthanized at different times to examine CD47 expression. Pigs were also treated with an iron chelator, deferoxamine, (50mg/kg, i.m.) or vehicle and killed at day-3 to examine the effects on CD47. ICH resulted in upregulation of brain CD47 in both white and gray matter by both immunohistochemistry and Western blot. A time-course showed ICH-induced CD47 upregulation from 4h to day-14, with a peak at day-3. CD47 positive cells were neurons, microglia/macrophage and oliogodendrocytes. Brain CD47 levels were lower in the ipsilateral white and gray matter in pigs which had deferoxamine treatment. In conclusion, CD47 expression was increased in the perihematomal white and gray matter after ICH. Deferoxamine and iron may modulate CD47 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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29
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Early treatment with lyophilized plasma protects the brain in a large animal model of combined traumatic brain injury and hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2014; 75:976-83. [PMID: 24256669 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e31829e2186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combination of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and hemorrhagic shock (HS) can result in significant morbidity and mortality. We have previously shown that early administration of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) in a large animal model of TBI and HS reduces the size of the brain lesion as well as the associated edema. However, FFP is a perishable product that is not well suited for use in the austere prehospital settings. In this study, we tested whether a shelf-stable, low-volume, lyophilized plasma (LSP) product was as effective as FFP. METHODS Yorkshire swine (42-50 kg) were instrumented to measure hemodynamic parameters, intracranial pressure, and brain tissue oxygenation. A prototype, computerized, cortical impact device was used to create TBI through a 20-mm craniotomy: 15-mm cylindrical tip impactor at 4 m/s velocity, 100-millisecond dwell time, and 12-mm penetration depth. Volume-controlled hemorrhage was induced (40-45% total blood volume) concurrent with the TBI. After 2 hours of shock, animals were treated with (1) normal saline (NS, n = 5), (2) FFP (n = 5), and (3) LSP (n = 5). The volume of FFP and LSP matched the shed blood volume, whereas NS was 3 times the volume. Six hours after resuscitation, brains were sectioned and stained with TTC (2, 3, 5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride), and lesion size (mm) and swelling (percent change in volume compared with the contralateral, uninjured side) were measured. RESULTS This protocol resulted in a highly reproducible brain injury, with clinically relevant changes in blood pressure, cardiac output, tissue hypoperfusion, intracranial pressure, and brain tissue oxygenation. Compared with NS, treatment with LSP significantly (p < 0.05) decreased brain lesion size and swelling (51% and 54%, respectively). CONCLUSION In a clinically realistic combined TBI + HS model, early administration of plasma products decreases brain lesion size and edema. LSP is as effective as FFP, while offering many logistic advantages.
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30
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Rogers NM, Sharifi-Sanjani M, Csányi G, Pagano PJ, Isenberg JS. Thrombospondin-1 and CD47 regulation of cardiac, pulmonary and vascular responses in health and disease. Matrix Biol 2014; 37:92-101. [PMID: 24418252 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular homeostasis and health is maintained through the balanced interactions of cardiac generated blood flow and cross-talk between the cellular components that comprise blood vessels. Central to this cross-talk is endothelial generated nitric oxide (NO) that stimulates relaxation of the contractile vascular smooth muscle (VSMC) layer of blood vessels. In cardiovascular disease this balanced interaction is disrupted and NO signaling is lost. Work over the last several years indicates that regulation of NO is much more complex than previously believed. It is now apparent that the secreted protein thrombospondin-1 (TSP1), that is upregulated in cardiovascular disease and animal models of the same, on activating cell surface receptor CD47, redundantly inhibits NO production and NO signaling. This inhibitory event has implications for baseline and disease-related responses mediated by NO. Further work has identified that TSP1-CD47 signaling stimulates enzymatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) production to further limit blood flow and promote vascular disease. Herein consideration is given to the most recent discoveries in this regard which identify the TSP1-CD47 axis as a major proximate governor of cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha M Rogers
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | | | - Gábor Csányi
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Patrick J Pagano
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Jeffrey S Isenberg
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
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31
