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Alrouji M, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Alshammari MS, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Bahaa MM, Batiha GES. Role of uric acid in neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on Alzheimer and Parkinson disease: A new perspective. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2024. [PMID: 39075837 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD) are group of diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by progressive neurodegenerations and cognitive impairment. Findings from different studies highlighted the beneficial and detrimental effects of serum uric acid on the development and progression of NDs. Therefore, this mini-review aims to discuss the beneficial and detrimental effects of uric on NDs. The neuroprotective effect of uric acid is mainly related to the antioxidant effect of uric acid which alleviates oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration in AD and PD. However, long-term effect of hyperuricemia prompts for the development and progression of cognitive impairment. Hyperuricemia is associated with cognitive impairment and dementia, and gout increases dementia risk. In addition, hyperuricemia can cause cerebral vascular injury which is a risk factor for vascular dementia and cognitive impairment. Taken together, the relationship between uric acid and NDs risk remains conflicting. Hence, preclinical and clinical studies are indicated in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alrouji
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Mohammed S Alshammari
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
- Department of Research & Development, Funogen, Athens, Greece
- Department of Research & Development, AFNP Med, Wien, Austria
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, University of Witten-Herdecke, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Mostafa M Bahaa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Practice Department, Horus University, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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Xiao Q, Wang J, Tian Q, Tian N, Tian Q, He X, Wang Y, Dong Z. Uric Acid Mitigates Cognitive Deficits via TFEB-Mediated Microglial Autophagy in Mice Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3678-3696. [PMID: 38008888 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03818-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Clinical trials have demonstrated the potential neuroprotective effects of uric acid (UA) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the specific mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effect of UA remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the neuroprotective effect and underlying mechanism of UA in AD mouse models. Various behavioral tests including an elevated plus maze, Barnes maze, and Morris water maze were conducted to evaluate the impact of UA on cognitive function in β-amyloid (Aβ) microinjection and APP23/PS45 double transgenic mice models of AD. Immunohistochemical staining was employed to visualize pathological changes in the brains of AD model mice. Western blotting and immunofluorescence techniques were used to assess levels of autophagy-related proteins and transcription factor EB (TFEB)-related signaling pathways. BV2 cells were used to investigate the association between UA and microglial autophagy. We reported that UA treatment significantly alleviated memory decline in Aβ-induced AD model mice and APP23/PS45 double transgenic AD model mice. Furthermore, UA activated microglia and upregulated the autophagy-related proteins such as LC3II/I ratio, Beclin-1, and LAMP1 in the hippocampus of AD model mice. Similarly, UA protected BV2 cells from Aβ toxicity by upregulating the expressions of Beclin-1, LAMP1, and the LC3II/I ratio, whereas genetic inhibition of TFEB completely abolished these protective effects. Our results indicate that UA may serve as a novel activator of TFEB to induce microglia autophagy and facilitate Aβ degradation, thereby improving cognitive function in AD model mice. Therefore, these findings suggest that UA may be a novel therapeutic agent for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xiao
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiuyun Tian
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Na Tian
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Tian
- Department of Geratology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin He
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yutian Wang
- Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zhifang Dong
