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Gauberg J, Moreno KB, Jayaraman K, Abumeri S, Jenkins S, Salazar AM, Meharena HS, Glasgow SM. Spinal motor neuron development and metabolism are transcriptionally regulated by Nuclear Factor IA. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.26.600888. [PMID: 38979382 PMCID: PMC11230388 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.26.600888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Neural circuits governing all motor behaviors in vertebrates rely on the proper development of motor neurons and their precise targeting of limb muscles. Transcription factors are essential for motor neuron development, regulating their specification, migration, and axonal targeting. While transcriptional regulation of the early stages of motor neuron specification is well-established, much less is known about the role of transcription factors in the later stages of maturation and terminal arborization. Defining the molecular mechanisms of these later stages is critical for elucidating how motor circuits are constructed. Here, we demonstrate that the transcription factor Nuclear Factor-IA (NFIA) is required for motor neuron positioning, axonal branching, and neuromuscular junction formation. Moreover, we find that NFIA is required for proper mitochondrial function and ATP production, providing a new and important link between transcription factors and metabolism during motor neuron development. Together, these findings underscore the critical role of NFIA in instructing the assembly of spinal circuits for movement.
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Yan CY, Wu FY, Sun F, Fang Y, Zhang RJ, Zhang CR, Zhang CX, Wang Z, Yang RM, Yang L, Dong M, Zhang QY, Ye XP, Song HD, Zhao SX. The isl2a transcription factor regulates pituitary development in zebrafish. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:920548. [PMID: 36824359 PMCID: PMC9941339 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.920548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ISL LIM homeobox 2, also known as insulin gene enhancer protein ISL-2 (ISL2), is a transcription factor gene that participates in a wide range of developmental events. However, the role of ISL2 in the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis is largely unknown. In the present study, we characterized the expression patterns of ISL2 and revealed its regulative role during embryogenesis using zebrafish. METHODS We used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to successfully establish homozygous ISL2-orthologue (isl2a and isl2b) knockout zebrafish. Moreover, we utilized these knockout zebrafish to analyze the pituitary and thyroid phenotypes in vivo. For further molecular characterization, in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence were performed. RESULTS The isl2a mutant zebrafish presented with thyroid hypoplasia, reduced whole-body levels of thyroid hormones, increased early mortality, gender imbalance, and morphological retardation during maturity. Additionally, thyrotropes, a pituitary cell type, was notably decreased during development. Importantly, the transcriptional levels of pituitary-thyroid axis hormones-encoding genes, such as tshba, cga, and tg, were significantly decreased in isl2a mutants. Finally, the thyroid dysplasia in isl2a mutant larvae may be attributed to a reduction in proliferation rather than changes in apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS In summary, isl2a regulates the transcriptional levels of marker genes in hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis, and isl2a knockout causing low thyroid hormone levels in zebrafish. Thus, isl2a identified by the present study, is a novel regulator for pituitary cell differentiation in zebrafish, resulting in thyroid gland hypoplasia and phenotypes of hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yan Yan
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Endocrinology, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Geriatric Medicine Center, Department of Endocrinology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng-Yao Wu
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Endocrinology, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Sun
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Endocrinology, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Fang
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Endocrinology, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-Jia Zhang
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Endocrinology, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang-Run Zhang
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Endocrinology, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cao-Xu Zhang
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Endocrinology, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Endocrinology, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-Meng Yang
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Endocrinology, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Endocrinology, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Dong
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Endocrinology, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian-Yue Zhang
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Endocrinology, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Ye
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Endocrinology, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huai-Dong Song
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Endocrinology, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shuang-Xia Zhao, ; Huai-Dong Song,
| | - Shuang-Xia Zhao
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Endocrinology, The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shuang-Xia Zhao, ; Huai-Dong Song,
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Xie Q, Li J, Li H, Udeshi ND, Svinkina T, Orlin D, Kohani S, Guajardo R, Mani DR, Xu C, Li T, Han S, Wei W, Shuster SA, Luginbuhl DJ, Quake SR, Murthy SE, Ting AY, Carr SA, Luo L. Transcription factor Acj6 controls dendrite targeting via a combinatorial cell-surface code. Neuron 2022; 110:2299-2314.e8. [PMID: 35613619 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors specify the fate and connectivity of developing neurons. We investigate how a lineage-specific transcription factor, Acj6, controls the precise dendrite targeting of Drosophila olfactory projection neurons (PNs) by regulating the expression of cell-surface proteins. Quantitative cell-surface proteomic profiling of wild-type and acj6 mutant PNs in intact developing brains, and a proteome-informed genetic screen identified PN surface proteins that execute Acj6-regulated wiring decisions. These include canonical cell adhesion molecules and proteins previously not associated with wiring, such as Piezo, whose mechanosensitive ion channel activity is dispensable for its function in PN dendrite targeting. Comprehensive genetic analyses revealed that Acj6 employs unique sets of cell-surface proteins in different PN types for dendrite targeting. Combined expression of Acj6 wiring executors rescued acj6 mutant phenotypes with higher efficacy and breadth than expression of individual executors. Thus, Acj6 controls wiring specificity of different neuron types by specifying distinct combinatorial expression of cell-surface executors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijing Xie