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Bigé N, Boffa JJ, Lepeytre F, Shweke N. [Role of thrombospondin-1 in the development of kidney diseases]. Med Sci (Paris) 2013; 29:1131-7. [PMID: 24356144 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20132912017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a 450-kDa matricellar glycoprotein. By its various domains, it can interact with various partners and exhibit anti-angiogenic, pro-apoptotic and immunomodulatory activities. TSP-1 is also a major endogenous activator of the pro-fibrotic growth factor TGF-β. In healthy adult renal parenchyma, TSP-1 expression is very scarce and limited to Bowman's capsule and interstitium. During nephropathies, many cell types can express or secrete TSP-1 (mesangial, endothelial, smooth muscle, tubular cells, podocytes and fibroblasts) depending on the nature of injury and the evolutive stage of the disease. Inhibition of the different domains of TSP-1 using specific antibodies or peptides, blockade of TSP-1 expression by antisense oligonucleotides and use of knock-out mice, allowed to identify the role of TSP-1 in various models of experimental nephropathy. All these studies demonstrated a deleterious effect of TSP-1 on renal repair by inducing TGF-β and fibrosis, decreasing VEGF and capillary density, and enhancing inflammatory cells recruitment. Thus, TSP-1 represents a potential therapeutic target for the management of chronic kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naïke Bigé
- Service néphrologie et dialyse, Inserm UMRS 702, hôpital Tenon, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Boffa
- Service néphrologie et dialyse, Inserm UMRS 702, hôpital Tenon, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Fanny Lepeytre
- Service néphrologie et dialyse, Inserm UMRS 702, hôpital Tenon, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Nasim Shweke
- Service néphrologie et dialyse, Inserm UMRS 702, hôpital Tenon, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
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Imam AM, Jin G, Duggan M, Sillesen M, Hwabejire JO, Jepsen CH, DePeralta D, Liu B, Lu J, deMoya MA, Socrate S, Alam HB. Synergistic effects of fresh frozen plasma and valproic acid treatment in a combined model of traumatic brain injury and hemorrhagic shock. Surgery 2013; 154:388-96. [PMID: 23889966 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and hemorrhagic shock (HS) are major causes of trauma-related deaths and are especially lethal as a combined insult. Previously, we showed that early administration of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) decreased the size of the brain lesion and associated swelling in a swine model of combined TBI+HS. We have also shown separately that addition of valproic acid (VPA) to the resuscitation protocol attenuates inflammatory markers in the brain as well as the degree of TBI. The current study was performed to determine whether a combined FFP+VPA treatment strategy would exert a synergistic effect. METHODS Yorkshire swine (42-50 kg) were instrumented to measure hemodynamic parameters, intracranial pressure, and brain tissue oxygenation. TBI was created through a 20-mm craniotomy using a computer-controlled cortical impactor: 15-mm cylindrical tip impactor at 4 m/s velocity, 100 ms dwell time, and 12-mm penetration depth. The TBI was synchronized with the initiation of volume-controlled hemorrhage (40 ± 5% of total blood volume). After a 2-hour period of shock, animals were randomized to 1 of 3 resuscitation groups (n = 5 per group): (1) 0.9% saline (NS); (2) FFP; and (3) FFP and VPA 300 mg/kg (FFP+VPA). The resuscitative volume for FFP was equivalent to the shed blood, whereas NS was 3 times this volume. VPA treatment was started 1 hour after hemorrhage. Animals were monitored for 6 hours post-resuscitation. At this time the brains were harvested, sectioned into 5-mm slices, and stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride to quantify the lesion size (mm(3)) and brain swelling (percent change compared with the uninjured side). RESULTS The combined TBI+HS model resulted in a highly reproducible brain injury. Lesion size and brain swelling (mean value ± standard error of the mean) in the FFP+VPA group (1,459 ± 218 mm(3) and 13 ± 1%, respectively) were less than the NS group (3,285 ± 131 mm(3) [P < .001] and 37 ± 2% [P < .001], respectively), and the FFP alone group (2,160 ± 203 mm(3) [P < .05] and 22 ± 1% [P < .001], respectively). CONCLUSION In a large animal model of TBI+HS, early treatment with a combination of FFP and VPA decreases the size of brain lesion and the associated swelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha M Imam