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Shin YJ, Kim YJ, Lee JE, Kim YS, Lee JW, Kim H, Shin JY, Lee PH. Uric acid regulates α-synuclein transmission in Parkinsonian models. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1117491. [PMID: 37711993 PMCID: PMC10497982 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1117491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ample evidence demonstrates that α-synuclein (α-syn) has a critical role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) with evidence indicating that its propagation from one area of the brain to others may be the primary mechanism for disease progression. Uric acid (UA), a natural antioxidant, has been proposed as a potential disease modifying candidate in PD. In the present study, we investigated whether UA treatment modulates cell-to-cell transmission of extracellular α-syn and protects dopaminergic neurons in the α-syn-enriched model. In a cellular model, UA treatment decreased internalized cytosolic α-syn levels and neuron-to-neuron transmission of α-syn in donor-acceptor cell models by modulating dynamin-mediated and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Moreover, UA elevation in α-syn-inoculated mice inhibited propagation of extracellular α-syn which decreased expression of phosphorylated α-syn in the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra leading to their increased survival. UA treatment did not lead to change in markers related with autophagolysosomal and microglial activity under the same experimental conditions. These findings suggest UA may control the pathological conditions of PD via additive mechanisms which modulate the propagation of α-syn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin Shin
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ju Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Seul Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Wook Lee
- Department of Medical Science, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung-si, Republic of Korea
| | - HyeonJeong Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Shin
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Phil Hyu Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Zhou C, Gu M, Yin L, Yin W, Liu J, Zhu Y, Yin K, Lei C, Xu Z, Yang X. Low serum uric acid levels may be a potential biomarker of poor sleep quality in patients with Parkinson's disease. Sleep Med 2023; 105:9-13. [PMID: 36934617 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep disorders are common non-motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the pathogenesis of sleep disorders in PD patients remains unclear. Previous studies have implicated oxidative stress in sleep disorders associated with PD. Considering uric acid (UA) acts as a natural antioxidant, in this study, we aimed to assess the use of serum UA as a potential biomarker of sleep disorder in PD patients. METHODS This study recruited 149 PD patients and 84 Age- and sex-matched individuals. According to the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score, PD patients were divided into three groups, good (≤5), intermediate (6-10), and poor (>10). Multivariate logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were also performed to identify clinical features and serum UA levels that help establish an accurate diagnostic model for poor sleep quality in PD patients. RESULTS PD patients who experienced poor sleep quality had lower serum UA levels. PSQI scores have significant negative relationships with serum UA levels and significant positive relationships with Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) scores in PD. Poor sleep quality was independently associated with serum UA levels and HAMD scores. A serum UA level of 328.7 μmol/L and HAMD scores of 19.5 could distinguish PD patients with poor or intermediate sleep to a certain extent, sensitivity of 79.4% and specificity of 76.6%. CONCLUSIONS Low serum UA levels may correlate with the severity of sleep disorder in PD patients and may serve as a biomarker for poor sleep quality in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanbin Zhou
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Meijuan Gu
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China; Yunnan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Lei Yin
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Weifang Yin
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Yongyun Zhu
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Kangfu Yin
- Department of Neurology, Qujing First People's Hospital, Qujing, 655000, China
| | - Chunyan Lei
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Zhong Xu
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China; Yunnan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China.
| | - Xinglong Yang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China; Yunnan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China.
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Koros C, Simitsi AM, Papagiannakis N, Bougea A, Prentakis A, Papadimitriou D, Pachi I, Beratis I, Stanitsa E, Angelopoulou E, Antonelou R, Bregianni M, Lourentzos K, Papageorgiou SG, Bonakis A, Trapali XG, Stamelou M, Stefanis L. Serum Uric Acid as a Putative Biomarker in Prodromal Parkinson's Disease: Longitudinal Data from the PPMI Study. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2023; 13:811-818. [PMID: 37424476 PMCID: PMC10473106 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of blood uric acid as a biomarker in symptomatic motor PD has been increasingly established in the literature. OBJECTIVE Our present study assessed the role of serum uric acid as a putative biomarker in a prodromal PD cohort [REM Sleep Behavior disorder (RBD) and Hyposmia] followed longitudinally. METHODS Longitudinal 5-year serum uric acid measurement data of 39 RBD patients and 26 Hyposmia patients with an abnormal DATSCAN imaging were downloaded from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative database. These cohorts were compared with 423 de novo PD patients and 196 healthy controls enrolled in the same study. RESULTS After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and concomitant disorders (hypertension/gout), baseline and longitudinal serum uric acid levels were higher in the RBD subgroup as compared to the established PD cohort (p = 0.004 and p = 0.001). (Baseline RBD 6.07±1.6 vs. Baseline PD 5.35±1.3 mg/dL and Year-5 RBD 5.7±1.3 vs. Year-5 PD 5.26±1.33). This was also true for longitudinal measurements in the Hyposmic subgroup (p = 0.008) (Baseline Hyposmic 5.7±1.6 vs. PD 5.35±1.3 mg/dL and Year-5 Hyposmic 5.58±1.6 vs. PD 5.26±1.33). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that serum uric acid levels are higher in prodromal PD subjects with ongoing dopaminergic degeneration compared to those with manifest PD. These data indicate that the well-established decrease in the levels of serum uric acid occurs with the transition from prodromal to clinical PD. Whether the higher levels of serum uric acid observed in prodromal PD may provide protection against conversion to full-blown clinical PD will require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Koros
- 1 Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athina-Maria Simitsi
- 1 Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papagiannakis
- 1 Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Bougea
- 1 Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Prentakis
- 1 Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Ioanna Pachi
- 1 Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ion Beratis
- 1 Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Stanitsa
- 1 Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Efthalia Angelopoulou
- 1 Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Roubina Antonelou
- 1 Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marianna Bregianni
- 2 Department of Neurology, Attikon Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Lourentzos
- 2 Department of Neurology, Attikon Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sokratis G. Papageorgiou
- 1 Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios Bonakis
- 2 Department of Neurology, Attikon Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Maria Stamelou
- 1 Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Neurology Clinic, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
- Parkinsons disease and Movement Disorders Dept., HYGEIA Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- 1 Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Mozafar M, Kazemian S, Hoseini E, Mohammadi M, Alimoghadam R, Shafie M, Mayeli M. The glucocerebrosidase mutations and uric acid levels in Parkinson's disease: A 3-years investigation of a potential biomarker". Clin Park Relat Disord 2022; 8:100177. [PMID: 36590455 PMCID: PMC9798165 DOI: 10.1016/j.prdoa.2022.100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Blood uric acid level indicates an emerging biomarker in Parkinson's disease (PD). This study aimed to evaluate longitudinal uric acid levels among different kinds of glucocerebrosidase (GBA) mutations and to compare it among sporadic PD, genetic cohort Parkinson's disease (GENPD), genetic cohort unaffected (GENUN), and healthy control (HC) patients. Methods We conducted a study on 654 individuals from the Parkinson's progression markers initiative (PPMI) database. Baseline characteristics, uric acid levels, movement disorder society unified Parkinson's disease rating scale III (MDS-UPDRS III), Hoehn and Yahr Parkinson stage (H&Y stage), and DaT scan specific binding ratio (SBR) data were obtained. Different GBA mutations were collected and categorized into three groups. Longitudinal measurements of uric acid and MDS-UPDRS III score were evaluated during 3-years of follow-up. Result GENPD cohort exhibited a greater MDS-UPDRS III score, H&Y stage, and lower SBR in the right caudate, left caudate, and right putamen compared to sporadic PD. Baseline uric acid level was similar among all groups and different GBA variants. After adjustment for age, sex, and body mass index, the uric acid level was significantly lower in the GENPD group than in HC during year 2 (P-value: 0.009). No significant longitudinal differences were detected for the MDS-UPDRS III score and three groups of GBA mutations. Conclusion This is the first study to assess uric acid levels and MDS-UPDRS III scores among different GBA mutation variants within 3 years of follow-up. We found similar clinical characteristics among different subtypes of GBA mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Mozafar
- NeuroTRACT Association, Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Kazemian
- NeuroTRACT Association, Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Hoseini
- NeuroTRACT Association, Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Medical Imaging Department, AMT School, Isfahan Medical Sciences University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mohammadi
- NeuroTRACT Association, Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rojina Alimoghadam
- NeuroTRACT Association, Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahan Shafie
- NeuroTRACT Association, Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Mayeli
- NeuroTRACT Association, Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran, Iran,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author.
