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Pallarés ME, Monteleone MC, Pastor V, Grillo Balboa J, Alzamendi A, Brocco MA, Antonelli MC. Early-Life Stress Reprograms Stress-Coping Abilities in Male and Female Juvenile Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5837-5856. [PMID: 34409559 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02527-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal stress (PS) is a major risk factor for the development of emotional disorders in adulthood that may be mediated by an altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to stress. Although the early onset of stress-related disorders is recognized as a major public health problem, to date, there are relatively few studies that have examined the incidence of early-life stressors in younger individuals. In this study, we assessed PS impact on the stress-coping response of juvenile offspring in behavioral tests and in the induced molecular changes in the hippocampus. Furthermore, we assessed if pregnancy stress could be driving changes in patterns of maternal behavior during early lactation. We found that PS modified stress-coping abilities of both sex offspring. In the hippocampus, PS increased the expression of bdnf-IV and crfr1 and induced sex difference changes on glucocorticoids and BDNF mRNA receptor levels. PS changed the hippocampal epigenetic landscape mainly in male offspring. Stress during pregnancy enhanced pup-directed behavior of stressed dams. Our study indicates that exposure to PS, in addition to enhanced maternal behavior, induces dynamic neurobehavioral variations at juvenile ages of the offspring that should be considered adaptive or maladaptive, depending on the characteristics of the confronting environment. Our present results highlight the importance to further explore risk factors that appear early in life that will be important to allow timely prevention strategies to later vulnerability to stress-related disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Male
- Pregnancy
- Rats
- Adaptation, Psychological
- Anxiety/etiology
- Anxiety/genetics
- Anxiety/physiopathology
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/biosynthesis
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/genetics
- Corticosterone/blood
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/biosynthesis
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/genetics
- Elevated Plus Maze Test
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Glucocorticoids/biosynthesis
- Glucocorticoids/genetics
- Hippocampus/embryology
- Hippocampus/physiology
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/embryology
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiopathology
- Lactation/physiology
- Lactation/psychology
- Maternal Behavior
- Pituitary-Adrenal System/embryology
- Pituitary-Adrenal System/physiopathology
- Pregnancy Complications/physiopathology
- Pregnancy Complications/psychology
- Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, trkB/biosynthesis
- Receptor, trkB/genetics
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Restraint, Physical/adverse effects
- Sex Characteristics
- Stress, Physiological/physiology
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
- Swimming
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Pallarés
- Laboratorio de Neuroprogramación Perinatal del Neurodesarrollo, Instituto de Biología Celular Y Neurociencias "Prof. Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN)- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 2155 Paraguay St. CABA, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Melisa Carolina Monteleone
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas (IIB), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica Pastor
- Laboratorio de Neuroprogramación Perinatal del Neurodesarrollo, Instituto de Biología Celular Y Neurociencias "Prof. Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN)- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 2155 Paraguay St. CABA, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jazmín Grillo Balboa
- Laboratorio de Neuroprogramación Perinatal del Neurodesarrollo, Instituto de Biología Celular Y Neurociencias "Prof. Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN)- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 2155 Paraguay St. CABA, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Alzamendi
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela Adriana Brocco
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas (IIB), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marta Cristina Antonelli
- Laboratorio de Neuroprogramación Perinatal del Neurodesarrollo, Instituto de Biología Celular Y Neurociencias "Prof. Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN)- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 2155 Paraguay St. CABA, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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2
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Roderick JE, Gallagher KM, Murphy LC, O'Connor KW, Tang K, Zhang B, Brehm MA, Greiner DL, Yu J, Zhu LJ, Green MR, Kelliher MA. Prostaglandin E2 stimulates cAMP signaling and resensitizes human leukemia cells to glucocorticoid-induced cell death. Blood 2021; 137:500-512. [PMID: 33507291 PMCID: PMC7845005 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020005712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) resistance remains a clinical challenge in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia where response to GC is a reliable prognostic indicator. To identify GC resistance pathways, we conducted a genome-wide, survival-based, short hairpin RNA screen in murine T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cells. Genes identified in the screen interfere with cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling and are underexpressed in GC-resistant or relapsed ALL patients. Silencing of the cAMP-activating Gnas gene interfered with GC-induced gene expression, resulting in dexamethasone resistance in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that cAMP signaling synergizes with dexamethasone to enhance cell death in GC-resistant human T-ALL cells. We find the E prostanoid receptor 4 expressed in T-ALL samples and demonstrate that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) increases intracellular cAMP, potentiates GC-induced gene expression, and sensitizes human T-ALL samples to dexamethasone in vitro and in vivo. These findings identify PGE2 as a target for GC resensitization in relapsed pediatric T-ALL.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Child
- Chromogranins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Colforsin/pharmacology
- Cyclic AMP/pharmacology
- Cyclic AMP/physiology
- Dexamethasone/administration & dosage
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Dinoprostone/administration & dosage
- Dinoprostone/antagonists & inhibitors
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Dinoprostone/physiology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/physiology
- Female
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/antagonists & inhibitors
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/deficiency
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Models, Animal
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/drug therapy
- Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/metabolism
- Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Radiation Chimera
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/physiology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/genetics
- Second Messenger Systems/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology
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3
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González Ramírez C, Villavicencio Queijeiro A, Jiménez Morales S, Bárcenas López D, Hidalgo Miranda A, Ruiz Chow A, Tellez Cárdenas L, Guardado Estrada M. The NR3C1 gene expression is a potential surrogate biomarker for risk and diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Res 2020; 284:112797. [PMID: 31982660 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder which occurs after a traumatic event. The NR3C1 gene codes for the Glucocorticoid Receptor, which participate in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis and is altered in PTSD patients. To evaluate whether the NR3C1 gene expression in peripheral blood could be useful as a diagnosis biomarker, a total of 32 PTSD patients and 59 healthy controls were analyzed with quantitative RT-PCR. Also, to assess if NR3C1 dysregulation is associated with hypocortisolism in PTSD patients, serum cortisol was quantified by ELISA in a subset of these samples. Significant NR3C1 over-expression was found in PTSD patients compared with controls, and this was higher in patients with acute PTSD. The Area Under the Curve (AUC) of NR3C1 gene expression was 0.797. The sensibility and specificity of NRC1 gene expression to diagnose PTSD was 62.5% and 89.8%, respectively. We also found that an up-regulation of NR3C1 increased the risk for being diagnosed with PTSD (OR= 12.8, 95%, CI 4-41.4). Finally, the NR3C1 gene expression was inversely related with serum cortisol in PTSD patients. The present results suggest that NR3C1 gene expression could be a promising biomarker for PTSD diagnosis and estimate the risk for disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia González Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Genética de la Licenciatura en Ciencia Forense, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Alexa Villavicencio Queijeiro
- Laboratorio de Genética de la Licenciatura en Ciencia Forense, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | | | - Diego Bárcenas López
- Laboratorio Genómica del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico
| | | | - Angel Ruiz Chow
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Mexico
| | | | - Mariano Guardado Estrada
- Laboratorio de Genética de la Licenciatura en Ciencia Forense, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México.
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4
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Jimeno B, Hau M, Gómez-Díaz E, Verhulst S. Developmental conditions modulate DNA methylation at the glucocorticoid receptor gene with cascading effects on expression and corticosterone levels in zebra finches. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15869. [PMID: 31676805 PMCID: PMC6825131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52203-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental conditions can impact the adult phenotype via epigenetic changes that modulate gene expression. In mammals, methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene Nr3c1 has been implicated as mediator of long-term effects of developmental conditions, but this evidence is limited to humans and rodents, and few studies have simultaneously tested for associations between DNA methylation, gene expression and phenotype. Adverse environmental conditions during early life (large natal brood size) or adulthood (high foraging costs) exert multiple long-term phenotypic effects in zebra finches, and we here test for effects of these manipulations on DNA methylation and expression of the Nr3c1 gene in blood. Having been reared in a large brood induced higher DNA methylation of the Nr3c1 regulatory region in adulthood, and this effect persisted over years. Nr3c1 expression was negatively correlated with methylation at 2 out of 8 CpG sites, and was lower in hard foraging conditions, despite foraging conditions having no effect on Nr3c1 methylation at our target region. Nr3c1 expression also correlated with glucocorticoid traits: higher expression level was associated with lower plasma baseline corticosterone concentrations and enhanced corticosterone reactivity. Our results suggest that methylation of the Nr3c1 regulatory region can contribute to the mechanisms underlying the emergence of long-term effects of developmental conditions in birds, but in our system current adversity dominated over early life experiences with respect to receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Jimeno
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany.
- University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States.
| | - Michaela Hau
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
- University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Elena Gómez-Díaz
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", CSIC, Granada, Spain
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Simon Verhulst
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Wang LW, Zhu MJ, Li Y, Wang ST, Zhou MY, Yu YJ, Ma ZL. FKBP51 is associated with early postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e14037. [PMID: 30702561 PMCID: PMC6380859 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000014037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhanced inflammation response was increasingly reported in association with postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signal plays a key role in suppression of inflammation. This prospective cohort study aimed to evaluate GR signaling in elderly patients undergoing selective operation.One hundred twenty-six elderly patients were scheduled for hip fracture surgery with general anesthesia. Plasma cortisol levels and the expression levels of GR and FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP51) in leukocytes were determined at 1 day preoperatively and 7 days. Postoperatively postoperative pain was assessed following surgery using visual analog pain scale (VAS). Neuropsychological tests were performed before surgery and 1 week postoperation. A decline of 1 or more standard deviations in 2 or more tests was considered to reflect POCD.POCD incidence in participants was 28.3% at 1 week after surgery. POCD patients presented significantly higher cortisol and FKBP51 levels compared with non-POCD patients (P < .05). Compared with non-POCD patients, VAS scores at 12 hours after surgery were higher in POCD patients (P < .05). No significant difference in expression levels of GR was found between groups POCD and non-POCD patients.High expression of FKBP51 in leukocytes and glucocorticoid resistance were associated with POCD in aged patients following hip fracture surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Suzhou Xiangcheng People's Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu
| | - Sheng-Tao Wang
- Department of Pain, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mei-Yan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou
| | - You-Jia Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Suzhou Xiangcheng People's Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu
| | - Zheng-Liang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing
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6
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Do TTH, Marie G, Héloïse D, Guillaume D, Marthe M, Bruno F, Marion B. Glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance is related to macrophage visceral adipose tissue infiltration. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 185:150-162. [PMID: 30145227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is frequently present in patients with glucocorticoid (GC) excess (Cushing's syndrome) or treated with high doses of GCs. Furthermore, others similarities between metabolic syndrome (visceral obesity, elevated blood glucose levels, dyslipidemia) and Cushing's syndrome suggest that GCs could play a role in obesity-linked complications. Here we reported that long-term corticosterone (CORT) exposure in mice induced weight gain, dyslipidemia as well as hyperglycaemia and systemic insulin resistance. CORT-treated mice exhibited an increased 11β-Hsd1 expression and corticosterone levels in fat depots but a specific upregulation of glucocorticoid receptor (Gr) and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase only in gonadal adipose tissue, suggesting that GC could act differentially on various fat depots. Despite fat accumulation in all depots, an increased expression of adipogenic (Pparγ, C/ebpα) and lipogenic (Acc, Fas) key genes was restricted to gonadal adipose tissue. Hypertrophied adipocytes observed in both visceral and subcutaneous depots also resulted from reduced lipolytic activity due to CORT treatment. Surprisingly, GC treatment promoted macrophage infiltration (F4/80, Cd68) within all adipose tissues along with predominant M2-like macrophage phenotype, and can directly act on macrophages to induce this phenotype. Moreover, macrophage infiltration preceded mass gain and adipocyte hypertrophy. Of note, specific macrophage depletion in gonadal fat preferentially reduced the M2-like macrophage content, and partially restored insulin sensitivity in mice with GC-induced obesity and insulin resistance. These data provide evidence that GCs act on adipose tissue in a depot-dependent manner and that gonadal adipose macrophages are key effectors of GC-associated insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thu Huong Do
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Garcia Marie
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Dalle Héloïse
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Dorothée Guillaume
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Moldes Marthe
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Fève Bruno
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), F-75013, Paris, France; AP-HP, Department of Endocrinology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, F-75012, Paris, France.