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jiefu Li
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hongjie Li
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Namrata D Udeshi
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Tanya Svinkina
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Daniel Orlin
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sayeh Kohani
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ricardo Guajardo
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D R Mani
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Chuanyun Xu
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tongchao Li
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shuo Han
- Departments of Genetics, Biology, and Chemistry, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S Andrew Shuster
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David J Luginbuhl
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Departments of Bioengineering and Applied Physics, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Swetha E Murthy
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Alice Y Ting
- Departments of Genetics, Biology, and Chemistry, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Steven A Carr
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Hop Mice Display Synchronous Hindlimb Locomotion and a Ventrally Fused Lumbar Spinal Cord Caused by a Point Mutation in Ttc26. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0518-21.2022. [PMID: 35210288 PMCID: PMC8925726 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0518-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the spinal circuits controlling locomotion is critical for unravelling the mechanisms controlling the production of gaits. Development of the circuits governing left-right coordination relies on axon guidance molecules such as ephrins and netrins. To date, no other class of proteins have been shown to play a role during this process. Here, we have analyzed hop mice, which walk with a characteristic hopping gait using their hindlimbs in synchrony. Fictive locomotion experiments suggest that a local defect in the ventral spinal cord contributes to the aberrant locomotor phenotype. Hop mutant spinal cords had severe morphologic defects, including the absence of the ventral midline and a poorly defined border between white and gray matter. The hop mice represent the first model where, exclusively found in the lumbar domain, the left and right components of the central pattern generators (CPGs) are fused with a synchronous hindlimb gait as a functional consequence. These defects were associated with abnormal developmental processes, including a misplaced notochord and reduced induction of ventral progenitor domains. Whereas the underlying mutation in hop mice has been suggested to lie within the Ttc26 gene, other genes in close vicinity have been associated with gait defects. Mouse embryos carrying a CRISPR replicated point mutation within Ttc26 displayed an identical morphologic phenotype. Thus, our data suggest that the assembly of the lumbar CPG network is dependent on fully functional TTC26 protein.
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Ying Z, Wu J, Jiang W, Zhang G, Zhu W, Li X, Pang X, Liu W. Expression of Slit and Robo during remodeling of corticospinal tract in cervical spinal cord in middle cerebral artery occlusion rats. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:7831-7839. [PMID: 34652618 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06803-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Slits and Robos were associated with the generation of axons of corticospinal tract during the corticospinal tract (CST) remodeling after the cerebral ischemic stroke (CIS). However, little is known about the mechanism of CST remodeling. In this study, we detected the expression of Slits and Robos in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats to investigate the roles of Slits and Robos in the CIS. METHODS MCAO model was established using modified Zea Longa method. Beam walking test (BWT) was conducted to evaluate the motor function. The images of the track of cortical spinal cord beam on day 7, 14 and 21 were observed by anterograde CST tracing. Biopinylated dextan amine (BDA) was used to mark CST anterogradely. Expression of GAP-43 mRNA and GAP-43 protein in cervical spinal cord was detected by Real-Time PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. The expression of Slit1, Slit2 and Robo1 in cervical spinal cord was detected by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS The scores in the model group were significantly reduced compared to sham-operation group on day 7 (P < 0.001), 14 (P < 0.001) and 21 (P < 0.001), respectively. There was no significant difference in the score on day 7, 14 and 21 of the sham-operation groups (P > 0.05). In contrast, significant increase was noticed in the scores in model group, presenting a time-dependent manner. More CST staining fibers could be observed at the degenerative side in the model group compared with that of the sham-operation group on day 21. GAP-43 mRNA expression in the model group showed significant increase compared to that of sham-operation group on day 14 (P = 0.015) and 21 days (P = 0.002). The expression of GAP-43 protein in model group showed significant increase compared to that of sham-operation group on day 14 (P = 0.022) and day 21 (P = 0.008), respectively. The expression of Slit1 and Slit2 showed increase on day 14 and day 21, while the expression of Robo1 showed significant decrease in MCAO rats. CONCLUSION Up-regulation of Slit1 and Slit2 and the downregulation of Robo1 may be related to the axons of CST midline crossing in spinal cord of MCAO rat during the spontaneous recovery of impaired motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhao Ying
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Junxuan Wu
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Wenjun Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Guoli Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Tumor Hospital & Institute, Jinan, 250117, Shandong Province, China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300381, China
| | - Xin Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250011, China
| | - Xueyun Pang
- Juxian Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Rizhao, 276599, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250001, China.
- Department of Cerebral Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250001, China.
