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Lin X, Huang L, Huang H, Ke Z, Chen Y. Disturbed relationship between glucocorticoid receptor and 5-HT1AR/5-HT2AR in ADHD rats: A correlation study. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1064369. [PMID: 36699537 PMCID: PMC9869156 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1064369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This work is to investigate the alterations of the central 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) system in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and the correlation with the behaviors of SHR, and to explore the effects of glucocorticoid intervention on the central 5-HT system and SHR behaviors. Materials and methods Three weeks old SHR were chosen as the attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) model and treated with glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonist or inhibitor, whereas Wista Kyoto rats (WKY) were chosen as the normal control group. Open-field test and Làt maze test were used to evaluate the spontaneous activities and non-selective attention. The levels of 5-HT in the extracellular fluid specimens of the prefrontal cortex of rats were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The expressions of GR, 5-HT1A receptor (5-HT1AR), and 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) in the prefrontal cortex were analyzed through immunohistochemistry. Results Our study demonstrated that the 5-HT level was lower in the prefrontal cortex of SHR compared to that of WKY. The Open-field test and Làt maze test showed that GR agonist (dexamethasone, DEX) intervention ameliorated attention deficit and hyperactive behavior, whereas GR inhibitor (RU486) aggravated the disorders. With DEX, the expression levels of 5-HT and 5-HT2AR in the prefrontal cortex of SHR were significantly higher than those in the control group, whereas the expression level of 5-HT1AR was lower. However, the expression levels of 5-HT and 5-HT2AR were significantly decreased after the intervention with RU486, while the expression level of 5-HT1AR increased. Results showed that glucocorticoid was negatively correlated with 5-HT1AR and positively correlated with 5-HT2AR. Conclusion In the prefrontal cortex of ADHD rats, the down-regulation of 5-HT and 5-HT2AR expressions and the up-regulation of 5-HT1AR, compared with WYK rats, suggested a dysfunctional central 5-HT system in ADHD rats. The GR agonist can upregulate the expression of 5-HT and 5-HT2AR and downregulate the expression of 5-HT1AR in the prefrontal cortex of SHR as well as reduce the hyperactivity and attention deficit behavior in SHR, while the opposite was true for the GR inhibitor. It is suggested that the dysfunction of the 5-HT system in ADHD rats is closely related to glucocorticoid receptor activity.
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Pędzich BD, Medrano M, Buckinx A, Smolders I, De Bundel D. Psychedelic-Induced Serotonin 2A Receptor Downregulation Does Not Predict Swim Stress Coping in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315284. [PMID: 36499610 PMCID: PMC9736085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotoninergic psychedelics such as psilocybin have been reported to elicit a long-lasting reduction in depressive symptoms. Although the main target for serotoninergic psychedelics, serotonin type 2A receptor (5-HT2A), has been established, the possible mechanism of the antidepressant action of psychedelics remains unknown. Using the mouse forced swim test model, we examined whether the administration of the synthetic serotoninergic psychedelic 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) would modulate 5-HT2A receptor levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and revert stress-induced changes in behavior. Mice subjected to swim stress developed a passive stress-coping strategy when tested in the forced swim test 6 days later. This change in behavior was not associated with the hypothesized increase in 5-HT2A receptor-dependent head twitch behaviors or consistent changes in 5-HT2A receptor levels in the mPFC. When DOI was administered 1 day before the forced swim test, a low dose (0.2 mg/kg i.p.) unexpectedly increased immobility while a high dose (2 mg/kg i.p.) had no significant effect on immobility. Nevertheless, DOI evoked a dose-dependent decrease in 5-HT2A levels in the mPFC of mice previously exposed to swim stress. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that the downregulation of 5-HT2A receptors in the mPFC contributes to the antidepressant-like properties of serotoninergic psychedelics.