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated that valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, can improve survival after hemorrhagic shock (HS), protect neurons from hypoxia-induced apoptosis, and attenuate the inflammatory response. We have also shown that administration of 6% hetastarch (Hextend [Hex]) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) decreases brain swelling, without affecting size of the lesion. This study was performed to determine whether addition of VPA to Hex would decrease the lesion size in a clinically relevant large animal model of TBI + HS. METHODS Yorkshire swine (42-50 kg) were instrumented to measure hemodynamic parameters, intracranial pressure, and brain tissue oxygenation. A custom-designed, computer-controlled cortical impact device was used to create a TBI through a 20-mm craniotomy: 15-mm cylindrical tip impactor at 4-m/s velocity, 100-millisecond dwell time, and 12-mm penetration depth. Volume-controlled hemorrhage was started (40% blood volume) concurrent with the TBI. After 2 hours of shock, animals were randomized to one of three resuscitation groups (n = 7 per group) as follows: (1) isotonic sodium chloride solution; (2) 6% hetastarch, Hex; and (3) Hex and VPA 300 mg/kg (Hex + VPA). Volumes of Hex matched the shed blood, whereas that of the isotonic sodium chloride solution was three times the volume. VPA treatment was started after an hour of shock. After 6 hours of postresuscitation monitoring, brains were sectioned into 5-mm slices and stained with 2, 3, 5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride to quantify the lesion size (mm) and brain swelling (percent change compared with uninjured side). Levels of acetylated histone H3 were determined to quantify acetylation, and myeloperoxidase and interleukine-1β (IL-1β) levels were measured as markers of brain inflammation. RESULTS Combination of 40% blood loss with cortical impact and a period of shock (2 hours) and resuscitation resulted in a highly reproducible brain injury. Lesion size and brain swelling in the Hex + VPA group (1,989 [156.8] mm, and 19% [1.6%], respectively) were significantly smaller than the isotonic sodium chloride solution group (3,335 [287.9] mm and 36% [2.2%], respectively). Hex alone treatment significantly decreased the swelling (27% [1.6%]) without reducing the lesion size. The number of CD11b-positive cells as well as myeloperoxidase and IL-1 levels in the brains were significantly reduced by the VPA treatment. CONCLUSION In a combined HS and TBI model, treatment with artificial colloid (Hex) improves hemodynamic parameters and reduces swelling, without affecting the actual size of the brain lesion. Addition of VPA effectively reduces both the size of brain lesion and associated swelling by attenuating the inflammatory response.
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Patel AR, Ritzel R, McCullough LD, Liu F. Microglia and ischemic stroke: a double-edged sword. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 5:73-90. [PMID: 23750306 PMCID: PMC3669736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory processes have a fundamental role in the pathophysiology of stroke. A key initial event is the rapid activation of resident immune cells, primarily microglia. This cell population is an important target for new therapeutic approaches to limit stroke damage. Activation of microglia is normally held in check by strictly controlled mechanisms involving neuronal-glial communication. Ischemic stroke is a powerful stimulus that disables the endogenous inhibitory signaling and triggers microglial activation. Once activated, microglia exhibit a spectrum of phenotypes, release both pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, and function to either exacerbate ischemic injury or help repair depending on different molecular signals the microglial receptors receive. Various ligands and receptors have been identified for microglial activation. Experimental tools to detect these inflammatory signals are being increasingly developed in an effort to define the functional roles of microglia. Fine-tuning immunomodulatory interventions based on the heterogeneous profiles of microglia are urgently needed for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita R Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health CenterFarmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Rodney Ritzel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health CenterFarmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health CenterFarmington, Connecticut 06030
- Department of Neurology, University of Connecticut Health CenterFarmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health CenterFarmington, Connecticut 06030
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Lakhan SE, Kirchgessner A, Tepper D, Leonard A. Matrix metalloproteinases and blood-brain barrier disruption in acute ischemic stroke. Front Neurol 2013; 4:32. [PMID: 23565108 PMCID: PMC3615191 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2013.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke continues to be one of the most challenging diseases in translational neurology. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) remains the only approved treatment for acute ischemic stroke, but its use is limited to the first hours after stroke onset due to an increased risk of hemorrhagic transformation over time resulting in enhanced brain injury. In this review we discuss the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption as a consequence of ischemic stroke. MMP-9 in particular appears to play an important role in tPA-associated hemorrhagic complications. Reactive oxygen species can enhance the effects of tPA on MMP activation through the loss of caveolin-1 (cav-1), a protein encoded in the cav-1 gene that serves as a critical determinant of BBB permeability. This review provides an overview of MMPs' role in BBB breakdown during acute ischemic stroke. The possible role of MMPs in combination treatment of acute ischemic stroke is also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen E Lakhan