| | - Buyse Marion
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), F-75013, Paris, France; AP-HP, Department of Pharmacy, Saint-Antoine Hospital, F-75012, Paris, France; University Paris-South, EA4123, F-92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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7
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Lu J, Fu L, Qin G, Shi P, Fu W. The regulatory effect of Xiaoyao San on glucocorticoid receptors under the condition of chronic stress. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2018; 64:103-109. [PMID: 29808808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In modern society, fierce competitions cause yearly increase of depression and anxiety. Xiaoyao San is a traditional Chinese medicine which relieves depression and nourishes liver. The active ingredients contain saikoside A, saikoside C, saikoside D, ferulic acid, ligustilide, Atractylenolide I, Atractylenolide II, Atractylenolide Ⅲ, paeoniflorin, Albiflorin, liquiritin, glycyrrhizic acid and pachymic acid. In stress condition, glucocorticoid receptors participate in the hypothalamus-pituitarium-adrenal gland (HPA) axis to regulate the balance of organism. In response to stress, the HPA axis (hypothalamus-pituitarium-adrenal gland) is activated and the levels of glucocorticoid (GC) and catecholamine (CA) are increased to enhance neuroendocrine reactions. Chronic stress activates HPA axis and sustaining increase of GC, reduces the expression amount of GR and inhibits the mechanism of negative feedback on HPA. The lower negative feedback on HPA could lead to ketonemia. Several active ingredients of Xiaoyao San can raise the expression of GR and recover the negative feedback of HPA axis to relieve depression and illness state. In spite of the poor understanding of the current effective components in Xiaoyao San, this will be the focus of our further research. The study of Xiaoyao San could help us better understand its anti-depression mechanism and cure the patients.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antidepressive Agents/chemistry
- Antidepressive Agents/pharmacology
- Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Dizocilpine Maleate/pharmacology
- Drug Synergism
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use
- Feedback, Physiological
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Hippocampus/drug effects
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Homeostasis
- Humans
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/drug effects
- Molecular Structure
- Phytotherapy
- Pituitary-Adrenal System/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Stress, Psychological/drug therapy
- Stress, Psychological/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Lu
- Department of nephrology, Shenzhen Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518033, Guangdong, China
| | - Lijun Fu
- Department of anesthesiology, Shenzhen Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518033, Guangdong, China
| | - Guozhong Qin
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Pengliang Shi
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Wenjun Fu
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, P.R. China
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8
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Li X, Ma J, Xu J, Zhu D, Li A, Che Y, Chen D, Feng X. Puerarin and Amlodipine Improvement of D-Galactose-Induced Impairments of Behaviour and Neurogenesis in Mouse Dentate Gyrus: Correlation with Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:3268-3278. [PMID: 28831640 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2366-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) exert actions on the hippocampus that are important for memory formation. There are correlations between vascular dysfunctions and GR-related gene expression. Both vascular dysfunction and GR gene expression decline occur during the ageing process. Therefore, hypotensors, which have effects on improving vascular dysfunction, may be able to ameliorate GR gene expression decline in ageing mice and improve ageing-mediated memory deficits. In this study, we hypothesized that hypotensors could alleviate the decline of GR gene expression and ameliorate age-induced learning and memory deficits in a D-gal-induced ageing mice model. In line with our hypothesis, we found that chronic D-gal treatment decreased GR and DCX expression in the hippocampus, leading to learning and memory deficits. Amlodipine (AM) and puerarin (PU) treatment improved GR gene expression decline in the hippocampus and ameliorated the learning and memory deficits of D-gal-treated mice. These changes correlated with enhanced DCX expression and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the hippocampus. Furthermore, PU treatment conveyed better effects than AM treatment, but combination therapy did not enhance the effects on improving GR expression. However, we did not find evidence of these changes in non-D-gal-treated mice that lacked GR gene expression decline. These results suggest that AM and PU could improve D-gal-induced behavioural deficits in correlation with GR gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- XinYu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jingrui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - DaShuai Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Anran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - YongZhe Che
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - DongYan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - XiZeng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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9
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Hannen R, Udeh-Momoh C, Upton J, Wright M, Michael A, Gulati A, Rajpopat S, Clayton N, Halsall D, Burrin J, Flower R, Sevilla L, Latorre V, Frame J, Lightman S, Perez P, Philpott M. Dysfunctional Skin-Derived Glucocorticoid Synthesis Is a Pathogenic Mechanism of Psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:1630-1637. [PMID: 28359725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.02.984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) are the primary steroids that regulate inflammation and have been exploited therapeutically in inflammatory skin diseases. Despite the broad-spectrum therapeutic use of GC, the biochemical rationale for locally treating inflammatory skin conditions is poorly understood, as systemic GC production remains largely functional in these patients. GC synthesis has been well characterized in healthy skin, but the pathological consequence has not been examined. Here we show de novo GC synthesis, and GC receptor expression is dysfunctional in both nonlesional and lesional psoriatic skin. Use of GC receptor epidermal knockout mice with adrenalectomy allowed for the distinction between local (keratinocyte) and systemic GC activity. Compensation exhibited by adult GC receptor epidermal knockout mice demonstrated that keratinocyte-derived GC synthesis protected skin from topical phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced inflammatory assault. Thus, localized de novo GC synthesis in skin is essential for controlling inflammation, and loss of the GC pathway in psoriatic skin represents an additional pathological process in this complex inflammatory skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Hannen
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Chinedu Udeh-Momoh
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, UK; Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, Imperial Collage, London, UK
| | - James Upton
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Michael Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK; LGC, Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Anthony Michael
- The School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Abha Gulati
- Department of Dermatology, The Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London, UK
| | - Shefali Rajpopat
- Department of Dermatology, Whipps Cross Hospital, Leytonstone, London, UK
| | - Nicky Clayton
- Department of Dermatology, The Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London, UK
| | - David Halsall
- Department of Biochemistry, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jacky Burrin
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Roderick Flower
- Centre for Pharmacology and Biochemistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Lisa Sevilla
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Victor Latorre
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - James Frame
- Anglia-Ruskin University, Chelmsford, Essex, UK
| | - Stafford Lightman
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, UK
| | - Paloma Perez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Michael Philpott
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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10
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Assefa Z, Akbib S, Lavens A, Stangé G, Ling Z, Hellemans KH, Pipeleers D. Direct effect of glucocorticoids on glucose-activated adult rat β-cells increases their cell number and their functional mass for transplantation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E698-E705. [PMID: 27555297 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00070.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Compounds that increase β-cell number can serve as β-cell replacement therapies in diabetes. In vitro studies have identified several agents that can activate DNA synthesis in primary β-cells but only in small percentages of cells and without demonstration of increases in cell number. We used whole well multiparameter imaging to first screen a library of 1,280 compounds for their ability to recruit adult rat β-cells into DNA synthesis and then assessed influences of stimulatory agents on the number of living cells. The four compounds with highest β-cell recruitment were glucocorticoid (GC) receptor ligands. The GC effect occurred in glucose-activated β-cells and was associated with increased glucose utilization and oxidation. Hydrocortisone and methylprednisolone almost doubled the number of β-cells in 2 wk. The expanded cell population provided an increased functional β-cell mass for transplantation in diabetic animals. These effects are age dependent; they did not occur in neonatal rat β-cells, where GC exposure suppressed basal replication and was cytotoxic. We concluded that GCs can induce the replication of adult rat β-cells through a direct action, with intercellular differences in responsiveness that have been related to differences in glucose activation and in age. These influences can explain variability in GC-induced activation of DNA synthesis in rat and human β-cells. Our study also demonstrated that β-cells can be expanded in vitro to increase the size of metabolically adequate grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerihun Assefa
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University-VUB, University Hospital Brussels, and Center for Beta Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah Akbib
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University-VUB, University Hospital Brussels, and Center for Beta Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Astrid Lavens
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University-VUB, University Hospital Brussels, and Center for Beta Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert Stangé
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University-VUB, University Hospital Brussels, and Center for Beta Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Zhidong Ling
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University-VUB, University Hospital Brussels, and Center for Beta Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karine H Hellemans
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University-VUB, University Hospital Brussels, and Center for Beta Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel Pipeleers
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University-VUB, University Hospital Brussels, and Center for Beta Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium
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11
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Johnstone JF, Bocking AD, Unlugedik E, Challis JRG. The Effects of Chorioamnionitis and Betamethasone on 11β, Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Types 1 and 2 and the Glucocorticoid Receptor in Preterm Human Placenta. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 12:238-45. [PMID: 15866114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsgi.2005.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preterm birth is one of the major problems faced in perinatal medicine and is often associated with underlying clinical infection. Treatment with maternal betamethasone has helped to improve neonatal morbidity and mortality. We hypothesized that betamethasone treatment and chorioamnionitis would alter the bioavailability of placental glucocorticoids through the regulation of the 11beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta HSD) isozymes and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). METHODS Placental samples were obtained from three groups of women who delivered prematurely: (1) those who delivered in the absence of infection, (2) those who received betamethasone treatment before delivering without infection, and (3) those who had pregnancies complicated with chorioamnionitis. Western blotting was used to determine 11beta HSD-1, 11beta HSD-2, GRT, and GRalpha expression, and 11beta HSD-2 activity was determined in each group. JEG-3 cells were used to study the regulation of the 11beta HSD isozymes. RESULTS In cases of chorioamnionitis where mothers had not been treated with betamethasone, placental 32-kd 11beta HSD-1 protein expression was increased. In cases of chorioamnionitis regardless of betamethasone treatment, placental 11beta HSD-2 expression and activity was decreased compared to controls. In these placental samples, the expression of GRT and GRalpha did not change significantly. In JEG-3 cells, 11beta HSD-1 32-kd expression was increased with interleukin (IL)-1beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), while 11beta HSD-2 expression was unaffected. CONCLUSION These data suggest that there could be an increased fetal exposure to maternal glucocorticoids in cases of chorioamnionitis as a result of changes in the expression and activity of the placental 11beta HSD isozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim F Johnstone