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6
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Lee H, Lee JJ, Park NY, Dubey SK, Kim T, Ruan K, Lim SB, Park SH, Ha S, Kovlyagina I, Kim KT, Kim S, Oh Y, Kim H, Kang SU, Song MR, Lloyd TE, Maragakis NJ, Hong YB, Eoh H, Lee G. Multi-omic analysis of selectively vulnerable motor neuron subtypes implicates altered lipid metabolism in ALS. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:1673-1685. [PMID: 34782793 PMCID: PMC8639773 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00944-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating disorder in which motor neurons degenerate, the causes of which remain unclear. In particular, the basis for selective vulnerability of spinal motor neurons (sMNs) and resistance of ocular motor neurons to degeneration in ALS has yet to be elucidated. Here, we applied comparative multi-omics analysis of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived sMNs and ocular motor neurons to identify shared metabolic perturbations in inherited and sporadic ALS sMNs, revealing dysregulation in lipid metabolism and its related genes. Targeted metabolomics studies confirmed such findings in sMNs of 17 ALS (SOD1, C9ORF72, TDP43 (TARDBP) and sporadic) human induced pluripotent stem cell lines, identifying elevated levels of arachidonic acid. Pharmacological reduction of arachidonic acid levels was sufficient to reverse ALS-related phenotypes in both human sMNs and in vivo in Drosophila and SOD1G93A mouse models. Collectively, these findings pinpoint a catalytic step of lipid metabolism as a potential therapeutic target for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojae Lee
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Robert Packard Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jae Jin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Na Young Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
- Department of Translational Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Sandeep Kumar Dubey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Taeyong Kim
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kai Ruan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Su Bin Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seong-Hyun Park
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shinwon Ha
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Irina Kovlyagina
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kyung-Tai Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjun Kim
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yohan Oh
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesoo Kim
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sung-Ung Kang
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mi-Ryoung Song
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Thomas E Lloyd
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas J Maragakis
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Young Bin Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea.
- Department of Translational Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, Korea.
| | - Hyungjin Eoh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Gabsang Lee
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- The Robert Packard Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Taroc EZM, Katreddi RR, Forni PE. Identifying Isl1 Genetic Lineage in the Developing Olfactory System and in GnRH-1 Neurons. Front Physiol 2020; 11:601923. [PMID: 33192618 PMCID: PMC7609815 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.601923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, symmetric ectodermal thickenings [olfactory placodes (OP)] give rise to several cell types that comprise the olfactory system, such as those that form the terminal nerve ganglion (TN), gonadotropin releasing hormone-1 neurons (GnRH-1ns), and other migratory neurons in rodents. Even though the genetic heterogeneity among these cell types is documented, unidentified cell populations arising from the OP remain. One candidate to identify placodal derived neurons in the developing nasal area is the transcription factor Isl1, which was recently identified in GnRH-3 neurons of the terminal nerve in fish, as well as expression in neurons of the nasal migratory mass (MM). Here, we analyzed the Isl1 genetic lineage in chemosensory neuronal populations in the nasal area and migratory GnRH-1ns in mice using in situ hybridization, immunolabeling a Tamoxifen inducible Isl1CreERT and a constitutive Isl1Cre knock-in mouse lines. In addition, we also performed conditional Isl1 ablation in developing GnRH neurons. We found Isl1 lineage across non-sensory cells of the respiratory epithelium and sustentacular cells of OE and VNO. We identified a population of transient embryonic Isl1 + neurons in the olfactory epithelium and sparse Isl1 + neurons in postnatal VNO. Isl1 is expressed in almost all GnRH neurons and in approximately half of the other neuron populations in the MM. However, Isl1 conditional ablation alone does not significantly compromise GnRH-1 neuronal migration or GnRH-1 expression, suggesting compensatory mechanisms. Further studies will elucidate the functional and mechanistic role of Isl1 in development of migratory endocrine neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Zandro M Taroc
- Department of Biological Sciences, The RNA Institute, and the Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Raghu Ram Katreddi
- Department of Biological Sciences, The RNA Institute, and the Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Paolo E Forni
- Department of Biological Sciences, The RNA Institute, and the Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
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Jiang Y, Zhou J, Zhao J, Zhang H, Li L, Li H, Chen L, Hu J, Zheng W, Jing Z. The U2AF2 /circRNA ARF1/miR-342-3p/ISL2 feedback loop regulates angiogenesis in glioma stem cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:182. [PMID: 32894165 PMCID: PMC7487667 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioma is the most common and lethal primary brain tumor in adults, and angiogenesis is one of the key factors contributing to its proliferation, aggressiveness, and malignant transformation. However, the discovery of novel oncogenes and the study of its molecular regulating mechanism based on circular RNAs (circRNAs) may provide a promising treatment target in glioma. METHODS Bioinformatics analysis, qPCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression levels of ISL2, miR-342-3p, circRNA ARF1 (cARF1), U2AF2, and VEGFA. Patient-derived glioma stem cells (GSCs) were established for the molecular experiments. Lentiviral-based infection was used to regulate the expression of these molecules in GSCs. The MTS, EDU, Transwell, and tube formation assays were used to detect the proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis of human brain microvessel endothelial cells (hBMECs). RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation, RNA pull-down, dual-luciferase reporter, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were used to detect the direct regulation mechanisms among these molecules. RESULTS We first identified a novel transcription factor related to neural development. ISL2 was overexpressed in glioma and correlated with poor patient survival. ISL2 transcriptionally regulated VEGFA expression in GSCs and promoted the proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis of hBMECs via VEGFA-mediated ERK signaling. Regarding its mechanism of action, cARF1 upregulated ISL2 expression in GSCs via miR-342-3p sponging. Furthermore, U2AF2 bound to and promoted the stability and expression of cARF1, while ISL2 induced the expression of U2AF2, which formed a feedback loop in GSCs. We also showed that both U2AF2 and cARF1 had an oncogenic effect, were overexpressed in glioma, and correlated with poor patient survival. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified a novel feedback loop among U2AF2, cARF1, miR-342-3p, and ISL2 in GSCs. This feedback loop promoted glioma angiogenesis, and could provide an effective biomarker for glioma diagnosis and prognostic evaluation, as well as possibly being used for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Jinpeng Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Junshuang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Haiying Zhang