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Oh DR, Kim Y, Choi EJ, Jung MA, Oh KN, Hong JA, Bae D, Kim K, Kang H, Kim J, Kim YR, Cho SS, Choi CY. Antidepressant-Like Effects of Vaccinium bracteatum in Chronic Restraint Stress Mice: Functional Actions and Mechanism Explorations. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2018; 46:357-387. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x18500180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The fruit of Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb. (VBF) is commonly known as the oriental blueberry in Korea. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antidepressant-like effects of water VBF extract (VBFW) in a mouse model of chronic restraint stress (CRS) and to identify the underlying mechanisms of its action. The behavioral effects of VBFW were assessed in the forced swim test (FST) and open field test (OFT). The levels of serum corticosterone (CORT), brain monoamines, in addition to the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway were evaluated. VBFW treatment significantly reduced the immobility time and increased swimming time in FST without altering the locomotor activity in unstressed mice. Furthermore, CRS mice treated with VBFW exhibited a significantly decreased immobility time in FST and serum CORT, increased locomotor activity in OFT, and enhanced brain monoamine neurotransmitters. Similarly, VBFW significantly upregulated the ERKs/Akt signaling pathway in the hippocampus and PFC. In addition, VBFW may reverse CORT-induced cell death by enhancing cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein expression through the up-regulation of ERKs/Akt signaling pathways. In addition, VBFW showed the strong antagonistic effect of the 5-HT[Formula: see text] receptor by inhibiting 5-HT-induced intracellular Ca[Formula: see text] and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Our study provides evidence that antidepressant-like effects of VBFW might be mediated by the regulation of monoaminergic systems and glucocorticoids, which is possibly associated with neuroprotective effects and antagonism of 5-HT[Formula: see text] receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dool-Ri Oh
- Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research (JINR), Jeollanamdo 59338, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Kim
- Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research (JINR), Jeollanamdo 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Choi
- Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research (JINR), Jeollanamdo 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-A Jung
- Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research (JINR), Jeollanamdo 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyo-Nyeo Oh
- Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research (JINR), Jeollanamdo 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ae Hong
- Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research (JINR), Jeollanamdo 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyuck Bae
- Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research (JINR), Jeollanamdo 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangsu Kim
- Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research (JINR), Jeollanamdo 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Huwon Kang
- Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research (JINR), Jeollanamdo 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyong Kim
- Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research (JINR), Jeollanamdo 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ran Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Sik Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeollanamdo 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Young Choi
- Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Jeonnam Institute of Natural Resources Research (JINR), Jeollanamdo 59338, Republic of Korea
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Chen J, Wang ZZ, Zhang S, Zuo W, Chen NH. Does mineralocorticoid receptor play a vital role in the development of depressive disorder? Life Sci 2016; 152:76-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Le Menuet D, Lombès M. The neuronal mineralocorticoid receptor: from cell survival to neurogenesis. Steroids 2014; 91:11-9. [PMID: 24928721 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a hormone-activated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily, exerts widespread actions in many tissues such as tight epithelia, the cardiovascular system, adipose tissues and macrophages. In the mammalian brain, MR is present in the limbic areas where it is highly expressed in neurons of the hippocampus and mostly absent in other regions while the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression is ubiquitous. MR binds both aldosterone and glucocorticoids, the latter having a ten-fold higher affinity for MR than for the closely related GR. However, owing to the minimal aldosterone transfer across the blood brain barrier and the absence of neuronal 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 as an intracellular gate-keeper, neuronal MR appears to be fully occupied even at low physiological glucocorticoid levels while GR activation only occurs at high glucocorticoid concentrations, i.e. at the peak of the circadian rhythm or under stress. This defined a one hormone/two receptors system that works in balance, modulating a large spectrum of actions in the central nervous system. MR and GR are involved in the stress responses, the regulation of neuron excitability, long term potentiation, neuroprotection and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. MR thus constitutes a key factor in the arising of higher cognitive functions such as memorization, learning and mood. This review presents an overview of various roles of MR in the central nervous system which are somewhat less studied than that of GR, in the light of recent data obtained using cellular models, animal models and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Le Menuet
- Inserm U693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France; Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, UMR-S693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France.