- Biosciences Department, Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation Beverly Hills, CA, USA ; Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, OH, USA
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36
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Soto-Pantoja DR, Miller TW, Pendrak ML, DeGraff WG, Sullivan C, Ridnour LA, Abu-Asab M, Wink DA, Tsokos M, Roberts DD. CD47 deficiency confers cell and tissue radioprotection by activation of autophagy. Autophagy 2012; 8:1628-42. [PMID: 22874555 PMCID: PMC3494592 DOI: 10.4161/auto.21562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accidental or therapeutic exposure to ionizing radiation has severe physiological consequences and can result in cell death. We previously demonstrated that deficiency or blockade of the ubiquitously expressed receptor CD47 results in remarkable cell and tissue protection against ischemic and radiation stress. Antagonists of CD47 or its ligand THBS1/thrombospondin 1 enhance cell survival and preserve their proliferative capacity. However the signaling pathways that mediate this cell-autonomous radioprotection are unclear. We now report a marked increase in autophagy in irradiated T-cells and endothelial cells lacking CD47. Irradiated T cells lacking CD47 exhibit significant increases in formation of autophagosomes comprising double-membrane vesicles visualized by electron microscopy and numbers of MAP1LC3A/B(+) puncta. Moreover, we observed significant increases in BECN1, ATG5, ATG7 and a reduction in SQSTM1/p62 expression relative to irradiated wild-type T cells. We observed similar increases in autophagy gene expression in mice resulting from blockade of CD47 in combination with total body radiation. Pharmacological or siRNA-mediated inhibition of autophagy selectively sensitized CD47-deficient cells to radiation, indicating that enhanced autophagy is necessary for the prosurvival response to CD47 blockade. Moreover, re-expression of CD47 in CD47-deficient T cells sensitized these cells to death by ionizing radiation and reversed the increase in autophagic flux associated with survival. This study indicates that CD47 deficiency confers cell survival through the activation of autophagic flux and identifies CD47 blockade as a pharmacological route to modulate autophagy for protecting tissue from radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Soto-Pantoja
- Laboratory of Pathology; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Thomas W. Miller
- Laboratory of Pathology; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Michael L. Pendrak
- Laboratory of Pathology; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - William G. DeGraff
- Radiation Biology Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Camille Sullivan
- Laboratory of Pathology; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Lisa A. Ridnour
- Radiation Biology Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Mones Abu-Asab
- Laboratory of Pathology; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Bethesda, MD USA
- Section of Immunopathology; Laboratory of Immunology; National Eye Institute; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - David A. Wink
- Radiation Biology Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Maria Tsokos
- Laboratory of Pathology; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - David D. Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Bethesda, MD USA
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Rogers NM, Yao M, Novelli EM, Thomson AW, Roberts DD, Isenberg JS. Activated CD47 regulates multiple vascular and stress responses: implications for acute kidney injury and its management. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 303:F1117-25. [PMID: 22874763 PMCID: PMC3469673 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00359.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) remains a significant source of early and delayed renal transplant failure. Therapeutic interventions have yet to resolve this ongoing clinical challenge although the reasons for this remain unclear. The cell surface receptor CD47 is widely expressed on vascular cells and in tissues. It has one known soluble ligand, the stress-released matricellular protein thrombospondin-1 (TSP1). The TSP1-CD47 ligand receptor axis controls a number of important cellular processes, inhibiting survival factors such as nitric oxide, cGMP, cAMP, and VEGF, while activating injurious pathways such as production of reactive oxygen species. A role of CD47 in renal IRI was recently revealed by the finding that the TSP1-CD47 axis is induced in renal tubular epithelial cells (RTEC) under hypoxia and following IRI. The absence of CD47 in knockout mice increases survival, mitigates RTEC damage, and prevents subsequent kidney failure. Conversely, therapeutic blockade of TSP1-CD47 signaling provides these same advantages to wild-type animals. Together, these findings suggest an important role for CD47 in renal IRI as a proximate promoter of injury and as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha M Rogers