- International Education College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 79 Chongshan East Road, Shenyang, 110042, China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Lian Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Jiangfeng Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 20080, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Zhitao Jing
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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9
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Expression of Genes Involved in Axon Guidance: How Much Have We Learned? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103566. [PMID: 32443632 PMCID: PMC7278939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal axons are guided to their target during the development of the brain. Axon guidance allows the formation of intricate neural circuits that control the function of the brain, and thus the behavior. As the axons travel in the brain to find their target, they encounter various axon guidance cues, which interact with the receptors on the tip of the growth cone to permit growth along different signaling pathways. Although many scientists have performed numerous studies on axon guidance signaling pathways, we still have an incomplete understanding of the axon guidance system. Lately, studies on axon guidance have shifted from studying the signal transduction pathways to studying other molecular features of axon guidance, such as the gene expression. These new studies present evidence for different molecular features that broaden our understanding of axon guidance. Hence, in this review we will introduce recent studies that illustrate different molecular features of axon guidance. In particular, we will review literature that demonstrates how axon guidance cues and receptors regulate local translation of axonal genes and how the expression of guidance cues and receptors are regulated both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally. Moreover, we will highlight the pathological relevance of axon guidance molecules to specific diseases.
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10
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Suter TACS, Jaworski A. Cell migration and axon guidance at the border between central and peripheral nervous system. Science 2020; 365:365/6456/eaaw8231. [PMID: 31467195 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw8231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The central and peripheral nervous system (CNS and PNS, respectively) are composed of distinct neuronal and glial cell types with specialized functional properties. However, a small number of select cells traverse the CNS-PNS boundary and connect these two major subdivisions of the nervous system. This pattern of segregation and selective connectivity is established during embryonic development, when neurons and glia migrate to their destinations and axons project to their targets. Here, we provide an overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that control cell migration and axon guidance at the vertebrate CNS-PNS border. We highlight recent advances on how cell bodies and axons are instructed to either cross or respect this boundary, and present open questions concerning the development and plasticity of the CNS-PNS interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey A C S Suter
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.,Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Alexander Jaworski
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. .,Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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11
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Shan Y, Saadi H, Wray S. Heterogeneous Origin of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone-1 Neurons in Mouse Embryos Detected by Islet-1/2 Expression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:35. [PMID: 32083082 PMCID: PMC7002318 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, Gonadotropin releasing hormone-1 (GnRH) neuroendocrine cells originate in the olfactory placode and migrate into the forebrain where they regulate reproduction. However, the embryonic lineage of their progenitors remains controversial. Most GnRH neurons are derived from placodal ectodermal progenitor cells, but data from lineage tracing in zebrafish (Whitlock et al., 2003) and mouse (Forni and Wray, 2012) indicate that some GnRH progenitor cells have a neural crest (NC) origin. In contrast, a recent study in zebrafish (Aguillon et al., 2018), using Islet-1/2 expression, identified this LIM-homeodomain protein in all developing GnRH neuroendocrine cells, and the authors concluded a homogenous origin from progenitors within the preplacodal ectoderm. Evidence in different animal models and systems suggests that expression of Islet-1 plays a pivotal role in cell fate specification and differentiation. Thus, expression of Islet-1/2 in all GnRH cells in the nasal placode may not be lineage dependent but rather initiated locally in the placode as part of the program for GnRH cell specification and/or differentiation. This study addresses this issue and shows two populations of olfactory derived GnRH neurons in embryonic mouse: Islet-1/2(+) and Islet-1/2(−). Notably, triple-label immunofluorescence using the NC lineage tracer Wnt1, showed that GnRH neurons derived from Wnt1 progenitors are Islet-1/2(−). These results are consistent with two separate origins of GnRH neuroendocrine cells and suggest that either (1) NC-derived GnRH cells differentiate earlier than PE-derived GnRH cells or (2) different programs are used for cell specification in NC- vs. PE-derived GnRH cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Shan
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hassan Saadi
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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12
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Molinard-Chenu A, Fluss J, Laurent S, Laurent M, Guipponi M, Dayer AG. MCF2 is linked to a complex perisylvian syndrome and affects cortical lamination. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 7:121-125. [PMID: 31846234 PMCID: PMC6952308 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.50949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of congenital bilateral perisylvian syndrome (CBPS) with lower motor neuron dysfunction remains unusual and suggests a potential common genetic insult affecting basic neurodevelopmental processes. Here we identify a putatively pathogenic missense mutation in the MCF2 gene in a boy with CBPS. Using in utero electroporation to genetically manipulate cortical neurons during corticogenesis, we demonstrate that the mouse Mcf2 gene controls the embryonic migration of cortical projection neurons. Strikingly, we find that the CBPS-associated MCF2 mutation impairs cortical laminar positioning, supporting the hypothesis that alterations in the process of embryonic neuronal migration can lead to rare cases of CBPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Molinard-Chenu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, 4 CH-1211, Switzerland.,Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, 4 CH-1211, Switzerland.,Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGe3), University of Geneva Medical Center (CMU), Geneva, 4 CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Joël Fluss