| | - Marc Lombès
- Inserm U693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France; Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, UMR-S693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94275, France
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Increase of glucocorticoid receptor expression after environmental enrichment: Relations to spatial memory, exploration and anxiety-related behaviors. Physiol Behav 2014; 129:118-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Regulating Prefrontal Cortex Activation: An Emerging Role for the 5-HT2A Serotonin Receptor in the Modulation of Emotion-Based Actions? Mol Neurobiol 2013; 48:841-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8472-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Savitz JB, Drevets WC. Neuroreceptor imaging in depression. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 52:49-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Frokjaer VG, Erritzoe D, Holst KK, Jensen PS, Rasmussen PM, Fisher PM, Baaré W, Madsen KS, Madsen J, Svarer C, Knudsen GM. Prefrontal serotonin transporter availability is positively associated with the cortisol awakening response. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23:285-94. [PMID: 22732516 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Stress sensitivity and serotonergic neurotransmission interact, e.g. individuals carrying the low-expressing variants (S and LG) of the 5-HTTLPR promoter polymorphism of the serotonin transporter (SERT) gene are at higher risk for developing mood disorders when exposed to severe stress and display higher cortisol responses when exposed to psychosocial stressors relative to high expressing 5-HTTLPR variants. However, it is not clear how the relation between SERT and cortisol output is reflected in the adult brain. We investigated the relation between cortisol response to awakening (CAR) and SERT binding in brain regions considered relevant to modify the cortisol awakening response. METHODS thirty-two healthy volunteers underwent in vivo SERT imaging with [(11)C]DASB-Positron Emission Tomography (PET), genotyping, and performed home-sampling of saliva to assess CAR. RESULTS CAR, defined as the area under curve with respect to increase from baseline, was positively coupled to prefrontal SERT binding (p=0.02), independent of adjustment for 5-HTTLPR genotype. Although S- and LG-allele carriers tended to show a larger CAR (p=0.07) than LA homozygous, 5-HTTLPR genotype did not modify the coupling between CAR and prefrontal SERT binding as tested by an interaction analysis (genotype×CAR). CONCLUSION prefrontal SERT binding is positively associated with cortisol response to awakening. We speculate that in mentally healthy individuals prefrontal serotonergic neurotransmission may exert an inhibitory control on the cortisol awakening response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibe Gedsoe Frokjaer
- Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Neurobiology Research Unit, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Guidotti G, Calabrese F, Anacker C, Racagni G, Pariante CM, Riva MA. Glucocorticoid receptor and FKBP5 expression is altered following exposure to chronic stress: modulation by antidepressant treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:616-27. [PMID: 23169346 PMCID: PMC3572458 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Major depression is thought to originate from the interaction between susceptibility genes and adverse environmental events, in particular stress. The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is the major system involved in stress response and its dysregulation is an important element in the pathogenesis of depression. The stress response is therefore finely tuned through a series of mechanisms that control the trafficking of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) to the nucleus, including binding to the chaperone protein FKBP5 and receptor phosphorylation, suggesting that these elements may also be affected under pathologic conditions. On these bases, we investigated FKBP5 and GR expression and phosphorylation in the hippocampus (ventral and dorsal) and in the prefrontal cortex of rats exposed to chronic mild stress (CMS) and we analyzed the effect of a concomitant antidepressant treatment. We found that animals exposed to CMS show increased expression of FKBP5 as well as enhanced cytoplasmic levels of GR, primarily in ventral hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Chronic treatment with the antidepressant duloxetine is able to normalize such alterations, mainly in the prefrontal cortex. Moreover, we demonstrate that CMS-induced alterations of GR trafficking and transcription may be sustained by changes in receptor phosphorylation, which are also modulated by pharmacological intervention. In summary, while GR-related changes after CMS might be relevant for the depressive phenotype, the ability of antidepressant treatment to correct some of these alterations may contribute to the normalization of HPA axis dysfunctions associated with stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Guidotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centro di Neurofarmacologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Calabrese