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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12
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Saif Z, Dyson RM, Palliser HK, Wright IMR, Lu N, Clifton VL. Identification of Eight Different Isoforms of the Glucocorticoid Receptor in Guinea Pig Placenta: Relationship to Preterm Delivery, Sex and Betamethasone Exposure. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148226. [PMID: 26840867 PMCID: PMC4739593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The placental glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is central to glucocorticoid signalling and for mediating steroid effects on pathways associated with fetal growth and lung maturation but the GR has not been examined in the guinea pig placenta even though this animal is regularly used as a model of preterm birth and excess glucocorticoid exposure. Guinea pig dams received subcutaneous injections of either vehicle or betamethasone at 24 and 12 hours prior to preterm or term caesarean-section delivery. At delivery pup and organ weights were recorded. Placentae were dissected, weighed and analysed using Western blot to examine GR isoform expression in nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts. A comparative examination of the guinea pig GR gene identified it is capable of producing seven of the eight translational GR isoforms which include GRα-A, C1, C2, C3, D1, D2, and D3. GRα-B is not produced in the Guinea Pig. Total GR antibody identified 10 specific bands from term (n = 29) and preterm pregnancies (n = 27). Known isoforms included GRγ, GRα A, GRβ, GRP, GRA and GRα D1-3. There were sex and gestational age differences in placental GR isoform expression. Placental GRα A was detected in the cytoplasm of all groups but was significantly increased in the cytoplasm and nucleus of preterm males and females exposed to betamethasone and untreated term males (KW-ANOVA, P = 0.0001, P = 0.001). Cytoplasmic expression of GRβ was increased in female preterm placentae and preterm and term male placentae exposed to betamethasone (P = 0.01). Nuclear expression of GRβ was increased in all placentae exposed to betamethasone (P = 0.0001). GRα D2 and GRα D3 were increased in male preterm placentae when exposed to betamethasone (P = 0.01, P = 0.02). The current data suggests the sex-specific placental response to maternal betamethasone may be dependent on the expression of a combination of GR isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarqa Saif
- Mater Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rebecca M. Dyson
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia; and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Hannah K. Palliser
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia; and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Ian M. R. Wright
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia; and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Nick Lu
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Vicki L. Clifton
- Mater Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- * E-mail:
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13
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Jubb AW, Young RS, Hume DA, Bickmore WA. Enhancer Turnover Is Associated with a Divergent Transcriptional Response to Glucocorticoid in Mouse and Human Macrophages. J Immunol 2016; 196:813-822. [PMID: 26663721 PMCID: PMC4707550 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic differences between individuals and species are controlled in part through differences in expression of a relatively conserved set of genes. Genes expressed in the immune system are subject to especially powerful selection. We have investigated the evolution of both gene expression and candidate enhancers in human and mouse macrophages exposed to glucocorticoid (GC), a regulator of innate immunity and an important therapeutic agent. Our analyses revealed a very limited overlap in the repertoire of genes responsive to GC in human and mouse macrophages. Peaks of inducible binding of the GC receptor (GR) detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation-Seq correlated with induction, but not repression, of target genes in both species, occurred at distal regulatory sites not promoters, and were strongly enriched for the consensus GR-binding motif. Turnover of GR binding between mice and humans was associated with gain and loss of the motif. There was no detectable signal of positive selection at species-specific GR binding sites, but clear evidence of purifying selection at the small number of conserved sites. We conclude that enhancer divergence underlies the difference in transcriptional activation after GC treatment between mouse and human macrophages. Only the shared inducible loci show evidence of selection, and therefore these loci may be important for the subset of responses to GC that is shared between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair W Jubb
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, Scotland, UK
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - Robert S Young
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, Scotland, UK
| | - David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - Wendy A Bickmore
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, Scotland, UK
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14
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da Rosa JGS, Koakoski G, Piato AL, Bogo MR, Bonan CD, Barcellos LJG. Impaired brain StAR and HSP70 gene expression in zebrafish exposed to Methyl-Parathion based insecticide. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2015; 79:1-7. [PMID: 26699931 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1099483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fish production ponds and natural water body areas located in close proximity to agricultural fields receive water with variable amounts of agrochemicals, and consequently, compounds that produce adverse effects may reach nontarget organisms. The aim of this study was to investigate whether waterborne methyl-parathion-based insecticide (MPBI) affected gene expression patterns of brain glucocorticoid receptor (GR), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), and heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to this chemical for 96 h. Treated fish exposed to MPBI-contaminated water showed an inhibition of brain StAR and hsp70 gene expression. Data demonstrated that MPBI produced a decrease brain StAR and hsp70 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Gabriel Santos da Rosa
- a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) , Santa Maria , Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil
| | - Gessi Koakoski
- a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) , Santa Maria , Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil
| | - Angelo L Piato
- b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Terapêutica, ICBS , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil
| | - Maurício Reis Bogo
- c Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular , Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil
| | - Carla Denise Bonan
- c Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular , Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil
| | - Leonardo José Gil Barcellos
- a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) , Santa Maria , Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil
- d Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Campus Universitário do Bairro São José , Passo Fundo , Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil
- e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF) , Campus Universitário do Bairro São José , Passo Fundo , Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil
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15
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Wang XY, Chen XL, Wang L, Chen HW. High-dose glucocorticoids increases the expression of mineralocorticoid receptor in vascular endothelial cells. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2015; 19:4314-4323. [PMID: 26636519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the role of glucocorticoid new mechanism to observe the expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and dexamethasone (Dex) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). MATERIALS AND METHODS LPS "injured" endothelial cells with Dex for "treatment", and then detected the expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in the endothelial cells by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS With high dose (10-6 mol/L) of Dex to stimulate cell 3h, GRmRNA no significant changes in the expression, 6h began to decrease, 12h peak, 24h recovered nearly the level before stimulation. Using different concentrations of Dex and 100 ng/ml LPS stimulation, HUVEC MRmRNA expression was decreased, and high dose (10-6 mol/L) of Dex to stimulate cell 3h, MRmRNA no significant changes in expression, and GRmRNA The difference is that the expression began to increase 6h, 12h, peaked, 24h rebound near the level before stimulation. Immunohistochemistry results consistent with the RT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS Large dose of DEX (10-6 mol/l) up-regulated the expression of MR and GR in the reduction of the contrast exactly. GC induced the expression of GR and MR in different changes of stress injury of the body may be a regulatory mechanism, and indicate one new mechanism of glucocorticoid exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, General Hospital of Beijing Military Region, Beijing, China.
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16
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Nikolopoulou E, Mytilinaios D, Calogero AE, Kamilaris TC, Troupis T, Chrousos GP, Johnson EO. Modulation of central glucocorticoid receptors in short- and long-term experimental hyperthyroidism. Endocrine 2015; 49:828-41. [PMID: 25722011 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hyperthyroidism is associated with a significant increase in circulating glucocorticoid levels and hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The aim of this study was to examine whether the HPA axis hyperactivity observed in hyperthyroidism may be explained by a disturbed feedback inhibition of endogenous glucocorticoids through two specific intracellular receptors in the brain: the high affinity mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and the lower affinity glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Cytosolic receptor binding and gene expression was assessed in rats with short (7 days) and long standing (60 days) eu- and hyperthyroidism. Glucocorticoid receptor number and binding affinity (Kd) in the hippocampus were measured using [(3)H2]-dexamethasone radioreceptor assay. In situ hybridization was employed to examine the effects of hyperthyroidism on the GR and MR mRNA levels in the hippocampus and the pituitary. Both short- and long-term hyperthyroid rats showed pronounced reduction in the concentration of cytosolic GR in the hippocampus, without changes in binding affinity or changes in GR expression. In contrast, GR mRNA in the pituitary increased after 7 days and decreased after 60 days of thyroxin treatment. MR mRNA was moderately affected. Hyperthyroidism is associated with significant decreases in hippocampal GR levels supporting the hypothesis that hyperactivity of the HPA axis observed in experimentally induced hyperthyroidism may be attributed, at least in part, to decreased negative feedback at the level of the hippocampus. These findings further support the notion that a central locus is principally responsible for the hyperactivity of the HPA axis observed in hyperthyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Nikolopoulou
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str., Goudi, 11572, Athens, Greece
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Sun X, Fang M, Guan Y, Si Y, Ma L, Wang Y, Jia Z. Changes of glucocorticoid receptor isoforms expression in acute lymphoblastic leukemia correlate with glucocorticoid resistance. Pharmazie 2015; 70:316-321. [PMID: 26062300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene results in several GR isoforms, we examined their expression (GRα, GRβ, GRγ and GR-P) by real-time RT-PCR in glucocorticoid (GC) sensitive (CEM-C7), GC resistant (CEM-C1) cells and adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients, to determine the association of GR isoform expression profiles and GC resistance in adult ALL patients. With GC treatment, GR levels in C1 cells showed no obvious changes. In C7 cells, the mRNA levels of GRα, GRβ and GRγ first increased and then decreased, whereas GR-P mRNA had a continued rising trend. C7 cells had a higher GRα/GRγ, lower GRα/GR-P and GRγ/GR-P ratios than C1 cells (P < 0.01). In adult ALL patients, GRγ mRNA varied in different ALL stages (complete remission CR 15.82 vs. relapsed 8.21 vs. initial 1.93 P < 0.05). It also did in the ratios between GR isoforms that GRα/GRγ and GRα/GR-P in initial patients were higher than relapsed and CR (P < 0.05), while GRγ/GR-P in CR was higher than initial and relapsed patients (P < 0.05). GR-P mRNA in T-ALL patients was much higher than that in B-ALL patients (P < 0.05). Peripheral blood hemoglobin (HB) was positively correlated with GRα mRNA and GR-P mRNA (P < 0.05), while white blood cells (WBC) negatively correlated with GRγ mRNA (P < 0.05). The present study demonstrates that GR autoinduction is more important to GC sensitivity than its basal level expression. GC sensitivity is also significantly correlated with GRα mRNA and mildly associated with GRβ mRNA expression. Both GRγ mRNA and the ratios between GR isoforms (GRα/GRγ, GRα/GR-P and GRγ/GR-P) are correlated with ALL stages. The changes of mRNA expression levels of GRα, GR-P and GRγ may provide valuable information for GC resistance. Peripheral blood HB and WBC affect GR isoform expression.