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Pediatric Subspecialties Service, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sacha Laurent
- Service of Genetic Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Méryle Laurent
- Pediatric Radiology Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michel Guipponi
- Service of Genetic Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre G Dayer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, 4 CH-1211, Switzerland.,Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, 4 CH-1211, Switzerland.,Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGe3), University of Geneva Medical Center (CMU), Geneva, 4 CH-1211, Switzerland
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13
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Kim M, Lee CH, Barnum SJ, Watson RC, Li J, Mastick GS. Slit/Robo signals prevent spinal motor neuron emigration by organizing the spinal cord basement membrane. Dev Biol 2019; 455:449-457. [PMID: 31356769 PMCID: PMC6842423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The developing spinal cord builds a boundary between the CNS and the periphery, in the form of a basement membrane. The spinal cord basement membrane is a barrier that retains CNS neuron cell bodies, while being selectively permeable to specific axon types. Spinal motor neuron cell bodies are located in the ventral neural tube next to the floor plate and project their axons out through the basement membrane to peripheral targets. However, little is known about how spinal motor neuron cell bodies are retained inside the ventral neural tube, while their axons can exit. In previous work, we found that disruption of Slit/Robo signals caused motor neuron emigration outside the spinal cord. In the current study, we investigate how Slit/Robo signals are necessary to keep spinal motor neurons within the neural tube. Our findings show that when Slit/Robo signals were removed from motor neurons, they migrated outside the spinal cord. Furthermore, this emigration was associated with abnormal basement membrane protein expression in the ventral spinal cord. Using Robo2 and Slit2 conditional mutants, we found that motor neuron-derived Slit/Robo signals were required to set up a normal basement membrane in the spinal cord. Together, our results suggest that motor neurons produce Slit signals that are required for the basement membrane assembly to retain motor neuron cell bodies within the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Kim
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
| | - Clare H Lee
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Sarah J Barnum
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Roland Cj Watson
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Jennifer Li
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Grant S Mastick
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
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14
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CBP and p300 coactivators contribute to the maintenance of Isl1 expression by the Onecut transcription factors in embryonic spinal motor neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2019; 101:103411. [PMID: 31648029 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.103411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Onecut transcription factors are required to maintain Islet1 (Isl1) expression in developing spinal motor neurons (MNs), and this process is critical for proper MN differentiation. However, the mechanisms whereby OC stimulate Isl1 expression remain unknown. CREB-binding protein (CBP) and p300 paralogs are transcriptional coactivators that interact with OC proteins in hepatic cells. In the embryonic spinal cord, CBP and p300 play key roles in neurogenesis and MN differentiation. Here, using chromatin immunoprecipitation and in ovo electroporation in chicken spinal cord, we provide evidence that CBP and p300 contribute to the regulation of Isl1 expression by the OC factors in embryonic spinal MNs. CBP and p300 are detected on the CREST2 enhancer of Isl1 where OC factors are also bound. Inhibition of CBP and p300 activity inhibits activation of the CREST2 enhancer and prevents the stimulation of Isl1 expression by the OC factors. These observations suggest that CBP and p300 coactivators cooperate with OC factors to maintain Isl1 expression in postmitotic MNs.
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15
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Araki K, Araki A, Honda D, Izumoto T, Hashizume A, Hijikata Y, Yamada S, Iguchi Y, Hara A, Ikumi K, Kawai K, Ishigaki S, Nakamichi Y, Tsunekawa S, Seino Y, Yamamoto A, Takayama Y, Hidaka S, Tominaga M, Ohara-Imaizumi M, Suzuki A, Ishiguro H, Enomoto A, Yoshida M, Arima H, Muramatsu SI, Sobue G, Katsuno M. TDP-43 regulates early-phase insulin secretion via CaV1.2-mediated exocytosis in islets. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3578-3593. [PMID: 31355778 DOI: 10.1172/jci124481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TAR DNA-binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43), encoded by TARDBP, is an RNA-binding protein, the nuclear depletion of which is the histopathological hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal neurodegenerative disorder affecting both upper and lower motor neurons. Besides motor symptoms, patients with ALS often develop nonneuronal signs including glucose intolerance, but the underlying pathomechanism is still controversial, i.e., whether it is impaired insulin secretion and/or insulin resistance. Here, we showed that ALS subjects reduced early-phase insulin secretion and that the nuclear localization of TDP-43 was lost in the islets of autopsied ALS pancreas. Loss of TDP-43 inhibited exocytosis by downregulating CaV1.2 calcium channels, thereby reducing early-phase insulin secretion in a cultured β cell line (MIN6) and β cell-specific Tardbp knockout mice. Overexpression of CaV1.2 restored early-phase insulin secretion in Tardbp knocked-down MIN6 cells. Our findings suggest that TDP-43 regulates cellular exocytosis mediated by L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels and thus plays an important role in the early phase of insulin secretion by pancreatic islets. Thus, nuclear loss of TDP-43 is implicated in not only the selective loss of motor neurons but also in glucose intolerance due to impaired insulin secretion at an early stage of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Akitoshi Hara
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yoko Nakamichi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yusuke Seino
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akiko Yamamoto
- Department of Human Nutrition, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasunori Takayama
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shihomi Hidaka
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mica Ohara-Imaizumi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishiguro
- Department of Human Nutrition, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Enomoto
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Shin-Ichi Muramatsu
- Division of Neurological Gene Therapy, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.,Center for Gene & Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gen Sobue
- Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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16