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centro di Neurofarmacologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Christoph Anacker
- Section of Perinatal Psychiatry and Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology (SPI-lab), Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - Giorgio Racagni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centro di Neurofarmacologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmine M Pariante
- Section of Perinatal Psychiatry and Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology (SPI-lab), Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - Marco A Riva
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centro di Neurofarmacologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Zhang J, Fan Y, Li Y, Zhu H, Wang L, Zhu MY. Chronic social defeat up-regulates expression of the serotonin transporter in rat dorsal raphe nucleus and projection regions in a glucocorticoid-dependent manner. J Neurochem 2012; 123:1054-68. [PMID: 23061525 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress and dysfunction of the serotonergic system in the brain have been considered two of the major risks for development of depression. In this study, adult Fischer 344 rats were subjected to a regimen of chronic social defeat (CSD). To mimic stressful conditions, some rats were not exposed to CSD, but instead treated with corticosterone (CORT) in oral solution while maintained in their home cage. Protein levels of the serotonin transporter (SERT) in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), hippocampus, frontal cortex, and amygdala were examined by Western blotting or immunofluorescence staining. The results showed that CSD up-regulated SERT protein levels in the DRN, hippocampus, frontal cortex, and amygdala regions. This up-regulation was abolished or prevented by adrenalectomy, or treatment with antagonists of corticosteroid receptors mifepristone and spironolactone, alone or in combination. Similarly, up-regulated SERT protein levels in these brain regions were also observed in rats treated with oral CORT ingestion, which was analogously prevented by treatment with mifepristone and spironolactone. Furthermore, both CSD- and CORT-induced up-regulation of SERT protein levels in the DRN and three brain regions were attenuated by simultaneous treatment with fluoxetine, an antidepressant that specifically inhibits serotonin reuptake. The results indicate that up-regulation in SERT protein levels in the DRN and forebrain limbic structures caused by CSD regimen was mainly motivated by CORT through corticosteroid receptors. The present findings demonstrate that chronic stress is closely correlated with the serotonergic system by acting on the regulation of the SERT expression in the DRN and its projection regions, which may contribute to the development of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37604, USA
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Pitychoutis P, Dalla C, Sideris A, Tsonis P, Papadopoulou-Daifoti Z. 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C receptor mRNA modulation by antidepressant treatment in the chronic mild stress model of depression: sex differences exposed. Neuroscience 2012; 210:152-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Sub-chronic dietary tryptophan depletion--an animal model of depression with improved face and good construct validity. J Psychiatr Res 2012; 46:239-47. [PMID: 22074993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sub-chronic tryptophan depletion (SCTD) is proposed as an animal model for depression. Aims were to test the hypothesis and optimise the time of SCTD-induced depression-related behaviour and associated biochemical changes. Sprague Dawley rats were treated with a low tryptophan (TRP) containing diet for 0, 7 or 14 days. Peripheral and central neurochemical markers were measured. SCTD-induced depression-related behaviour was assessed by the forced swim test (FST). Model sensitivity to antidepressants was tested by concomitant treatment with paroxetine. SCTD-induced significant reductions in weight gain and measures of peripheral and central TRP. Corticosterone, aldosterone and kynurenine (K), increased whilst kynurenic acid (KA), an NMDA antagonist decreased. 5-HT(2) receptor binding Bmax was enhanced but was reversed by paroxetine. Corticosterone and aldosterone were significantly negatively-correlated to weight gain. SCTD increased floating time and reduced swimming time in the FST but were reversed by paroxetine. Aldosterone was increased at 7 and 14 days, whereas other changes maximised at 14 days. Aldosterone may be an early marker or causal link for depression development. Increased corticosterone and brain tissue 5-HT-receptor density may be correlates of depressive behaviour. Consequential increases in NMDA signalling through increased K/KA ratios suggest the model may be useful for testing novel antidepressants.