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18
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Gay MS, Li Y, Xiong F, Lin T, Zhang L. Dexamethasone Treatment of Newborn Rats Decreases Cardiomyocyte Endowment in the Developing Heart through Epigenetic Modifications. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125033. [PMID: 25923220 PMCID: PMC4414482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential adverse effect of synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone therapy on the developing heart remains unknown. The present study investigated the effects of dexamethasone on cardiomyocyte proliferation and binucleation in the developing heart of newborn rats and evaluated DNA methylation as a potential mechanism. Dexamethasone was administered intraperitoneally in a three day tapered dose on postnatal day 1 (P1), 2 and 3 to rat pups in the absence or presence of a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist Ru486, given 30 minutes prior to dexamethasone. Cardiomyocytes from P4, P7 or P14 animals were analyzed for proliferation, binucleation and cell number. Dexamethasone treatment significantly increased the percentage of binucleated cardiomyocytes in the hearts of P4 pups, decreased myocyte proliferation in P4 and P7 pups, reduced cardiomyocyte number and increased the heart to body weight ratio in P14 pups. Ru486 abrogated the effects of dexamethasone. In addition, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AZA) blocked the effects of dexamethasone on binucleation in P4 animals and proliferation at P7, leading to recovered cardiomyocyte number in P14 hearts. 5-AZA alone promoted cardiomyocyte proliferation at P7 and resulted in a higher number of cardiomyocytes in P14 hearts. Dexamethasone significantly decreased cyclin D2, but not p27 expression in P4 hearts. 5-AZA inhibited global DNA methylation and blocked dexamethasone-mediated down-regulation of cyclin D2 in the heart of P4 pups. The findings suggest that dexamethasone acting on glucocorticoid receptors inhibits proliferation and stimulates premature terminal differentiation of cardiomyocytes in the developing heart via increased DNA methylation in a gene specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maresha S. Gay
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda, California, 92350, United States of America
| | - Yong Li
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda, California, 92350, United States of America
| | - Fuxia Xiong
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda, California, 92350, United States of America
| | - Thant Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92350, United States of America
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda, California, 92350, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Nikolić M, Macut D, Djordjevic A, Veličković N, Nestorović N, Bursać B, Antić IB, Macut JB, Matić G, Vojnović Milutinović D. Possible involvement of glucocorticoids in 5α-dihydrotestosterone-induced PCOS-like metabolic disturbances in the rat visceral adipose tissue. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 399:22-31. [PMID: 25179821 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a reproductive and metabolic disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, visceral obesity and insulin resistance. We hypothesized that changes in glucocorticoid metabolism and signaling in the visceral adipose tissue may contribute to disturbances of lipid metabolism in the rat model of PCOS obtained by 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) treatment of prepubertal female Wistar rats. The results confirmed that DHT treatment caused anovulation, obesity and dyslipidemia. Enhanced glucocorticoid prereceptor metabolism, assessed by elevated intracellular corticosterone and increased 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 mRNA and protein levels, was accompanied by glucocorticoid receptor (GR) nuclear accumulation. In concert with the increased expression of GR-regulated prolipogenic genes (lipin-1, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1, fatty acid synthase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase), histological analyses revealed hypertrophic adipocytes. The results suggest that glucocorticoids influence lipid metabolism in the visceral adipose tissue in the way that may contribute to pathogenesis of metabolic disturbances associated with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Nikolić
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, 142 Despot Stefan Blvd., Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Djuro Macut
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia and School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 13, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Ana Djordjevic
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, 142 Despot Stefan Blvd., Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Nataša Veličković
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, 142 Despot Stefan Blvd., Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Nataša Nestorović
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, 142 Despot Stefan Blvd., Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Biljana Bursać
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, 142 Despot Stefan Blvd., Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Ivana Božić Antić
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia and School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 13, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | | | - Gordana Matić
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, 142 Despot Stefan Blvd., Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Danijela Vojnović Milutinović
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, 142 Despot Stefan Blvd., Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
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20
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Eraslan E, Akyazi İ, Ergül-Ekiz E, Matur E. Noise Stress-Induced Changes in mRNA Levels of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Family Molecules and Glucocorticoid Receptors in the Rat Brain. Folia Biol (Praha) 2015; 61:66-73. [PMID: 26333123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Noise is a widespread stress resource that may lead to detrimental effects on the health. However, the molecular basis of the stress response caused by noise remains elusive. We have studied the effects of acute and chronic noise stress on stress-related molecules in the hypothalamus and hippocampus and also corticosterone responses. Sprague Dawley rats were randomized into control, acute and chronic noise stress groups. While the chronic noise stress group animals were exposed to 100 dB white noise for 4 h/a day during 30 days, the acute noise stress group of animals was exposed to the same level of stress once for 4 h. The expression profiles of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), CRH1, CRH2 receptors and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNAs were analysed by RT-PCR. Chronic noise stress upregulated CRH mRNA levels in the hypothalamus. Both acute and chronic noise increased CRH-R1 mRNA in the hypothalamus but decreased it in the hippocampus. GR mRNA levels were decreased by chronic noise stress in the hippocampus. The present results suggest that while corticosterone responses have habituated to continuous noise stress, the involvement of CRH family molecules and glucocorticoid receptors in the noise stress responses are different and structure specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Eraslan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İ Akyazi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - E Ergül-Ekiz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - E Matur
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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21
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Heiderstadt KM, Vandenbergh DJ, Gyekis JP, Blizard DA. Communal nesting increases pup growth but has limited effects on adult behavior and neurophysiology in inbred mice. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2014; 53:152-160. [PMID: 24602541 PMCID: PMC3966271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory mice preferentially rear their offspring in communal nests (CN), with all mothers contributing to maternal care and feeding of all the pups. Previous studies using primarily outbred mice have shown that offspring reared under CN conditions may display increased preweaning growth rates and differences in adult behavior and neurobiology compared with mice reared under single-nesting (SN; one dam with her litter) conditions. Here we compared pup mortality; weaning and adult body weights; adult behavior; and gene expression in the hippocampus and frontal cortex between C57BL/6J, DBA/2J and 129x1/SvJ mice reared by using CN (3 dams and their litters sharing a single nest) or SN. Male and female pups of all 3 strains reared in CN cages showed higher body weight at weaning than did SN pups of the same strain, with no significant difference in pup mortality between groups. Adult male offspring reared in CN showed no differences in any behavioral test when compared with SN offspring. Combining CN dams and litters after parturition revealed greater cortical brain-derived neurotropic factor expression in adult male C57BL/6J offspring and cortical glucocorticoid receptor expression in adult male C57BL/6J and 129x1/SvJ offspring as compared with SN offspring of the same strain. Communal rearing can enhance juvenile growth rates but does not change adult behavior in inbred mouse strains, although potential effects on adult neurophysiology are possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Heiderstadt
- Animal Resource Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - David J Vandenbergh
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA; Penn State Institute of the Neurosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph P Gyekis
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David A Blizard
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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22
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Abstract
All vertebrates exhibit physiological responses to a wide variety of stressors. The amplitude and profile of the response depend on the intensity, duration, controllability and predictability of the stressor, but there is also individual variation in the response, termed coping style. A better understanding of the expression of coping styles is of great value for medical applications, animal welfare issues and conservation. Here, we investigated the effect of repeated netting stress on proactive and reactive zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an upcoming model system for stress research. Fish were separated by coping styles according to the order of entering a novel environment. Subsequently, repeated netting stress was applied as stressor, over a period of 21 days. Full-body cortisol levels were determined at 0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min after the last repeated stress event. Our results show that reactive fish display i) increased basal cortisol concentrations after being repeatedly stressed, ii) higher cortisol secretion over time and iii) slow recovery of cortisol concentration towards basal levels after the last repeated stress event. This study shows for the first time in zebrafish that different coping styles are associated with different cortisol responses during the recovery from stress over time and that coping styles can explain otherwise unaccounted variation in physiological stress responses.
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MESH Headings
- Allostasis
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal
- Brain/growth & development
- Brain/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Susceptibility
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Hydrocortisone/metabolism
- Male
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/biosynthesis
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neurons/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/metabolism
- Stress, Physiological
- Stress, Psychological/metabolism
- Zebrafish/growth & development
- Zebrafish/physiology
- Zebrafish Proteins/biosynthesis
- Zebrafish Proteins/genetics
- Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Tudorache
- Departments of Molecular Cell Biology Behavioral Biology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
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23
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Abstract
The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) plays a crucial role in stress-related brain function, emotional behavior and memory formation. In this study, we investigated the functions of the glucocorticoid and serotonergic systems in mice constitutively deficient for NCAM (NCAM-/- mice). Our data provide evidence for a hyperfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, with enlarged adrenal glands and increased stress-induced corticosterone release, but reduced hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor expression in NCAM-/- mice when compared to NCAM+/+ mice. We also obtained evidence for a hypofunction of 5-HT1A autoreceptors as indicated by increased 8-0H-DPAT-induced hypothermia. These findings suggest a disturbance of both humoral and neural stress systems in NCAM-/- mice. Accordingly, we not only confirmed previously observed hyperarousal of NCAM-/- mice in various anxiety tests, but also observed an increased response to novelty exposure in these animals. Spatial learning deficits of the NCAM-/- mice in a Morris Water maze persisted, even when mice were pretrained to prevent effects of novelty or stress. We suggest that NCAM-mediated processes are involved in both novelty/stress-related emotional behavior and in cognitive function during spatial learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Brandewiede
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg , Hamburg , Germany
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24
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Maggi R, Dondi D, Piccolella M, Casulari LA, Martini L. New insight on the molecular aspects of glucocorticoid effects in nervous system development. J Endocrinol Invest 2013; 36:775-80. [PMID: 23765505 DOI: 10.3275/9003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Adrenal glucocorticoids (Gc) are among the most significant hormones in the mammalian organisms; these steroids may reach and penetrate all tissues where they interact with cytoplasmic/nuclear receptors, through which they exert multiple and very multifaceted actions. The effects of physiological concentrations of Gc on brain functions have not been completely clarified, even though Gc are recognized to influence behavioral responses, emotions, cognitive processes and to take part in the neuroendocrine control of body homeostasis. Developmental programming effects of Gc in animal models and humans have been proposed. Actually, pre-natal stress, or exposure to high Gc levels, would somehow affect neuronal developmental events in some structure and this can lead to central nervous system altered functions, as the impairment of neuroendocrine activities, cognitive processes, sleep and mood disorders. Interestingly, it has been observed that these abnormalities may not be limited to the first directly exposed individuals but transmissible across generations. The establishment of animal models with localized pre-natal glucocorticoid receptors deficiency led to the accumulation of data on the possible roles of these hormones on development of the central and peripheral nervous system. The most recent findings on the effects of Gc on neuroblast development, with particular attention to neuronal migration, will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Maggi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Biomedicine and Endocrinology, Università degli Studi di Milan, Via G. Balzaretti, 9 - 20133 Milan, Italy.