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Zhang C, Ma S, Zhao X, Wen B, Sun P, Fu Z. Upregulation of antioxidant and autophagy pathways via NRF2 activation protects spinal cord neurons from ozone damage. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:428. [PMID: 33846774 PMCID: PMC8047762 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ozone therapy can relieve multiple types of pain but exhibits potential neurotoxicity, the mechanism of which is unclear. The present study aimed to identify the role of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived-2)-related 2 (NRF2) in preventing spinal cord injury caused by ozone overdose. Primary neuronal cells were extracted from newborn Wistar rats and authenticated by immunofluorescence using anti-microtubule-associated protein 2 as a cell type-specific marker. Cell viability assay with different ozone concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 µg/ml) was used to determine the concentration that caused primary neuron injury; 30 min of 40 µg/ml ozone therapy notably decreased cell viability to 71%. In order to test the effects of ozone, the cells were divided into five treatment groups [0-, 30- and 40 µg/ml ozone, tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) + 40 µg/ml ozone (T40) and tBHQ (T0)]. Cells in the T40 and T0 groups received 40 µmol/l tBHQ on the fifth day of SCN cultivation. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting showed that protein expression levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and mRNA expression levels of HO-1 and NRF2 were decreased. NRF2, ubiquitin-binding protein p62 and microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B expression levels were decreased following treatment with 40 µg/ml ozone. Immunofluorescence showed that NRF2 nuclear expression levels also decreased following 40 µg/ml ozone treatment. However, cells in the T40 group did not display decreased NRF2 nuclear expression levels. Normal/Apoptotic/Necrotic Cell Detection kit revealed that necrosis rate increased following treatment with 40 µg/ml ozone; however, the T40 group did not exhibit this increased necrosis. At 40 µg/ml, ozone increased spinal cord neuron (SCN) death in vitro. Moreover, treatment with 40 µg/ml ozone damaged SCNs. The p62/NRF2/antioxidant response element pathway prevented such injury. tBHQ activated this pathway, upregulated autophagy and increased local nuclear NRF2 concentration, thus enhancing the antioxidant system to protect SCNs from injury caused by high concentrations of ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zhang
- Department of Pain Management, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Shulin Ma
- Department of Pain Management, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Bei Wen
- Department of Pain Management, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Panpan Sun
- Department of Pain Management, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Zhijian Fu
- Department of Pain Management, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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Serum uric acid level as a putative biomarker in Parkinson's disease patients carrying GBA1 mutations: 2-Year data from the PPMI study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021; 84:1-4. [PMID: 33508700 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Blood uric acid represents an important biomarker in sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). Whether uric acid levels change in genetic forms of PD is beginning to be assessed. The aim of the present study was to evaluate differences in serum uric acid level among PD patients harboring mutations in the glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) gene, sporadic PD, and healthy controls followed longitudinally. METHODS Longitudinal 2-year serum uric acid measurement data of 120 GBA-PD patients have been downloaded from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) database. This cohort was compared with 369 de novo sporadic PD patients and 195 healthy controls enrolled in the same study. RESULTS Following adjustment for age, sex and BMI the GBA-PD cohort exhibited lower 2-year longitudinal uric acid level as compared to the controls (p = 0.016). Baseline uric acid measurements showed only a marginal difference (p = 0.119), but year 2 uric acid levels were lower in the GBA-PD cohort (p < 0.001). There was no difference in baseline, year 2 and 2-year longitudinal serum uric acid in the GBA-PD cohort as compared to sporadic PD (p = 0.664, p = 0.117 and p = 0.315). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to assess serum uric acid in a GBA-PD cohort. Our findings suggest that low serum uric acid might be a progression biomarker in GBA-PD. However, more studies (ideally longitudinal) on the association between low serum uric acid and clinical data in GBA-PD are needed. These results are consistent with data from previous reports assessing uric acid as a biomarker in other genetic forms of PD.