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Rizvi SJ, Kennedy SH. The keys to improving depression outcomes. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2011; 21 Suppl 4:S694-702. [PMID: 21924209 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of symptoms within major depressive disorder poses significant challenges for treatment and it is likely that current pharmacotherapies do not target all symptoms equally, although they have similar efficacy rates. While there is still continuing interest in understanding monoamine interactions and consequent downstream effects, the limited efficacy and tolerability achieved with classical antidepressants provides a compelling argument to move beyond the monoamines. Several lines of biological research in depression exploring immune function, neurotrophins, amino acid and neuropeptide neurotransmitters, neuroanatomical function and circadian rhythms, may lead to novel therapeutic targets and enhance depression outcomes. This review will evaluate the evidence for emerging treatments as well as recommendations from current international guidelines regarding antidepressant management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakina J Rizvi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Neuroscience, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
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Kennedy SH, Young AH, Blier P. Strategies to achieve clinical effectiveness: refining existing therapies and pursuing emerging targets. J Affect Disord 2011; 132 Suppl 1:S21-8. [PMID: 21571374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical effectiveness reflects a balance between efficacy and tolerability as well as patient satisfaction and overall improvement in quality of life and function. This is of particular importance when considering the long term use of antidepressant therapies for relapse prevention. METHODS The purpose of this review is to explore methods to enhance the modest efficacy and effectiveness outcomes reported with current antidepressant strategies. Two strategies are addressed: a) Doing better with existing treatments and b) pursuing novel targets beyond the monoamine system for new antidepressant drug development. RESULTS In the first instance, it is important to consider the balance between antidepressant efficacy and tolerability for individual patients and also be aware of evidence supporting superiority of one agent over others. Both sequential and concurrent combination therapies with existing antidepressants are also reviewed. The second approach involves a review of emerging novel pharmacological treatments based on biomarker research. Unique targets where antidepressant treatments appear effective include the melatonergic, glutamatergic, neurotrophic, cytokine, and neuropeptide systems. CONCLUSIONS While agomelatine represents an example of a clinically available antidepressant that targets melatonin receptors, drugs that act on other candidate systems are still in the development phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney H Kennedy
- University Health Network, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Xu Y, Zhang C, Wang R, Govindarajan S, Barish P, Vernon M, Fu C, Acharya A, Chen L, Boykin E, Yu J, Pan J, O'Donnell J, Ogle W. Corticosterone induced morphological changes of hippocampal and amygdaloid cell lines are dependent on 5-HT7 receptor related signal pathway. Neuroscience 2011; 182:71-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Iijima M, Ito A, Kurosu S, Chaki S. Pharmacological characterization of repeated corticosterone injection-induced depression model in rats. Brain Res 2010; 1359:75-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hensler JG, Vogt MA, Gass P. Regulation of cortical and hippocampal 5-HT(1A) receptor function by corticosterone in GR+/- mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010; 35:469-74. [PMID: 19766402 PMCID: PMC3816533 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our objective in the present study was to examine 5-HT(1A) receptor function in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of GR+/- mice, which appear to be an appropriate murine model of depression. 5-HT(1A) receptor function was determined by measuring [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding stimulated by the 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT (1 microM), an indication of the capacity of the receptor to activate G proteins. 