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25
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Ganon-Elazar E, Akirav I. Cannabinoids and traumatic stress modulation of contextual fear extinction and GR expression in the amygdala-hippocampal-prefrontal circuit. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:1675-87. [PMID: 23433741 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Considerable evidence suggests that cannabinoids modulate the behavioral and physiological response to stressful events. We have recently shown that activating the cannabinoid system using the CB1/CB2 receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 (WIN) in proximity to exposure to single-prolonged stress (SPS), a rat model of emotional trauma, prevented the stress-induced enhancement of acoustic startle response, the impairment in avoidance extinction and the enhanced negative feedback on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (Ganon-Elazar and Akirav, 2012). Some of the effects were found to be mediated by CB1 receptors in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Here we examined whether cannabinoid receptor activation in a putative brain circuit that includes the BLA, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC), could prevent the effects of traumatic stress on contextual fear extinction and alterations in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) protein levels. We found that: (i) SPS impaired contextual fear extinction tested one week after trauma exposure and that WIN prevented the stress-induced impairment of extinction when microinjected immediately after trauma exposure into the BLA or hippocampus (5 μg), but not when microinjected into the PFC, (ii) the ameliorating effects of WIN on contextual extinction were prevented by blocking GRs in the BLA and hippocampus, and (iii) SPS up regulated GRs in the BLA, PFC and hippocampus and systemic WIN administration (0.5 mg/kg) after trauma exposure normalized GR levels in the BLA and hippocampus, but not in the PFC. Cannabinoid receptor activation in the aftermath of trauma exposure may regulate the emotional response to the trauma and prevent stress-induced impairment of extinction and GR up regulation through the mediation of CB1 receptors in the BLA and hippocampus. Taken together, the findings suggest that the interaction between the cannabinoid and glucocorticoid systems is crucial in the modulation of emotional trauma.
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MESH Headings
- Amygdala/drug effects
- Amygdala/physiopathology
- Animals
- Benzoxazines/pharmacology
- Cannabinoids/pharmacology
- Electroshock
- Extinction, Psychological/drug effects
- Extinction, Psychological/physiology
- Fear/drug effects
- Fear/physiology
- Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic/drug effects
- Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic/physiology
- Hippocampus/drug effects
- Hippocampus/physiopathology
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiopathology
- Male
- Microinjections
- Mifepristone/pharmacology
- Models, Psychological
- Morpholines/pharmacology
- Naphthalenes/pharmacology
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Pituitary-Adrenal System/physiopathology
- Prefrontal Cortex/drug effects
- Prefrontal Cortex/physiopathology
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/drug effects
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/physiology
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/drug effects
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/physiology
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/physiology
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Eti Ganon-Elazar
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel
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26
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Laryea G, Arnett MG, Wieczorek L, Muglia LJ. Site-specific modulation of brain glucocorticoid receptor and corticotropin-releasing hormone expression using lentiviral vectors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 371:160-5. [PMID: 23261985 PMCID: PMC3625448 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) are important molecular regulators of an individual's ability to respond to stressful stimuli in an adaptive manner. Impaired signaling of both GR and CRH often leads to dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which underlies the etiology of many affective disorders such as anxiety and depression. Studies focusing on how GR and CRH influence the stress response are limited as they generalize to broad brain regions, thus hindering identification of how specific CNS nuclei contribute to maladaptive stress responses. Our objective is to distinguish the site-specific involvement of GR and CRH in limbic regions involved in the stress response. With that intent, we use lentiviral (LV) vectors in combination with transgenic mouse lines, enabling us to modify expression of GR or CRH in a very localized manner. This paper describes the generation of several distinct LV vectors and transgenic mice models that will help further elucidate the site-specific actions of GR and CRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Laryea
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st. Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
- Center for Preterm Birth Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA;
| | - Melinda G. Arnett
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati, OH 45229;
- Center for Preterm Birth Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA;
| | - Lindsay Wieczorek
- Program in Neuroscience, Washington University, 660 S. Euclid, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Louis J. Muglia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati, OH 45229;
- Center for Preterm Birth Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA;
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27
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Guidotti G, Calabrese F, Anacker C, Racagni G, Pariante CM, Riva MA. Glucocorticoid receptor and FKBP5 expression is altered following exposure to chronic stress: modulation by antidepressant treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:616-27. [PMID: 23169346 PMCID: PMC3572458 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Major depression is thought to originate from the interaction between susceptibility genes and adverse environmental events, in particular stress. The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is the major system involved in stress response and its dysregulation is an important element in the pathogenesis of depression. The stress response is therefore finely tuned through a series of mechanisms that control the trafficking of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) to the nucleus, including binding to the chaperone protein FKBP5 and receptor phosphorylation, suggesting that these elements may also be affected under pathologic conditions. On these bases, we investigated FKBP5 and GR expression and phosphorylation in the hippocampus (ventral and dorsal) and in the prefrontal cortex of rats exposed to chronic mild stress (CMS) and we analyzed the effect of a concomitant antidepressant treatment. We found that animals exposed to CMS show increased expression of FKBP5 as well as enhanced cytoplasmic levels of GR, primarily in ventral hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Chronic treatment with the antidepressant duloxetine is able to normalize such alterations, mainly in the prefrontal cortex. Moreover, we demonstrate that CMS-induced alterations of GR trafficking and transcription may be sustained by changes in receptor phosphorylation, which are also modulated by pharmacological intervention. In summary, while GR-related changes after CMS might be relevant for the depressive phenotype, the ability of antidepressant treatment to correct some of these alterations may contribute to the normalization of HPA axis dysfunctions associated with stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Guidotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centro di Neurofarmacologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Calabrese
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centro di Neurofarmacologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Christoph Anacker
- Section of Perinatal Psychiatry and Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology (SPI-lab), Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - Giorgio Racagni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centro di Neurofarmacologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmine M Pariante
- Section of Perinatal Psychiatry and Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology (SPI-lab), Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - Marco A Riva
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centro di Neurofarmacologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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28
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Ma L, Fang M, Liang Y, Xiang Y, Jia Z, Sun X, Wang Y, Qin J. Low expression of glucocorticoid receptor alpha isoform in adult immune thrombocytopenia correlates with glucocorticoid resistance. Ann Hematol 2013; 92:953-60. [PMID: 23435844 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-013-1705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) isoforms has been linked to glucocorticoid (GC) resistance in various diseases treated with GC. However, existing data are conflicting in these diseases, and little information is available regarding immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). To further investigate the role of GR isoforms in GC resistance in adult ITP patients, we measured the mRNA expression of GR isoforms (GRα, GRβ, GRγ, GRp) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 54 newly diagnosed ITP patients, including GC-sensitive (GCS) and GC-resistant (GCR) patients and 35 healthy volunteers. The GRα and GRβ proteins in PBMC, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and activator protein-1 (AP-1) in the nucleus were detected by Western blotting. Compared to normal subjects, both GRα and GRβ mRNAs were significantly increased in ITP patients (p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in the mRNA expression of GRγ and GRp. Compared to GCR patients, the expressions of GRα mRNA and GRα protein were significantly higher in GCS patients (p < 0.05). Moreover, no significant difference in the mRNA expression of the GRβ, GRγ, and GRp isoforms was observed between GCS and GCR patients and the GRβ protein could not be detected. Compared to GCS group, the expression of p65/NF-κB was significantly higher in the GCR group (p < 0.05). Overall, we did not find differences in c-Jun/AP-1 protein expression between GCS and GCR patients. In summary, GC resistance in adult ITP patients is associated with a reduced expression of GRα, which may be related with increased NF-κB. GRβ was very low and may not be involved in GC resistance in adult ITP, warranting further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Ma
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, 222 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116011, People's Republic of China
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29
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Abstract
Lactation represents a period of marked adaptation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal HPA axis. We characterized basal and stress-induced HPA activity during lactation and experimental weaning using dynamic blood sampling in rats. Pulsatile and diurnal corticosterone release occurred at all reproductive stages studied (virgin; day 10 of lactation; 3 and 14 days after experimental weaning on day 10 of lactation). However, in lactating rats the diurnal peak was significantly reduced, resulting in a flattened rhythm, and three days after weaning, basal HPA activity was markedly suppressed: the number of pulses and underlying basal levels of corticosterone were reduced and the diurnal rise phase delayed. Marked changes in the HPA response to 10 min noise stress also occurred at these times: being completely absent in lactating animals, but restored and highly prolonged in early weaned animals. Injection of methylprednisolone (2 mg, iv) was used to determine whether changes in fast glucocorticoid suppression correlated with these adaptive changes. Methylprednisolone induced a rapid suppression of corticosterone in virgin animals, but this effect was markedly attenuated in lactating and early weaned animals and was accompanied by significant changes in relative expression of hippocampal glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA. All effects were reversed or partially reversed 14 days after experimental weaning. Thus, the presence of the pups has an important influence on regulation of the HPA axis, and while postpartum adaptations are reversible, acute weaning evokes marked reorganisation of basal and stress-induced HPA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Windle
- University of Nottingham, School of Nursing, Midwifery, and Physiotherapy, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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30
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Zhang TY, Labonté B, Wen XL, Turecki G, Meaney MJ. Epigenetic mechanisms for the early environmental regulation of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor gene expression in rodents and humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:111-23. [PMID: 22968814 PMCID: PMC3521971 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Parental care influences development across mammals. In humans such influences include effects on phenotypes, such as stress reactivity, which determine individual differences in the vulnerability for affective disorders. Thus, the adult offspring of rat mothers that show an increased frequency of pup licking/grooming (ie, high LG mothers) show increased hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression and more modest hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress compared with the offspring of low LG mothers. In humans, childhood maltreatment associates decreased hippocampal GR expression and increased stress responses in adulthood. We review the evidence suggesting that such effects are mediated by epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation across GR promoter regions. We also present new findings revealing associated histone post-translational modifications of a critical GR promoter in rat hippocampus. Taken together these existing evidences are consistent with the idea that parental influences establish stable phenotypic variation in the offspring through effects on intracellular signaling pathways that regulate the epigenetic state and function of specific regions of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie Yuan Zhang
- Sackler Program for Epigenetics Psychobiology and Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benoit Labonté
- Sackler Program for Epigenetics Psychobiology and Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Xiang Lan Wen
- Sackler Program for Epigenetics Psychobiology and Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- Sackler Program for Epigenetics Psychobiology and Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Sackler Program for Epigenetics Psychobiology and Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
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31
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Samoĭlov MO, Churilova AV, Glushchenko TS, Rybnikova EA. [Effects of several modes of hypobaric hypoxia on expression profiles of corticosteroid receptors in rat hippocampus]. Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova 2012; 98:1380-1395. [PMID: 23431768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Gluco- and mineralocorticoid receptors are believed to play important roles in mechanisms of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) regulation, neuronal death/survival, as well as learning and memory processes. Imbalanced levels of MR and GR result in impairment of HPA activity and can promote neuronal injury and loss following exposures to extreme factors. In the present study, using quantitative immunohistochemistry, the comparative analysis of the effects of hypobaric hypoxia in several modes on expression profiles of GR and MR in dorsal (CA1) and ventral (dentate gyrus) hippocampus was performed. According to the data obtained, severe injurious hypoxia induced prominent disturbances of GR and MR expression in the cells of CA1 and dentate gyrus that correlated to the remarkable neuronal injury/loss in CA1 and dysregulated HPA activity. Sets of three- or six-trial (but not one-trial) preconditioning using mild hypoxia prior to severe hypoxia prevented these abnormalities.