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9
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Melnik BC. Synergistic Effects of Milk-Derived Exosomes and Galactose on α-Synuclein Pathology in Parkinson's Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1059. [PMID: 33494388 PMCID: PMC7865729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies associate milk consumption with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). PD is an α-synucleinopathy associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, deficient lysosomal clearance of α-synuclein (α-syn) and aggregation of misfolded α-syn. In T2D, α-syn promotes co-aggregation with islet amyloid polypeptide in pancreatic β-cells. Prion-like vagal nerve-mediated propagation of exosomal α-syn from the gut to the brain and pancreatic islets apparently link both pathologies. Exosomes are critical transmitters of α-syn from cell to cell especially under conditions of compromised autophagy. This review provides translational evidence that milk exosomes (MEX) disturb α-syn homeostasis. MEX are taken up by intestinal epithelial cells and accumulate in the brain after oral administration to mice. The potential uptake of MEX miRNA-148a and miRNA-21 by enteroendocrine cells in the gut, dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra and pancreatic β-cells may enhance miRNA-148a/DNMT1-dependent overexpression of α-syn and impair miRNA-148a/PPARGC1A- and miRNA-21/LAMP2A-dependent autophagy driving both diseases. MiRNA-148a- and galactose-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress activate c-Abl-mediated aggregation of α-syn which is exported by exosome release. Via the vagal nerve and/or systemic exosomes, toxic α-syn may spread to dopaminergic neurons and pancreatic β-cells linking the pathogenesis of PD and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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10
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Al-Awad D, Al-Emadi N, Abu-Madi M, Al-Thani AA, Zughaier SM. The Role of Soluble Uric Acid in Modulating Autophagy Flux and Inflammasome Activation during Bacterial Infection in Macrophages. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E598. [PMID: 33322651 PMCID: PMC7763195 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a homeostatic process that regulates and recycles intracellular structures and is a host defense mechanism that facilitates bacterial clearance. Uric acid in plasma is a major antioxidant but in certain conditions acts as an inflammatory danger signal. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of soluble uric acid on autophagy and the inflammatory responses in macrophages during bacterial infection. Herein, we employed murine RAW264.7 macrophages that express uricase enzyme and human THP-1 cells that are uricase-deficient. Three different strains of Staphylococcus aureus and two different strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae were used to infect macrophages in presence and absence of soluble uric acid. We found that soluble uric acid enhanced autophagy flux in infected macrophages. We observed that IL-1β increased during bacterial infection but decreased when macrophages were co-stimulated with bacteria and uric acid. In contrast to IL-1β, soluble uric acid did not affect TNFα release and there were no dramatic differences when macrophages were infected with S. aureus or K. pneumoniae. In conclusion, uric acid enhances autophagy flux during bacterial infection, consequently reducing inflammasome activation in macrophages. Understanding the effect of uric acid on the interplay between autophagy and inflammation will facilitate therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duha Al-Awad
- Biomedical Science Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (D.A.-A.); (N.A.-E.); (M.A.-M.); (A.A.A.-T.)
| | - Nada Al-Emadi
- Biomedical Science Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (D.A.-A.); (N.A.-E.); (M.A.-M.); (A.A.A.-T.)
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Marawan Abu-Madi
- Biomedical Science Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (D.A.-A.); (N.A.-E.); (M.A.-M.); (A.A.A.-T.)
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Asmaa A. Al-Thani
- Biomedical Science Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (D.A.-A.); (N.A.-E.); (M.A.-M.); (A.A.A.-T.)
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Susu M. Zughaier
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar
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11
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Weng Z, Xu C, Zhang X, Pang L, Xu J, Liu Q, Zhang L, Xu S, Gu A. Autophagy mediates perfluorooctanoic acid-induced lipid metabolism disorder and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in hepatocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115655. [PMID: 33254688 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has applications in numerous industrial products and is an industrial waste that is persistently present in the environment. Exposure to PFOA results in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to PFOA (1 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks to evaluate the effect of PFOA, and the human liver cell line (L-02) was used to observe the direct effect of PFOA in vitro. After PFOA exposure, the expression of genes related to hepatic lipogenesis, the NLRP3 inflammasome, and autophagy were measured. We found that exposure to PFOA induced lipid accumulation and stimulated lipogenesis in both mouse livers and L-02 cells. In addition, increased NLRP3 aggregation and enhanced production of IL-1β occurred after PFOA treatment. We also found that PFOA exposure induced autophagosome formation and p62 accumulation, indicating blockage of autophagic flux. Rapamycin alleviated PFOA-induced lipid accumulation and NLRP3 inflammasome activation by activating autophagic flux. Conversely, chloroquine, an autophagic flux inhibitor, exacerbated PFOA-induced lipid accumulation and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Collectively, these results provide evidence to show that PFOA-induced blockade of autophagic flux causes an increase in lipid synthesis and inflammation in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenkun Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of the Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of the Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of the Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of the Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of the Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Maternal, Child, and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of the Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of the Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuqin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of the Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aihua Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of the Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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12