5-HT(1A) receptor expression was determined by measuring the binding of [(3)H]8-OH-DPAT (2 nM). We observed no effect of the constitutive reduction in GR on 5-HT(1A) receptor-stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding or 5-HT(1A) receptor binding sites. Corticosterone treatment (10mg/kg, sc once daily for 21 days) of wild-type mice resulted in a decrease in 5-HT(1A) receptor function in prefrontal cortex [8-OH-DPAT-stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding (% above basal), vehicle-treated: 39+/-4.9; corticosterone-treated: 17+/-2.8], but not in hippocampus. The constitutive reduction in GR expression prevented the down-regulation of 5-HT(1A) receptor function in frontal cortex by chronic corticosterone administration. In contrast, corticosterone treatment of GR+/- mice resulted in an increase in 5-HT(1A) receptor function in hippocampus which reached statistical significance in CA2/3 region [8-OH-DPAT-stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding (% above basal), vehicle-treated: 41+/-9.7; corticosterone-treated: 94+/-23]. These changes seem to be evoked by a combined effect of high corticosterone levels and GR deficiency. Although GR+/- mice do not exhibit changes in baseline corticosterone, the constitutive deficiency in GR appears to have unmasked regulatory effects of elevated corticosterone in the maintenance of 5-HT(1A) receptor function in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie G. Hensler
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center-San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Miriam A. Vogt
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Gass
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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19
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Frokjaer VG, Vinberg M, Erritzoe D, Baaré W, Holst KK, Mortensen EL, Arfan H, Madsen J, Jernigan TL, Kessing LV, Knudsen GM. Familial risk for mood disorder and the personality risk factor, neuroticism, interact in their association with frontolimbic serotonin 2A receptor binding. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:1129-37. [PMID: 20043006 PMCID: PMC3055406 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Life stress is a robust risk factor for later development of mood disorders, particularly for individuals at familial risk. Likewise, scoring high on the personality trait neuroticism is associated with an increased risk for mood disorders. Neuroticism partly reflects stress vulnerability and is positively correlated to frontolimbic serotonin 2A (5-HT(2A)) receptor binding. Here, we investigate whether neuroticism interacts with familial risk in relation to frontolimbic 5-HT(2A) receptor binding. Twenty-one healthy twins with a co-twin history of mood disorder and 16 healthy twins without a co-twin history of mood disorder were included. They answered self-report personality questionnaires and underwent [(18)F]altanserin positron emission tomography. We found a significant interaction between neuroticism and familial risk in predicting the frontolimbic 5-HT(2A) receptor binding (p=0.026) in an analysis adjusting for age and body mass index. Within the high-risk group only, neuroticism and frontolimbic 5-HT(2A) receptor binding was positively associated (p=0.0037). In conclusion, our data indicate that familial risk and neuroticism interact in their relation to frontolimbic 5-HT(2A) receptor binding. These findings point at a plausible neurobiological link between genetic and personality risk factors and vulnerability to developing mood disorders. It contributes to our understanding of why some people at high risk develop mood disorders while others do not. We speculate that an increased stress reactivity in individuals at high familial risk for mood disorders might enhance the effect of neuroticism in shaping the impact of potential environmental stress and thereby influence serotonergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibe G Frokjaer
- Neurobiology Research Unit and Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Denmark.
| | - Maj Vinberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - David Erritzoe
- Neurobiology Research Unit and Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Denmark
| | - William Baaré
- Neurobiology Research Unit and Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Denmark,Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Hvidovre University Hospital, Denmark
| | | | | | - Haroon Arfan
- Neurobiology Research Unit and Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Denmark
| | - Jacob Madsen
- PET and Cyclotron Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Terry L Jernigan
- Neurobiology Research Unit and Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Denmark,Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Hvidovre University Hospital, Denmark,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Laboratory of Cognitive Imaging, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lars Vedel Kessing
- Department of Psychiatry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Gitte Moos Knudsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit and Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Denmark
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20
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Licht CL, Kirkegaard L, Zueger M, Chourbaji S, Gass P, Aznar S, Knudsen GM. Changes in 5-HT4 receptor and 5-HT transporter binding in olfactory bulbectomized and glucocorticoid receptor heterozygous mice. Neurochem Int 2010; 56:603-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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