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32
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Pietranera L, Brocca ME, Cymeryng C, Gomez-Sanchez E, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Roig P, Lima A, De Nicola AF. Increased expression of the mineralocorticoid receptor in the brain of spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:1249-58. [PMID: 22564091 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) has been considered as both neuroprotective and damaging to the function of the central nervous system. MR may be also involved in central regulation of blood pressure. In the present study, we compared the expression of MR and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the hippocampus and hypothalamus of 16-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive control Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. In the hippocampus, MR expression was studied by in situ hybridization (ISH), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry, whereas GR expression was analysed using the latter two procedures. Hypertensive animals showed an increased expression of MR mRNA in the whole hippocampus according to qPCR data and also in CA3 by ISH. Immunocytochemical staining for MR of the dorsal hippocampus, however, did not reveal differences between SHR and WKY rats. SHR showed elevated hypothalamic MR mRNA by qPCR, as well as an increased number of MR immunopositive cells in the magnocellular paraventricular region, compared to WKY rats. By contrast, expression levels of GR mRNA or protein in the hippocampus and hypothalamus of SHR were similar to those of WKY rats. Furthermore, we investigated the role of MR in the hypertensive rats by i.c.v. injection of the MR antagonist RU-2831. This compound produced a significant drop in blood pressure for SHR. In conclusion, MR expression is increased in the hippocampus and hypothalamus of SHR. We suggest that pathological MR overdrive may take responsibility for up-regulation of blood pressure and the encephalopathy of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pietranera
- Institute of Biology and Experimental Medicine, CONICET, Obligado, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
CONCLUSION Systemic steroids improve nasal symptoms such as sneezing, purulent rhinorrhea, and nasal obstruction in patients with nasal polyposis, regardless of measurable response to systemic steroid. A history of allergic rhinitis is an independent prognostic factor for favorable response of nasal polyposis to systemic steroid. Overexpression of glucocorticoid receptor β is associated with glucocorticoid resistance. OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to evaluate treatment outcomes and clinically useful predictive factors for systemic steroids in nasal polyposis. METHODS The study involved 47 consecutive patients diagnosed with nasal polyposis from December 2008 to May 2010. Twenty milligrams of prednisolone were administered daily for 14 days. The following parameters were analyzed: subjective nasal symptoms, history of allergic rhinitis and asthma, SNOT-20 score, olfactory function test, bronchial hyperreactivity, blood eosionophil count, atopy, Lund-Mackay score, tissue eosinophil infiltration ratio, and expression of glucocorticoid receptor α and β in the nasal polyp epithelium. RESULTS In all, 62% of the patients were responders, i.e. had a decreased polyp size >25% after treatment. SNOT-20 score tended to decrease for all patients but significantly only for the responder group (p < 0.01). Eighteen of the responders had a medical history of allergic rhinitis, but only five of the nonresponders did (p = 0.026, Odds ratio = 4.26). Responder group polyps showed significantly less immunoreactivity of glucocorticoid receptor β than polyps from the nonresponder group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Bin Won
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Xu D, Lin TH, Zhang C, Tsai YC, Li S, Zhang J, Yin M, Yeh S, Chang C. The selective inhibitory effect of a synthetic tanshinone derivative on prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2012; 72:803-16. [PMID: 21932429 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen receptor (AR) is the main therapeutic target for the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa). Anti-androgens to reduce or prevent androgens binding to AR are widely used to suppress AR-mediated PCa growth; however, the androgen depletion therapy (ADT) is only effective for a short period of time. Here we tested PTS33, a new sodium derivative of cryptotanshinone, which can effectively inhibit the DHT-induced AR transactivation and PCa cell growth, and then explored the effects of PTS33 on inhibiting the expressions of AR target genes and proteins. METHODS PCa cells, LNCaP, CWR22Rv1, C4-2, PC-3, and DU145, were treated with PTS33 and luciferase assay was used to evaluate the ability of each to regulate AR transactivation. RT-PCR was used to evaluate the mRNA levels of AR target genes such as PSA, TMPRSS2, and TMEPA1. Western blot was used to determine AR, PSA, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and progesterone receptor (PR) protein expression. Cell growth and IC50 were determined by MTT assay after 48 hr treatment. RESULTS Our data showed that PTS33 selectively inhibits AR activities, but PTS33 does not repress the activities of other nuclear receptors, including ERα, GR, and PR. At a low concentration, 2 µM of PTS33 effectively suppresses the growth of AR-positive PCa cells, and has little effect on AR-negative PCa cells. Furthermore, our data indicated that PTS33 could modulate AR transactivation and suppress the AR target genes (PSA, TMPRSS2, and TMEPA1) expression in both androgen responsive PCa LNCaP cells and castration-resistant C4-2 cells. In addition, PTS33 can also inhibit estrogen/Δ5-androstenediol induced AR activities. The mechanistic studies indicate that PTS33 can inhibit AR function by suppression of AR protein expression, the AR N-C interaction, and AR-coregulator interaction. CONCLUSIONS PTS33 has shown a good efficacy to inhibit AR transactivation, block AR regulated gene expression, and reduce cell growth in AR positive PCa cells. The structure of PTS33 could be used as a base for development of novel AR signaling inhibitors to treat PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defeng Xu
- Department of Urology, Pathology, Radiation Oncology, George H. Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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Szmulewitz RZ, Chung E, Al-Ahmadie H, Daniel S, Kocherginsky M, Razmaria A, Zagaja GP, Brendler CB, Stadler WM, Conzen SD. Serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 expression in primary human prostate cancers. Prostate 2012; 72:157-64. [PMID: 21563193 PMCID: PMC6000822 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1), a known target of the androgen receptor (AR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR), is reported to enhance cell survival. This study sought to better define the role of SGK1 and GR in prostate cancer. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed for AR, GR, and SGK1 on primary prostate cancers (n = 138) and 18 prostate cancers from patients treated with androgen deprivation therapy. Relative staining intensity was compared utilizing a Fisher's exact test. Univariate analyses were performed using log-rank and chi-squared tests to evaluate prostate cancer recurrence with respect to SGK1 expression. RESULTS SGK1 expression was strong (3+) in 79% of untreated cancers versus 44% in androgen-deprived cancers (P = 0.003). Conversely, GR expression was present in a higher proportion of androgen-deprived versus untreated cancers (78% vs. 38%, P = 0.002). High-grade cancers were nearly twice as likely to have relatively low (0 to 2+) SGK1 staining compared to low-grade cancers (13.8% vs. 26.5%, P = 0.08). Low SGK1 expression in untreated tumors was associated with increased risk of cancer recurrence (adjusted log-rank test P = 0.077), 5-year progression-free survival 47.8% versus 72.6% (P = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS SGK1 expression is high in most untreated prostate cancers and declines with androgen deprivation. However, these data suggest that relatively low expression of SGK1 is associated with higher tumor grade and increased cancer recurrence, and is a potential indicator of aberrant AR signaling in these tumors. GR expression increased with androgen deprivation, potentially providing a mechanism for the maintenance of androgen pathway signaling in these tumors. Further study of the AR/GR/SGK1 network in castration resistance.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Disease-Free Survival
- Humans
- Immediate-Early Proteins/biosynthesis
- Immediate-Early Proteins/genetics
- Immediate-Early Proteins/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/enzymology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/enzymology
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/enzymology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/biosynthesis
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism
- Tissue Array Analysis
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Aubin-Horth N, Deschênes M, Cloutier S. Natural variation in the molecular stress network correlates with a behavioural syndrome. Horm Behav 2012; 61:140-6. [PMID: 22155114 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In several species, individuals from the same population behave differently from each other. A functional link between variation in personality traits and the stress response has been suggested by studies in artificial selection lines in fish, birds and mammals. The aim of this study was to test whether the expression of genes involved in the stress response co-varies with personality traits in a natural population. Four personality traits, excreted cortisol level and brain expression of six candidate genes (CRF, CRF-R2, POMC1, GR1, GR2, MR) were measured in non-stressed wild-caught threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). We found correlations between variation in personality traits and variation in the expression of genes involved in the stress response. Aggressiveness was negatively correlated with cortisol levels. Boldness and aggressiveness formed a behavioural syndrome and were both positively correlated with brain expression of glucocorticoid receptors (GR1 and GR2). Boldness and exploration were positively correlated with expression of POMC1 but not with each other. Our results are compatible with a model that suggests that the aggressiveness-boldness behavioural syndrome could be the consequence of a physiological pleiotropic effect of glucocorticoid receptors, which are involved in the stress response and behaviour variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Aubin-Horth
- Département de Biologie et Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6.