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Traumatic brain injury and hemorrhagic shock: evaluation of different resuscitation strategies in a large animal model of combined insults. Shock 2012; 38:49-56. [PMID: 22575994 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3182574778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and hemorrhagic shock (HS) are the leading causes of trauma-related mortality and morbidity. Combination of TBI and HS (TBI + HS) is highly lethal, and the optimal resuscitation strategy for this combined insult remains unclear. A critical limitation is the lack of suitable large animal models to test different treatment strategies. We have developed a clinically relevant large animal model of TBI + HS, which was used to evaluate the impact of different treatments on brain lesion size and associated edema. Yorkshire swine (42-50 kg) were instrumented to measure hemodynamic parameters and intracranial pressure. A computer-controlled cortical impact device was used to create a TBI through a 20-mm craniotomy: 15-mm cylindrical tip impactor at 4 m/s velocity, 100-ms dwell time, and 12-mm penetration depth. Volume-controlled hemorrhage was started (40% blood volume) concurrent with the TBI. After 2 h of shock, animals were randomized to one of three resuscitation groups (n = 5/group): (a) normal saline (NS); (b) 6% hetastarch, Hextend (Hex); and (c) fresh frozen plasma (FFP). Volumes of Hex and FFP matched the shed blood, whereas NS was three times the volume. After 6 h of postresuscitation monitoring, brains were sectioned into 5-mm slices and stained with TTC (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride) to quantify the lesion size and brain swelling. Combination of 40% blood loss with cortical impact and a period of shock (2 h) resulted in a highly reproducible brain injury. Total fluid requirements were lower in the Hex and FFP groups. Lesion size and brain swelling in the FFP group (2,160 ± 202.63 mm and 22% ± 1.0%, respectively) were significantly smaller than those in the NS group (3,285 ± 130.8 mm3 and 37% ± 1.6%, respectively) (P < 0.05). Hex treatment decreased the swelling (29% ± 1.6%) without reducing the lesion size. Early administration of FFP reduces the size of brain lesion and associated swelling in a large animal model of TBI + HS. In contrast, artificial colloid (Hex) decreases swelling without reducing the actual size of the brain lesion.
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Colak T, Cine N, Bamac B, Kurtas O, Ozbek A, Bicer U, Sunnetci D, Savlı H. Microarray-based gene expression analysis of an animal model for closed head injury. Injury 2012; 43:1264-70. [PMID: 22341557 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2012.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability in both children and the elderly. Mortality from TBI is said account for 1-2% of all deaths. One-third to one-half of all traumatic deaths is due to head injury. Of those who survive, the majority is left with significant disabilities, including 3% who remain in a vegetative state and only approximately 30% who make a good recovery. Microarray studies and other genomic techniques facilitate the discovery of new targets for the treatment of diseases, which aids in drug development, immunotherapeutics and gene therapy. Gene expression profiling or microarray analysis enables the measurement of thousands of genes in a single RNA sample. METHODS In this study, adult Wistar-albino rats underwent TBI using a trauma device. Brain tissues and blood samples were taken for gene expression at 1, 12 and 48 h post-trauma and were then analysed via microarray. Total RNA was isolated using an RNeasy Mini Kit (QIAGEN-Sample & Assay Technologies, Hilden, Germany) and tested using a 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA). Overall changes in gene expression were evaluated using Agilent Whole Rat Genome 4 × 44 K oligonucleotide arrays and analysed with GeneSpring (GeneSpring 6.1, Silicon Genetics, Redwood City, CA) software. Only genes with a signal-to-noise ratio of above 2 in the experiments were included in the statistical analysis. RESULTS ANOVA (p<0.05) was performed to identify differentially expressed probe sets. Additional filtering (minimum 2-fold change) was applied to extract the most differentially expressed genes based on the study groups (Control vs. 1st hour, Control vs. 12th hour, Control vs. 48th hour). Differentially expressed genes were detected via microarray analysis. A gene interaction-based network investigation of the genes that were identified via traditional microarray data analysis describes a significantly relevant gene network that includes the C1ql2, Cbnl, Sdc1, Bdnf, MMP9, and Cd47 genes, which were differentially expressed compared with the controls. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we will review the current understanding of the genetic susceptibility of TBI with microarrays. Our results highlight the importance of genes that control the response of the brain to injury as well as the suitability of microarrays for identifying specific targets for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Colak
- Kocaeli University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Turkey.