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Camilleri M, Sandler RS, Peery AF. Etiopathogenetic Mechanisms in Diverticular Disease of the Colon. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 9:15-32. [PMID: 31351939 PMCID: PMC6881605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews epidemiological evidence of heritability and putative mechanisms in diverticular disease, with greatest attention to 3 recent studies of genetic associations with diverticular disease based on genome-wide or whole-genome sequencing studies in large patient cohorts. We provide an analysis of the biological plausibility of the significant associations with gene variants reported and highlight the relevance of ANO1, CPI-17 (aka PPP1R14A), COLQ6, COL6A1, CALCB or CALCA, COL6A1, ARHGAP15, and S100A10 to colonic neuromuscular function and tissue properties that may result in altered compliance and predispose to the development of diverticular disease. Such studies also identify candidate genes for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Camilleri
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Robert S Sandler
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Anne F Peery
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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17
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McClay DR, Miranda E, Feinberg SL. Neurogenesis in the sea urchin embryo is initiated uniquely in three domains. Development 2018; 145:dev167742. [PMID: 30413529 PMCID: PMC6240313 DOI: 10.1242/dev.167742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Many marine larvae begin feeding within a day of fertilization, thus requiring rapid development of a nervous system to coordinate feeding activities. Here, we examine the patterning and specification of early neurogenesis in sea urchin embryos. Lineage analysis indicates that neurons arise locally in three regions of the embryo. Perturbation analyses showed that when patterning is disrupted, neurogenesis in the three regions is differentially affected, indicating distinct patterning requirements for each neural domain. Six transcription factors that function during proneural specification were identified and studied in detail. Perturbations of these proneural transcription factors showed that specification occurs differently in each neural domain prior to the Delta-Notch restriction signal. Though gene regulatory network state changes beyond the proneural restriction are largely unresolved, the data here show that the three neural regions already differ from each other significantly early in specification. Future studies that define the larval nervous system in the sea urchin must therefore separately characterize the three populations of neurons that enable the larva to feed, to navigate, and to move food particles through the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R McClay
- Department of Biology, 124 Science Drive, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Esther Miranda
- Department of Biology, 124 Science Drive, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Stacy L Feinberg
- Department of Biology, 124 Science Drive, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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18
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Jardin N, Giudicelli F, Ten Martín D, Vitrac A, De Gois S, Allison R, Houart C, Reid E, Hazan J, Fassier C. BMP- and neuropilin 1-mediated motor axon navigation relies on spastin alternative translation. Development 2018; 145:dev.162701. [PMID: 30082270 PMCID: PMC6141775 DOI: 10.1242/dev.162701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Functional analyses of genes responsible for neurodegenerative disorders have unveiled crucial links between neurodegenerative processes and key developmental signalling pathways. Mutations in SPG4-encoding spastin cause hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). Spastin is involved in diverse cellular processes that couple microtubule severing to membrane remodelling. Two main spastin isoforms are synthesised from alternative translational start sites (M1 and M87). However, their specific roles in neuronal development and homeostasis remain largely unknown. To selectively unravel their neuronal function, we blocked spastin synthesis from each initiation codon during zebrafish development and performed rescue analyses. The knockdown of each isoform led to different motor neuron and locomotion defects, which were not rescued by the selective expression of the other isoform. Notably, both morphant neuronal phenotypes were observed in a CRISPR/Cas9 spastin mutant. We next showed that M1 spastin, together with HSP proteins atlastin 1 and NIPA1, drives motor axon targeting by repressing BMP signalling, whereas M87 spastin acts downstream of neuropilin 1 to control motor neuron migration. Our data therefore suggest that defective BMP and neuropilin 1 signalling may contribute to the motor phenotype in a vertebrate model of spastin depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Jardin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (NPS-IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - François Giudicelli
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, Biologie du Développement Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (LBD-IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Daniel Ten Martín
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (NPS-IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anaïs Vitrac
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (NPS-IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie De Gois
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (NPS-IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Rachel Allison
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OXY, UK
| | - Corinne Houart
- Medical Research Council Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Evan Reid
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OXY, UK
| | - Jamilé Hazan
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (NPS-IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Coralie Fassier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (NPS-IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
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19
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Chen Z. Common cues wire the spinal cord: Axon guidance molecules in spinal neuron migration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 85:71-77. [PMID: 29274387 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Topographic arrangement of neuronal cell bodies and axonal tracts are crucial for proper wiring of the nervous system. This involves often-coordinated neuronal migration and axon guidance during development. Most neurons migrate from their birthplace to specific topographic coordinates as they adopt the final cell fates and extend axons. The axons follow temporospatial specific guidance cues to reach the appropriate targets. When neuronal or axonal migration or their coordination is disrupted, severe consequences including neurodevelopmental disorders and neurological diseases, can arise. Neuronal and axonal migration shares some molecular mechanisms, as genes originally identified as axon guidance molecules have been increasingly shown to direct both navigation processes. This review focuses on axon guidance pathways that are shown to also direct neuronal migration in the vertebrate spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Department of MCD Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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20