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Meng QY, Chen XN, Tong DL, Zhou JN. Stress and glucocorticoids regulated corticotropin releasing factor in rat prefrontal cortex. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 342:54-63. [PMID: 21664419 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is considered as the central driving force in the stress response and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of depression. CRF neurons have been identified to locate in most regions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a brain region that is highly associated with the control of emotion and cognition. However, little is known on the regulation of CRF in this region. In this study, we aimed to identify the regulatory effect of acute restraint stress and glucocorticoid on PFC CRF and characterize the possible function of CRF in the PFC. We found that acute restraint stress increased and glucocorticoid decreased PFC CRF mRNA expression. The expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) was found to colocalize with CRF neurons in the PFC. In addition, recruitment of GR by the CRF promoter was observed in vivo. Specific attention was paid to the effect of CRF on CRF receptor 1 (CRFR1) expression in primary PFC cultures. The results showed that CRF increased CRFR1 expression through the MEK-ERK1/2 pathway. In summary, this study may contribute to the better understanding of CRF functions in the PFC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/genetics
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism
- Depression/pathology
- Glucocorticoids/pharmacology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Male
- Prefrontal Cortex/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/biosynthesis
- Stress, Physiological
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yuan Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai road 96, Hefei 230026, Anhui, PR China
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Belkacemi L, Jelks A, Chen CH, Ross MG, Desai M. Altered placental development in undernourished rats: role of maternal glucocorticoids. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011; 9:105. [PMID: 21806804 PMCID: PMC3161938 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-9-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal undernutrition (MUN) during pregnancy may lead to fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), which itself predisposes to adult risk of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. IUGR may stem from insufficient maternal nutrient supply or reduced placental nutrient transfer. In addition, a critical role for maternal stress-induced glucocorticoids (GCs) has been suggested to contribute to both IUGR and the ensuing risk of adult metabolic syndrome. While GC-induced fetal organ defects have been examined, there have been few studies on placental responses to MUN-induced maternal stress. Therefore, we hypothesize that 50% MUN associates with increased maternal GC levels and decreased placental HSD11B. This in turn leads to decreased placental and fetal growth, hence the need to investigate nutrient transporters. We measured maternal serum levels of corticosterone, and the placental basal and labyrinth zone expression of glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1), 11-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase B 1 (HSD11B-1) predominantly activates cortisone to cortisol and 11-dehydrocorticosterone (11-DHC) to corticosterone, although can sometimes drive the opposing (inactivating reaction), and HSD11B-2 (only inactivates and converts corticosterone to 11-DHC in rodents) in control and MUN rats at embryonic day 20 (E20). Moreover, we evaluated the expression of nutrient transporters for glucose (SLC2A1, SLC2A3) and amino acids (SLC38A1, 2, and 4). Our results show that MUN dams displayed significantly increased plasma corticosterone levels compared to control dams. Further, a reduction in fetal and placental weights was observed in both the mid-horn and proximal-horn positions. Notably, the placental labyrinth zone, the site of feto-maternal exchange, showed decreased expression of HSD11B1-2 in both horns, and increased HSD11B-1 in proximal-horn placentas, but no change in NR3C1. The reduced placental GCs catabolic capacity was accompanied by downregulation of SLC2A3, SLC38A1, and SLC38A2 expression, and by increased SLC38A4 expression, in labyrinth zones from the mid- and proximal-horns. In marked contrast to the labyrinth zone, the basal zone, which is the site of hormone production, did not show significant changes in any of these enzymes or transporters. These results suggest that dysregulation of the labyrinth zone GC "barrier", and more importantly decreased nutrient supply resulting from downregulation of some of the amino acid system A transporters, may contribute to suboptimal fetal growth under MUN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louiza Belkacemi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA
- David-Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Andrea Jelks
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA
- David-Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Chun-Hung Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Chia Yi Medical Center, Chia Yi Chia Pu Road (County Way 168), Chia Yi, Taiwan
| | - Michael G Ross
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA
- David-Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Mina Desai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA
- David-Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Wynne O, Horvat JC, Kim RY, Ong LK, Smith R, Hansbro PM, Clifton VL, Hodgson DM. Neonatal respiratory infection and adult re-infection: effect on glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus in BALB/c mice. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:1214-22. [PMID: 21440617 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressful events during the perinatal period in both humans and animals have long-term consequences for the development and function of physiological systems and susceptibility to disease in adulthood. One form of stress commonly experienced in the neonatal period is exposure to bacterial and viral infections. The current study investigated the effects of live Chlamydia muridarum bacterial infection at birth followed by re-infection in adulthood on hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and stress response outcomes. Within 24 h of birth, neonatal mice were infected intranasally with C. muridarum (400 inclusion-forming units [ifu]) or vehicle. At 42 days, mice were re-infected (100 ifu) and euthanized 10 days later. In males, infection in adulthood alone had the most impact on the parameters measured with significant increases in GR protein compared to adult infection alone; and significant increases MR protein and circulating corticosterone compared to other treatment groups. Neonatal infection alone induced the largest alterations in the females with results showing reciprocal patterns for GR protein and TH protein. Perinatal infection resulted in a blunted response following adult infection for both males and females across all parameters. The present study demonstrates for the first time that males and females respond differently to infection based on the timing of the initial insult and that there is considerable sex differences in the hippocampal phenotypes that emerge in adulthood after neonatal infection.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenal Glands/enzymology
- Adrenal Glands/metabolism
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Chlamydia Infections/genetics
- Chlamydia Infections/immunology
- Chlamydia Infections/metabolism
- Chlamydia Infections/physiopathology
- Chlamydia muridarum
- Corticosterone/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/biosynthesis
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/genetics
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/immunology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/physiopathology
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/genetics
- Recurrence
- Sex Characteristics
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- O Wynne
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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40
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Kurokawa K, Tanahashi T, Murata A, Akaike Y, Katsuura S, Nishida K, Masuda K, Kuwano Y, Kawai T, Rokutan K. Effects of chronic academic stress on mental state and expression of glucocorticoid receptor α and β isoforms in healthy Japanese medical students. Stress 2011; 14:431-8. [PMID: 21438768 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2011.555930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic academic stress responses were assessed by measuring mental state, salivary cortisol levels, and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene expression in healthy Japanese medical students challenging the national medical license examination. Mental states of 17 male and 9 female medical undergraduates, aged 25.0 ± 1.2 years (mean ± SD), were assessed by the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) 2 months before, 2 days before, and 1 month after the examination. At the same time points, saliva and blood were collected. STAI-state scores peaked 2 days before the examination. Scores on STAI-trait and SDS, and salivary cortisol levels were consistently higher during the pre-examination period. One month after the examination, all these measures had significantly decreased to baseline levels. Real-time reverse transcription PCR showed that this chronic anxious state did not change the expression of the functional GRα mRNA isoform in peripheral leukocytes, while it resulted in reduced expression of the GRβ isoform 2 days before the examination. Our results replicate and extend a significant impact of chronic academic stressors on the mental state of healthy Japanese medical students and suggest a possible association of GRβ gene in response to psychological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kurokawa
- Department of Stress Science, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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Man TY, Michailidou Z, Gokcel A, Ramage L, Chapman KE, Kenyon CJ, Seckl JR, Morton NM. Dietary manipulation reveals an unexpected inverse relationship between fat mass and adipose 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300:E1076-84. [PMID: 21406612 PMCID: PMC3605916 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00531.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increased dietary fat intake is associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic disease. In transgenic mice, adipose tissue-specific overexpression of the glucocorticoid-amplifying enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) exacerbates high-fat (HF) diet-induced visceral obesity and diabetes, whereas 11β-HSD1 gene knockout ameliorates this, favoring accumulation of fat in nonvisceral depots. Paradoxically, in normal mice HF diet-induced obesity (DIO) is associated with marked downregulation of adipose tissue 11β-HSD1 levels. To identify the specific dietary fats that regulate adipose 11β-HSD1 and thereby impact upon metabolic disease, we either fed mice diets enriched (45% calories as fat) in saturated (stearate), monounsaturated (oleate), or polyunsaturated (safflower oil) fats ad libitum or we pair fed them a low-fat (11%) control diet for 4 wk. Adipose and liver mass and glucocorticoid receptor and 11β-HSD1 mRNA and activity levels were determined. Stearate caused weight loss and hypoinsulinemia, partly due to malabsorption, and this markedly increased plasma corticosterone levels and adipose 11β-HSD1 activity. Oleate induced pronounced weight gain and hyperinsulinemia in association with markedly low plasma corticosterone and adipose 11β-HSD1 activity. Weight gain and hyperinsulinemia was less pronounced with safflower compared with oleate despite comparable suppression of plasma corticosterone and adipose 11β-HSD1. However, with pair feeding, safflower caused a selective reduction in visceral fat mass and relative insulin sensitization without affecting plasma corticosterone or adipose 11β-HSD1. The dynamic depot-selective relationship between adipose 11β-HSD1 and fat mass strongly implicates a dominant physiological role for local tissue glucocorticoid reactivation in fat mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tak Yung Man
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Dickens MJ, Meddle SL, Michael Romero L. Mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor mRNA expression in the brain of translocated chukar (Alectoris chukar). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 170:569-74. [PMID: 21118689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although translocation is an important conservation tool in the effort to create self-sustaining wild populations of threatened species, avian translocations have a high failure rate and causes for failure are poorly understood. While "stress" is considered to play a major role in translocation failure, the physiological changes associated with chronic stress resulting from translocation have been investigated only recently. Translocation results in chronic stress-induced alterations of stress response physiology in the chukar (Alectoris chukar) and in the present study we tested the hypothesis that changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) are correlated with changes in the brain, specifically at the level of the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors (GR and MR, respectively) in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. Our previous research has shown that there are apparent changes in GR and MR expression in the brain of experimentally chronically stressed European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). In the present study however, translocation had no major detectable effect on levels of GR or MR mRNA expression in the hippocampus or hypothalamus of wild chukar suggesting that the observed dysregulation of the HPA axis by translocation may not be a result of such upstream changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly J Dickens
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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Wilber AA, Lin GL, Wellman CL. Neonatal corticosterone administration impairs adult eyeblink conditioning and decreases glucocorticoid receptor expression in the cerebellar interpositus nucleus. Neuroscience 2011; 177:56-65. [PMID: 21223994 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal maternal separation alters adult learning and memory. Previously, we showed that neonatal separation impaired eyeblink conditioning in adult rats and increased glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in the cerebellar interpositus nucleus, a critical site of learning-related plasticity. Daily neonatal separation (1 h/day on postnatal days 2-14) increases neonatal plasma corticosterone levels. Therefore, effects of separation on GR expression in the interpositus and consequently adult eyeblink conditioning may be mediated by neonatal increases in corticosterone. As a first step in exploring a potential role for corticosterone in the neonatal separation effects we observed, we assessed whether systemic daily (postnatal days 2-14) corticosterone injections mimic neonatal separation effects on adult eyeblink conditioning and GR expression in the interpositus. Control uninjected animals were compared to animals receiving either daily corticosterone injections or daily injections of an equal volume of vehicle. Plasma corticosterone values were measured in a separate group of control, neonatally separated, vehicle injected, or corticosterone injected pups. In adulthood, rats underwent surgery for implantation of recording and stimulating electrodes. After recovery from surgery, rats underwent 10 daily sessions of eyeblink conditioning. Then, brains were processed for GR immunohistochemistry and GR expression in the interpositus nucleus was assessed. Vehicle and corticosterone injections both produced much larger increases in neonatal plasma corticosterone than did daily maternal separation, with the largest increases occurring in the corticosterone-injected group. Neonatal corticosterone injections impaired adult eyeblink conditioning and decreased GR expression in the interpositus nucleus, while the effects of vehicle injections were intermediate. Thus, while neonatal injections and maternal separation both produce adult impairments in learning and memory, these manipulations produce opposite changes in GR expression. This suggests an inverted U-shaped relationship may exist between both neonatal corticosterone levels and adult GR expression in the interpositus nucleus, and adult GR expression in the interpositus and eyeblink conditioning.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/drug effects
- Aging/physiology
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cerebellar Nuclei/drug effects
- Cerebellar Nuclei/metabolism
- Conditioning, Eyelid/drug effects
- Conditioning, Eyelid/physiology
- Corticosterone/administration & dosage
- Corticosterone/blood
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Male
- Maternal Deprivation
- Rats
- Rats, Long-Evans
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/deficiency
- Stress, Psychological/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Wilber
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4.