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Jin R, Song Z, Yu S, Piazza A, Nanda A, Penninger JM, Granger DN, Li G. Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase gamma plays a central role in blood-brain barrier dysfunction in acute experimental stroke. Stroke 2011; 42:2033-44. [PMID: 21546487 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.110.601369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-γ is linked to inflammation and oxidative stress. This study was conducted to investigate the role of the PI3Kγ in the blood-brain barrier dysfunction and brain damage induced by focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. METHODS Wild-type and PI3Kγ knockout mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (60 minutes) followed by reperfusion. Evans blue leakage, brain edema, infarct volumes, and neurological deficits were examined. Oxidative stress, neutrophil infiltration, and matrix metallopeptidase-9 were assessed. Activation of nuclear factor-κB and expression of proinflammatory and pro-oxidative genes were studied. RESULTS PI3Kγ deficiency significantly reduced blood-brain barrier permeability and brain edema formation, which were time-dependently correlated with preventing the degradation of the tight junction protein, claudin-5, and the basal lamina protein, collagen IV, and the phosphorylation of myosin light chain in brain microvessels. PI3Kγ deficiency suppressed ischemia/reperfusion-induced nuclear factor-κB p65 (Ser536) phosphorylation and the expression of the pro-oxidant enzyme NADPH oxidase (Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4) and proinflammatory adhesion molecules (E- and P-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1) at different time points. These molecular changes were associated with significant inhibition of oxidative stress (superoxide production and malondialdehyde content), neutrophil infiltration, and matrix metallopeptidase-9 expression/activity in PI3Kγ knockout mice. Eventually, PI3Kγ deficiency significantly reduced infarct volumes and neurological scores at 24 hours after ischemia/reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide the first direct demonstration that PI3Kγ plays a significant role in ischemia/reperfusion-induced blood-brain barrier disruption and brain damage. Future studies need to explore PI3Kγ as a potential target for stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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Genetic variant of BDNF (Val66Met) polymorphism attenuates stroke-induced angiogenic responses by enhancing anti-angiogenic mediator CD36 expression. J Neurosci 2011; 31:775-83. [PMID: 21228186 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4547-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been shown to be necessary and sufficient for post-stroke recovery in rodents. From these observations, we and others have hypothesized that a common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the pro-domain of bdnf that leads to a methionine (Met) substitution for valine (Val) at codon 66 (Val66Met) will affect stroke outcome. Here we investigate the effect of the BDNF genetic variant on ischemic outcome by using mice with a genetic knock-in of the human BDNF variant in both alleles (BDNF(Met/Met)). Compared with wild-type mice, BDNF(Met/Met) mice exhibited reduced CNS BDNF levels without a discernable effect on infarct size. Diminished BDNF levels in BDNF(Met/Met) mice were associated with greater deficits in post-stroke locomotor functions. Additionally, the BDNF(Met/Met) mice showed reduced angiogenesis and elevated expression of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and its receptor CD36, anti-angiogenic factors. To assess the functional role of CD36 in antagonizing angiogenic response in Met homozygosity at the BDNF locus, we crossed BDNF(Met/Met) mice with CD36 knock-out mice. The double-mutant mice rescued the angiogenic deficit associated with the BDNF(Met/Met) mice without alterations in BDNF levels, indicating that the behavioral deficit in BDNF(Met/Met) mice after stroke is partly related to an unfavorable balance in pro-angiogenic BDNF and anti-angiogenic TSP-1/CD36. The results suggest that CD36 inhibition may be a viable strategy to enhance angiogenesis and possible recovery in human stroke victims who are Met homozygotes at codon 66 of the BDNF locus.