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Kim M, Fontelonga TM, Lee CH, Barnum SJ, Mastick GS. Motor axons are guided to exit points in the spinal cord by Slit and Netrin signals. Dev Biol 2017; 432:178-191. [PMID: 28986144 PMCID: PMC5694371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the spinal cord, motor axons project out the neural tube at specific exit points, then bundle together to project toward target muscles. The molecular signals that guide motor axons to and out of their exit points remain undefined. Since motor axons and their exit points are located near the floor plate, guidance signals produced by the floor plate and adjacent ventral tissues could influence motor axons as they project toward and out of exit points. The secreted Slit proteins are major floor plate repellents, and motor neurons express two Slit receptors, Robo1 and Robo2. Using mutant mouse embryos at early stages of motor axon exit, we found that motor exit points shifted ventrally in Robo1/2 or Slit1/2 double mutants. Along with the ventral shift, mutant axons had abnormal trajectories both within the neural tube toward the exit point, and after exit into the periphery. In contrast, the absence of the major ventral attractant, Netrin-1, or its receptor, DCC caused motor exit points to shift dorsally. Netrin-1 attraction on spinal motor axons was demonstrated by in vitro explant assays, showing that Netrin-1 increased outgrowth and attracted cultured spinal motor axons. The opposing effects of Slit/Robo and Netrin-1/DCC signals were tested genetically by combining Netrin-1 and Robo1/2 mutations. The location of exit points in the combined mutants was significantly recovered to their normal position compared to Netrin-1 or Robo1/2 mutants. Together, these results suggest that the proper position of motor exit points is determined by a "push-pull" mechanism, pulled ventrally by Netrin-1/DCC attraction and pushed dorsally by Slit/Robo repulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Kim
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | | | - Clare H Lee
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Sarah J Barnum
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Grant S Mastick
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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21
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Kim M, Bjorke B, Mastick GS. Motor neuron migration and positioning mechanisms: New roles for guidance cues. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 85:78-83. [PMID: 29141180 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Motor neurons differentiate from progenitor cells and cluster as motor nuclei, settling next to the floor plate in the brain stem and spinal cord. Although precise positioning of motor neurons is critical for their functional input and output, the molecular mechanisms that guide motor neurons to their proper positions remain poorly understood. Here, we review recent evidence of motor neuron positioning mechanisms, highlighting situations in which motor neuron cell bodies can migrate, and experiments that show that their migration is regulated by axon guidance cues. The view that emerges is that motor neurons are actively trapped or restricted in static positions, as the cells balance a push in the dorsal direction by repulsive Slit/Robo cues and a pull in the ventral direction by attractive Netrin-1/DCC cues. These new functions of guidance cues are necessary fine-tuning to set up patterns of motor neurons at their proper positions in the neural tube during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Kim
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Brielle Bjorke
- Neuroscience Program, Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA
| | - Grant S Mastick
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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22
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Himmels P, Paredes I, Adler H, Karakatsani A, Luck R, Marti HH, Ermakova O, Rempel E, Stoeckli ET, Ruiz de Almodóvar C. Motor neurons control blood vessel patterning in the developing spinal cord. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14583. [PMID: 28262664 PMCID: PMC5343469 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of a precise vascular network within the central nervous system is of critical importance to assure delivery of oxygen and nutrients and for accurate functionality of neuronal networks. Vascularization of the spinal cord is a highly stereotypical process. However, the guidance cues controlling blood vessel patterning in this organ remain largely unknown. Here we describe a new neuro-vascular communication mechanism that controls vessel guidance in the developing spinal cord. We show that motor neuron columns remain avascular during a developmental time window, despite expressing high levels of the pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We describe that motor neurons express the VEGF trapping receptor sFlt1 via a Neuropilin-1-dependent mechanism. Using a VEGF gain-of-function approach in mice and a motor neuron-specific sFlt1 loss-of-function approach in chicken, we show that motor neurons control blood vessel patterning by an autocrine mechanism that titrates motor neuron-derived VEGF via their own expression of sFlt1. The guidance cues regulating blood vessel patterning in the central nervous system remain unclear. Here, the authors show in mice and chicken developing spinal cord that motor neurons control blood vessel patterning by an autocrine mechanism titrating VEGF via the expression of its trapping receptor sFlt1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Himmels
- Biochemistry Center, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isidora Paredes
- Biochemistry Center, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heike Adler
- Biochemistry Center, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andromachi Karakatsani
- Biochemistry Center, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Luck
- Biochemistry Center, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hugo H Marti
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olga Ermakova
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eugen Rempel
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Esther T Stoeckli
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Ruiz de Almodóvar
- Biochemistry Center, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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ISL1-based LIM complexes control Slit2 transcription in developing cranial motor neurons. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36491. [PMID: 27819291 PMCID: PMC5098159 DOI: 10.1038/srep36491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
LIM-homeodomain (HD) transcription factors form a multimeric complex and assign neuronal subtype identities, as demonstrated by the hexameric ISL1-LHX3 complex which gives rise to somatic motor (SM) neurons. However, the roles of combinatorial LIM code in motor neuron diversification and their subsequent differentiation is much less well understood. In the present study, we demonstrate that the ISL1 controls postmitotic cranial branchiomotor (BM) neurons including the positioning of the cell bodies and peripheral axon pathfinding. Unlike SM neurons, which transform into interneurons, BM neurons are normal in number and in marker expression in Isl1 mutant mice. Nevertheless, the movement of trigeminal and facial BM somata is stalled, and their peripheral axons are fewer or misrouted, with ectopic branches. Among genes whose expression level changes in previous ChIP-seq and microarray analyses in Isl1-deficient cell lines, we found that Slit2 transcript was almost absent from BM neurons of Isl1 mutants. Both ISL1-LHX3 and ISL1-LHX4 bound to the Slit2 enhancer and drove endogenous Slit2 expression in SM and BM neurons. Our findings suggest that combinations of ISL1 and LHX factors establish cell-type specificity and functional diversity in terms of motor neuron identities and/or axon development.