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Wei ZS, Hong MF, Su QX, Wang XH, Yu QY, Peng ZX, Zhang MX, Jie A, Wang R, Huang YQ. Super-high-dose methylprednisolone does not improve efficacy or induce glucocorticoid resistance in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Neuroimmunomodulation 2011; 18:28-36. [PMID: 20616573 DOI: 10.1159/000314736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether a super-high dose (SHD) of methylprednisolone (MP) improves its efficacy or induces glucocorticoid (GC) resistance, and to explore the potential mechanisms of GC resistance in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). METHODS The therapeutic effects of SHD and low-dose MP were evaluated in EAE by analyzing clinical scores, pathological changes and cytokine production. Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR were used to investigate the expression of GC receptor (GR) isoforms and splicing factor SRp30c. RESULTS Both MP doses had similar therapeutic effects. The ratio of GRα to GRβ was positively correlated with clinical score changes. However, there was no difference in the GRα/GRβ ratio between SHD and low-dose MP groups. SRp30c mRNA was correlated with GRβ expression. CONCLUSION This study indicates that the GRα/GRβ ratio is associated with GC sensitivity, and SRp30c may play an important role in promoting alternative splicing of GR pre-mRNA to generate GRβ in EAE rats. Compared with low-dose MP, SHD MP does not improve efficacy or induce GC resistance.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Drug Resistance/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Guinea Pigs
- Male
- Methylprednisolone/pharmacology
- Methylprednisolone/therapeutic use
- Nuclear Proteins/biosynthesis
- Protein Isoforms/biosynthesis
- RNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/biosynthesis
- Serine-Arginine Splicing Factors
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-sheng Wei
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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Fragala MS, Kraemer WJ, Mastro AM, Denegar CR, Volek JS, Kupchak BR, Häkkinen K, Anderson JM, Maresh CM. Glucocorticoid receptor expression on human B cells in response to acute heavy resistance exercise. Neuroimmunomodulation 2011; 18:156-64. [PMID: 21242700 DOI: 10.1159/000321633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) expression on B lymphocytes in response to an acute bout of resistance exercise. METHODS Using a within-subject design, resistance-trained women (n = 7; age: 22.13 ± 3.09 years; height: 1.69 ± 0.084 m; body weight: 65.60 ± 10.01 kg; body mass index: 22.63 ± 2.03 kg/m²; means ± SD) and men (n = 8; age: 23.28 ± 4.26 years; height: 1.73 ± 0.086 m; body weight: 73.93 ± 12.71 kg; body mass index: 24.51 ± 2.61 kg/m²; means ± SD) performed an acute resistance exercise protocol (6 sets of 5 repetition maximum heavy squats) and a control test in a balanced, randomized order. Blood samples were obtained before, during, and immediately after exercise, and after 1, 6, and 24 h of recovery. GCR expression on circulating B lymphocytes was evaluated with flow cytometry, and circulating cortisol was assayed. RESULTS Resting GCR expression on B lymphocytes was similar between men and women. GCR expression was elevated in anticipation of exercise (p = 0.047), decreased during exercise (p = 0.049), and increased during recovery (p = 0.05 and p = 0.03 after 1 and 6 h of recovery, respectively). Trends for gender differences were apparent before and during exercise, and after 6 h of recovery. Men had significantly higher cortisol responses during (p = 0.002) and after exercise (p = 0.094) compared to before exercise. In women, however, circulating cortisol concentrations did not significantly increase in response to the squat exercise protocol. CONCLUSIONS GCR expression on B lymphocytes decreased during resistance exercise and increased during recovery. Circulating cortisol increased during exercise in men only. Responses were attenuated in women compared to men. Our data provide insights into the temporal interactions between the endocrine and immune systems in response to acute heavy resistance exercise in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren S Fragala
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn., USA
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Vidović A, Gotovac K, Vilibić M, Sabioncello A, Jovanović T, Rabatić S, Folnegović-Šmalć V, Dekaris D. Repeated assessments of endocrine- and immune-related changes in posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuroimmunomodulation 2011; 18:199-211. [PMID: 21335985 DOI: 10.1159/000322869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is assumed that stress-related changes in the endocrine and immune systems are key mediators involved in the development of diseases associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Evidence suggests that those changes might be related to the duration of PTSD. The aim of our study was to investigate the differences in selected endocrine- and immune-related variables between PTSD patients and control subjects, and whether these differences persist over time. METHODS We assessed 39 Croatian war veterans with PTSD and 25 healthy volunteers (civilians without traumatic experience), all men, at two time points separated by 5.6 years (median; interquartile range: 5.4-6.3). Cortisol and prolactin levels were measured by radioimmunoassays while interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Immune function was assessed by in vitro natural killer cell cytotoxicity (NKCC). Lymphocyte counts, immunophenotype and intracellular glucocorticoid receptor expression in various lymphocyte subsets were determined by three-color flow cytometry. RESULTS At the first assessment, moderate to large effect size estimates of differences between patients and controls were observed for most of the measured variables. Only prolactin levels and lymphocyte counts remained significantly elevated in PTSD patients at the second assessment with low to moderate effect size estimates of differences between patients and controls in other variables. CONCLUSION Observed endocrine- and immune-related changes in PTSD over time may depend on the duration of the allostatic load posed by the disorder and its impact on interactions between the endocrine and immune systems involved in stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anđelko Vidović
- Department of Psychiatry, Referral Centre for Stress-Related Disorders, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Ishida A, Hozumi Y, Goto K, Ito T, Aoyagi M, Yamakawa M. Expression of glucocorticoid receptor spliced variants in lymphoma cell lines. Hematol Oncol 2010; 29:147-50. [PMID: 20824654 DOI: 10.1002/hon.964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Särndahl E, Bergström I, Nijm J, Forslund T, Perretti M, Jonasson L. Enhanced neutrophil expression of annexin-1 in coronary artery disease. Metabolism 2010; 59:433-40. [PMID: 19850308 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The systemic inflammatory activity in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) is associated with a dysregulated cortisol response. Moreover, an aberrant activation status of neutrophils in CAD has been discussed; and the question of glucocorticoid resistance has been raised. The anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids are mediated by annexin-1 (ANXA1). We investigated the expression of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and ANXA1, as well as the exogenous effects of ANXA1 on neutrophils in CAD patients and related the data to diurnal salivary cortisol. Salivary cortisol levels were measured in the morning and evening during 3 consecutive days in 30 CAD patients and 30 healthy individuals. The neutrophil expression of GR and ANXA1 was determined by flow cytometry. The effect of exogenous ANXA1 was determined in a neutrophil stimulation assay. The patients showed a flattened diurnal cortisol pattern compared with healthy subjects, involving higher levels in the evening. The neutrophil expression of GR-total and GR-alpha was decreased, whereas the GR-beta expression did not differ compared with controls. The neutrophil expression of ANXA1 was significantly increased in patients. Ex vivo, ANXA1 impaired the leukotriene B(4)-induced neutrophil production of reactive oxygen species in patients but not in controls. Our findings indicate a persistent overactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in CAD patients but do not give any evidence for glucocorticoid resistance, as assessed by the neutrophil expression of GR and ANXA1. The altered neutrophil phenotype in CAD may thus represent a long-term response to disease-related activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Särndahl
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Orebro University, SE-701 82 Orebro, Sweden.
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Klusonová P, Reháková L, Borchert G, Vagnerová K, Neckár J, Ergang P, Miksík I, Kolár F, Pácha J. Chronic intermittent hypoxia induces 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in rat heart. Endocrinology 2009; 150:4270-7. [PMID: 19470702 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Corticosteroids are known to not only regulate electrolyte homeostasis but also play a role in the cardiovascular system, including myocardial remodeling. Because transgenic mice that overexpress 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11HSD) type 2 in cardiomyocytes have been shown to spontaneously develop cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, we investigated whether changes in the cardiac metabolism of glucocorticoids accompany remodeling of the heart under physiological conditions. In the present study, glucocorticoid metabolism and 11HSD2 were explored in the hearts of rats exposed to chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (CIH), which induces hypertrophy and fibrosis of the right and less of the left ventricle. We first demonstrated that adaptation to CIH led to a significant increase in 11HSD2 transcript levels and activity in the myocardium. In contrast, neither 11HSD1 activity and mRNA level nor the abundance of mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor mRNA were up-regulated. The adaptation to CIH also led to an increase of 11HSD2 mRNA in isolated cardiomyocytes, whereas 11HSD1, glucocorticoid receptor, and mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA levels were not changed in comparison with the cardiomyocytes of control normoxic rats. The changes in cardiac metabolism of glucocorticoids were accompanied by inflammatory responses. The expression levels of the proinflammatory markers cyclooxygenase-2 and osteopontin were significantly increased in both the myocardium and the cardiomyocytes isolated from rats exposed to CIH. These findings suggest that myocardial remodeling induced by CIH is associated with the up-regulation of cardiac 11HSD2. Consequently, local metabolism of glucocorticoids could indeed play a role in cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Klusonová
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Krc, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) are important steroid hormones that regulate metabolism, development, and the immune system. GC are produced continuously, and maximal levels are reached following stress-related stimuli. Previous studies have demonstrated that increased GC production following thermal injury was responsible for thymic involution. Although GC are mainly synthesized by the adrenal glands, there is increasing evidence that GC may also be produced in nonadrenal tissues. The thymus was reported to express steroidogenic enzymes and to release GC. 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) is predominantly a reductase in cells and is essential for the local reactivation of GC. Here, we report that increased GC-induced apoptosis in thymocytes from burn-injured mice is related to increased glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression and 11beta-HSD1 expression in thymocytes at day 1 postburn injury. In vitro, thymocytes were able to convert 11-dehydrocorticosterone (DHC) to corticosterone (CORT), which induced their apoptosis, and this was pharmacologically inhibited by 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid, a specific 11beta-HSD inhibitor. Moreover, 11beta-HSD1 expression was confirmed in the 267S3 thymoma-derived cell line, and its activity was responsible for greater sensitivity of these cells to CORT-induced apoptosis. Finally, proinflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-6] increased thymocyte sensitivity to DHC-induced apoptosis through a mechanism involving 11beta-HSD1. Overall, we have shown that burn injury induced 11beta-HSD1 expression in thymocytes, which led to a greater sensitivity of these cells to CORT-induced apoptosis. Increased expression of 11beta-HSD1 and GR may play a role in intrathymic T cell development and can be major determinants of GC sensitivity after a trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele D'Elia
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada
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