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Frazier EP, Isenberg JS, Shiva S, Zhao L, Schlesinger P, Dimitry J, Abu-Asab MS, Tsokos M, Roberts DD, Frazier WA. Age-dependent regulation of skeletal muscle mitochondria by the thrombospondin-1 receptor CD47. Matrix Biol 2011; 30:154-61. [PMID: 21256215 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CD47, a receptor for thrombospondin-1, limits two important regulatory axes: nitric oxide-cGMP signaling and cAMP signaling, both of which can promote mitochondrial biogenesis. Electron microscopy revealed increased mitochondrial densities in skeletal muscle from both CD47 null and thrombospondin-1 null mice. We further assessed the mitochondria status of CD47-null vs WT mice. Quantitative RT-PCR of RNA extracted from tissues of 3 month old mice revealed dramatically elevated expression of mRNAs encoding mitochondrial proteins and PGC-1α in both fast and slow-twitch skeletal muscle from CD47-null mice, but modest to no elevation in other tissues. These observations were confirmed by Western blotting of mitochondrial proteins. Relative amounts of electron transport enzymes and ATP/O(2) ratios of isolated mitochondria were not different between mitochondria from CD47-null and WT cells. Young CD47-null mice displayed enhanced treadmill endurance relative to WTs and CD47-null gastrocnemius had undergone fiber type switching to a slow-twitch pattern of myoglobin and myosin heavy chain expression. In 12 month old mice, both skeletal muscle mitochondrial volume density and endurance had decreased to wild type levels. Expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms and myoglobin also reverted to a fast twitch pattern in gastrocnemius. Both CD47 and TSP1 null mice are leaner than WTs, use less oxygen and produce less heat than WT mice. CD47-null cells produce substantially less reactive oxygen species than WT cells. These data indicate that loss of signaling from the TSP1-CD47 system promotes accumulation of normally functioning mitochondria in a tissue-specific and age-dependent fashion leading to enhanced physical performance, lower reactive oxygen species production and more efficient metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elfaridah P Frazier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
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Phosphodiesterase-III inhibitor prevents hemorrhagic transformation induced by focal cerebral ischemia in mice treated with tPA. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15178. [PMID: 21151895 PMCID: PMC2997776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase-III inhibitor and antiplatelet drug, would prevent tPA-associated hemorrhagic transformation. Mice subjected to 6-h middle cerebral artery occlusion were treated with delayed tPA alone at 6 h, with combined tPA plus cilostazol at 6 h, or with vehicle at 6 h. We used multiple imaging (electron microscopy, spectroscopy), histological and neurobehavioral measures to assess the effects of the treatment at 18 h and 7 days after the reperfusion. To further investigate the mechanism of cilostazol to beneficial effect, we also performed an in vitro study with tPA and a phosphodiesterase-III inhibitor in human brain microvascular endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes. Combination therapy with tPA plus cilostazol prevented development of hemorrhagic transformation, reduced brain edema, prevented endothelial injury via reduction MMP-9 activity, and prevented the blood-brain barrier opening by inhibiting decreased claudin-5 expression. These changes significantly reduced the morbidity and mortality at 18 h and 7 days after the reperfusion. Also, the administration of both drugs prevented injury to brain human endothelial cells and human brain pericytes. The present study indicates that a phosphodiesterase-III inhibitor prevents the hemorrhagic transformation induced by focal cerebral ischemia in mice treated with tPA.
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Segel GB, Halterman MW, Lichtman MA. The paradox of the neutrophil's role in tissue injury. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 89:359-72. [PMID: 21097697 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0910538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The neutrophil is an essential component of the innate immune system, and its function is vital to human life. Its production increases in response to virtually all forms of inflammation, and subsequently, it can accumulate in blood and tissue to varying degrees. Although its participation in the inflammatory response is often salutary by nature of its normal interaction with vascular endothelium and its capability to enter tissues and respond to chemotactic gradients and to phagocytize and kill microrganisms, it can contribute to processes that impair vascular integrity and blood flow. The mechanisms that the neutrophil uses to kill microorganisms also have the potential to injure normal tissue under special circumstances. Its paradoxical role in the pathophysiology of disease is particularly, but not exclusively, notable in seven circumstances: 1) diabetic retinopathy, 2) sickle cell disease, 3) TRALI, 4) ARDS, 5) renal microvasculopathy, 6) stroke, and 7) acute coronary artery syndrome. The activated neutrophil's capability to become adhesive to endothelium, to generate highly ROS, and to secrete proteases gives it the potential to induce local vascular and tissue injury. In this review, we summarize the evidence for its role as a mediator of tissue injury in these seven conditions, making it or its products potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- George B Segel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA.
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Phosphoinositide 3-kinase-gamma expression is upregulated in brain microglia and contributes to ischemia-induced microglial activation in acute experimental stroke. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 399:458-64. [PMID: 20678469 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.07.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident microphages of the CNS, are rapidly activated after ischemic stroke. Inhibition of microglial activation may protect the brain by attenuating blood-brain barrier damage and neuronal apoptosis after ischemic stroke. However, the mechanisms by which microglia is activated following cerebral ischemia is not well defined. In this study, we investigated the expression of PI3Kgamma in normal and ischemic brains and found that PI3Kgamma mRNA and protein are constitutively expressed in normal brain microvessels, but significantly upregulated in postischemic brain primarily in activated microglia following cerebral ischemia. In vitro, the expression of PI3Kgamma mRNA and protein was verified in mouse brain endothelial and microglial cell lines. Importantly, absence of PI3Kgamma blocked the early microglia activation (at 4h) and subsequent expansion (at 24-72 h) in PI3Kgamma knockout mice. The results suggest that PI3Kgamma is an ischemia-responsive gene in brain microglia and contributes to ischemia-induced microglial activation and expansion.