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24
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Bjorke B, Shoja-Taheri F, Kim M, Robinson GE, Fontelonga T, Kim KT, Song MR, Mastick GS. Contralateral migration of oculomotor neurons is regulated by Slit/Robo signaling. Neural Dev 2016; 11:18. [PMID: 27770832 PMCID: PMC5075191 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-016-0073-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oculomotor neurons develop initially like typical motor neurons, projecting axons out of the ventral midbrain to their ipsilateral targets, the extraocular muscles. However, in all vertebrates, after the oculomotor nerve (nIII) has reached the extraocular muscle primordia, the cell bodies that innervate the superior rectus migrate to join the contralateral nucleus. This motor neuron migration represents a unique strategy to form a contralateral motor projection. Whether migration is guided by diffusible cues remains unknown. METHODS We examined the role of Slit chemorepellent signals in contralateral oculomotor migration by analyzing mutant mouse embryos. RESULTS We found that the ventral midbrain expresses high levels of both Slit1 and 2, and that oculomotor neurons express the repellent Slit receptors Robo1 and Robo2. Therefore, Slit signals are in a position to influence the migration of oculomotor neurons. In Slit 1/2 or Robo1/2 double mutant embryos, motor neuron cell bodies migrated into the ventral midbrain on E10.5, three days prior to normal migration. These early migrating neurons had leading projections into and across the floor plate. In contrast to the double mutants, embryos which were mutant for single Slit or Robo genes did not have premature migration or outgrowth on E10.5, demonstrating a cooperative requirement of Slit1 and 2, as well as Robo1 and 2. To test how Slit/Robo midline repulsion is modulated, we found that the normal migration did not require the receptors Robo3 and CXCR4, or the chemoattractant, Netrin 1. The signal to initiate contralateral migration is likely autonomous to the midbrain because oculomotor neurons migrate in embryos that lack either nerve outgrowth or extraocular muscles, or in cultured midbrains that lacked peripheral tissue. CONCLUSION Overall, our results demonstrate that a migratory subset of motor neurons respond to floor plate-derived Slit repulsion to properly control the timing of contralateral migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brielle Bjorke
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | | | - Minkyung Kim
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - G Eric Robinson
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | | | - Kyung-Tai Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Oryong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ryoung Song
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Oryong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Grant S Mastick
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
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25
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Clovis YM, Seo SY, Kwon JS, Rhee JC, Yeo S, Lee JW, Lee S, Lee SK. Chx10 Consolidates V2a Interneuron Identity through Two Distinct Gene Repression Modes. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1642-1652. [PMID: 27477290 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, two cell types born from closely related progenitor pools often express identical transcriptional regulators despite their completely distinct characteristics. This phenomenon implies the need for a mechanism that operates to segregate the identities of the two cell types throughout differentiation after initial fate commitment. To understand this mechanism, we investigated the fate specification of spinal V2a interneurons, which share important developmental genes with motor neurons (MNs). We demonstrate that the paired homeodomain factor Chx10 functions as a critical determinant for V2a fate and is required to consolidate V2a identity in postmitotic neurons. Chx10 actively promotes V2a fate, downstream of the LIM-homeodomain factor Lhx3, while concomitantly suppressing the MN developmental program by preventing the MN-specific transcription complex from binding and activating MN genes. This dual activity enables Chx10 to effectively separate the V2a and MN pathways. Our study uncovers a widely applicable gene regulatory principle for segregating related cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoanne M Clovis
- Pediatric Neuroscience Research Program, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - So Yeon Seo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Kwon
- Pediatric Neuroscience Research Program, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jennifer C Rhee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Sujeong Yeo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Jae W Lee
- Pediatric Neuroscience Research Program, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Seunghee Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - Soo-Kyung Lee
- Pediatric Neuroscience Research Program, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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