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46
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Xing C, Arai K, Park KP, Lo EH. Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-9 via CD47 signaling in neurovascular cells. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:1092-7. [PMID: 20364320 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0159-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Neurovascular injury comprises a wide spectrum of pathophysiology that underlies the progression of brain injury after cerebral ischemia. Recently, it has been shown that activation of the integrin-associated protein CD47 mediates the development of blood-brain barrier injury and edema after cerebral ischemia. However, the mechanisms that mediate these complex neurovascular effects of CD47 remain to be elucidated. Here, we compare the effects of CD47 signaling in brain endothelial cells, astrocytes, and pericytes. Exposure to 4N1 K, a specific CD47-activating peptide derived from the major CD47 ligand thrombospondin-1, upregulated two major neurovascular mediators, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), in brain endothelial cells and astrocytes. No changes were detected in pericytes. These findings may provide a potential mechanism for CD47-induced changes in blood-brain barrier homeostasis, and further suggest that CD47 may be a relevant neurovascular target in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Xing
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MGH East, 149-2401, 13th St, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Hayakawa K, Nakano T, Irie K, Higuchi S, Fujioka M, Orito K, Iwasaki K, Jin G, Lo EH, Mishima K, Fujiwara M. Inhibition of reactive astrocytes with fluorocitrate retards neurovascular remodeling and recovery after focal cerebral ischemia in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30:871-82. [PMID: 19997116 PMCID: PMC2949171 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glial scarring is traditionally thought to be detrimental after stroke. But emerging studies now suggest that reactive astrocytes may also contribute to neurovascular remodeling. Here, we assessed the effects and mechanisms of metabolic inhibition of reactive astrocytes in a mouse model of stroke recovery. Five days after stroke onset, astrocytes were metabolically inhibited with fluorocitrate (FC, 1 nmol). Markers of reactive astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), HMGB1), markers of neurovascular remodeling (CD31, synaptophysin, PSD95), and behavioral outcomes (neuroscore, rotarod latency) were quantified from 1 to 14 days. As expected, focal cerebral ischemia induced significant neurological deficits in mice. But over the course of 14 days after stroke onset, a steady improvement in neuroscore and rotarod latencies were observed as the mice spontaneously recovered. Reactive astrocytes coexpressing GFAP and HMGB1 increased in peri-infarct cortex from 1 to 14 days after cerebral ischemia in parallel with an increase in the neurovascular remodeling markers CD31, synaptophysin, and PSD95. Compared with stroke-only controls, FC-treated mice demonstrated a significant decrease in HMGB1-positive reactive astrocytes and neurovascular remodeling, as well as a corresponding worsening of behavioral recovery. Our results suggest that reactive astrocytes in peri-infarct cortex may promote neurovascular remodeling, and these glial responses may aid functional recovery after stroke.
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Jin R, Yang G, Li G. Inflammatory mechanisms in ischemic stroke: role of inflammatory cells. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 87:779-89. [PMID: 20130219 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1109766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1159] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and other forms of ischemic brain injury. Experimentally and clinically, the brain responds to ischemic injury with an acute and prolonged inflammatory process, characterized by rapid activation of resident cells (mainly microglia), production of proinflammatory mediators, and infiltration of various types of inflammatory cells (including neutrophils, different subtypes of T cells, monocyte/macrophages, and other cells) into the ischemic brain tissue. These cellular events collaboratively contribute to ischemic brain injury. Despite intense investigation, there are still numerous controversies concerning the time course of the recruitment of inflammatory cells in the brain and their pathogenic roles in ischemic brain injury. In this review, we provide an overview of the time-dependent recruitment of different inflammatory cells following focal cerebral I/R. We discuss how these cells contribute to ischemic brain injury and highlight certain recent findings and currently unanswered questions about inflammatory cells in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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Jin G, Sun PZ, Singhal AB, Ayata C, Lo EH. First-Order Mathematical Modeling of Brain Swelling in Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Transl Stroke Res 2010; 1:65-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-009-0009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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