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Jung Lee J, Han Yoon J, Jin Kim S, Soo Yoo H, Jong Chung S, Hyun Lee Y, Yun Kang S, Shin HW, Keun Song S, Yong Hong J, Sunwoo M, Eun Lee J, Sam Baik J, Sohn YH, Hyu Lee P. Inosine 5'-Monophosphate to Raise Serum Uric Acid Level in Multiple System Atrophy (IMPROVE-MSA study). Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 109:1274-1281. [PMID: 33064299 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this trial was to investigate the safety, tolerability, and capability of serum uric acid (UA) elevation of inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) in multiple system atrophy (MSA). The IMPROVE-MSA trial was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with MSA with no history of hyperuricemia-related disorders. The participants were assigned to placebo (n = 25) or IMP (n = 30) in a 1 to 1 ratio, and then followed up for 24 weeks. The primary end points included safety, tolerability, and alteration of the serum UA level during the follow-up period. The secondary end points were changes in scores of the unified MSA rating scale (UMSARS) and the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). The total number of adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs was comparable between the active and placebo groups. Serum UA level (mg/dL) was significantly increased from baseline (active vs. placebo, 4.57 vs. 4.58; P = 0.98) to study end point (6.96 vs. 4.43; P < 0.001) in the active group compared with the placebo group (time × group interaction; P < 0.001). The change in UMSARS scores did not differ between the active and placebo groups. However, the active group showed better alterations in MoCA scores with nominal significance (P < 0.001) and tendency for better alterations in MMSE scores (P = 0.09) than the placebo group. Our data demonstrated that IMP treatment was generally safe and well-tolerated in patients with MSA. A further trial with a long-term follow-up is required to examine whether UA elevation will slow clinical progression in early MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Jung Lee
- Department of Neurology, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Jung Han Yoon
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sang Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Han Soo Yoo
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok Jong Chung
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yang Hyun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suk Yun Kang
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, South Korea
| | - Hae-Won Shin
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sook Keun Song
- Department of Neurology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Jin Yong Hong
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
| | - MunKyung Sunwoo
- Department of Neurology, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Neurology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Jong Sam Baik
- Department of Neurology, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young H Sohn
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Phil Hyu Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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13
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van Wamelen DJ, Taddei RN, Calvano A, Titova N, Leta V, Shtuchniy I, Jenner P, Martinez-Martin P, Katunina E, Chaudhuri KR. Serum Uric Acid Levels and Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 10:1003-1010. [DOI: 10.3233/jpd-201988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. van Wamelen
- King’s College London, Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
- Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, King’s College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Raquel N. Taddei
- King’s College London, Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
- Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, King’s College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Calvano
- King’s College London, Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
- Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, King’s College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nataliya Titova
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education «N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University» of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Institution «Federal center of brain and neurotechnologies» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentina Leta
- King’s College London, Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
- Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, King’s College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Shtuchniy
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education «N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University» of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter Jenner
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Hodgkin Building, Guy’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Martinez-Martin
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Katunina
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education «N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University» of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Institution «Federal center of brain and neurotechnologies» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - K. Ray Chaudhuri
- King’s College London, Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
- Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, King’s College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Cho KS, Lee JH, Cho J, Cha GH, Song GJ. Autophagy Modulators and Neuroinflammation. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:955-982. [PMID: 30381067 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181031144605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the development and progression of various neurological disorders. Therefore, various studies have focused on the development of neuroinflammation inhibitors as potential therapeutic tools. Recently, the involvement of autophagy in the regulation of neuroinflammation has drawn substantial scientific interest, and a growing number of studies support the role of impaired autophagy in the pathogenesis of common neurodegenerative disorders. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is to review recent research on the role of autophagy in controlling neuroinflammation. We focus on studies employing both mammalian cells and animal models to evaluate the ability of different autophagic modulators to regulate neuroinflammation. METHODS We have mostly reviewed recent studies reporting anti-neuroinflammatory properties of autophagy. We also briefly discussed a few studies showing that autophagy modulators activate neuroinflammation in certain conditions. RESULTS Recent studies report neuroprotective as well as anti-neuroinflammatory effects of autophagic modulators. We discuss the possible underlying mechanisms of action of these drugs and their potential limitations as therapeutic agents against neurological disorders. CONCLUSION Autophagy activators are promising compounds for the treatment of neurological disorders involving neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Sang Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jang Ho Lee
- Translational Brain Research Center, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jeiwon Cho
- Translational Brain Research Center, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Korea.,Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Guang-Ho Cha
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 35015 Daejeon, Korea
| | - Gyun Jee Song
- Translational Brain Research Center, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Korea.,Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Korea
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15
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Koros C, Simitsi AM, Papadimitriou D, Bougea A, Prentakis A, Papagiannakis N, Pachi I, Bozi M, Antonelou R, Angelopoulou E, Beratis I, Papageorgiou SG, Trapali XG, Stamelou M, Stefanis L. Serum Uric Acid Level as a Biomarker in Idiopathic and Genetic (p.A53T Alpha-Synuclein Carriers) Parkinson’s Disease: Data from the PPMI Study. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 10:481-487. [DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christos Koros
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Eginition Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
- 2nd Neurology Clinic, Attikon Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Athina-Maria Simitsi
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Eginition Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Anastasia Bougea
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Eginition Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Prentakis
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Eginition Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papagiannakis
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Eginition Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Pachi
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Eginition Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
- 2nd Neurology Clinic, Attikon Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Bozi
- 2nd Neurology Clinic, Attikon Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Roubina Antonelou
- 2nd Neurology Clinic, Attikon Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Efthalia Angelopoulou
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Eginition Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Ion Beratis
- 2nd Neurology Clinic, Attikon Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Maria Stamelou
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Eginition Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
- Neurology Clinic, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
- Parkinson’s disease and Movement Disorders Dept., HYGEIA Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- 1st Neurology Clinic, Eginition Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
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16
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Leucine and mTORc1 act independently to regulate 2-deoxyglucose uptake in L6 myotubes. Amino Acids 2020; 52:477-486. [PMID: 32108266 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02829-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Chronic mTORc1 hyperactivation via obesity-induced hyperleucinaemia has been implicated in the development of insulin resistance, yet the direct impact of leucine on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in muscle cells remains unclear. To address this, differentiated L6 myotubes were subjected to various compounds designed to either inhibit mTORc1 activity (rapamycin), blunt leucine intracellular import (BCH), or activate mTORc1 signalling (3BDO), prior to the determination of the uptake of the glucose analogue, 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), in response to 1 mM insulin. In separate experiments, L6 myotubes were subject to various media concentrations of leucine (0-0.8 mM) for 24 h before 2-DG uptake in response to insulin was assessed. Both rapamycin and BCH blunted 2-DG uptake, irrespective of insulin administration, and this occurred in parallel with a decline in mTOR, 4E-BP1, and p70S6K phosphorylation status, but little effect on AKT phosphorylation. In contrast, reducing leucine media concentrations suppressed 2-DG uptake, both under insulin- and non-insulin-stimulated conditions, but did not alter the phosphorylation state of AKT-mTORc1 components examined. Unexpectedly, 3BDO failed to stimulate mTORc1 signalling, but, nonetheless, caused a significant increase in 2-DG uptake under non-insulin-stimulated conditions. Both leucine and mTORc1 influence glucose uptake in muscle cells independent of insulin administration, and this likely occurs via distinct but overlapping mechanisms.
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17
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Wang X, Zhou X, Bao J, Chen Z, Tang J, Gong X, Ni J, Fang Q, Liu Y, Su M. High-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Mediates Autophagy Flux in Human Bone Mesenchymal Stromal Cells via NMDA Receptor-Ca 2+-Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase-Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1225. [PMID: 31798406 PMCID: PMC6878833 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive and safe technique for treatment of central and peripheral nerve injury. In recent years, this technique has been widely used in clinic, and an increasing number of studies have reported its mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of rTMS-mediated autophagy flux in human bone mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs). Methods A frequency of 50 Hz was employed. Cells were divided into five groups: (1) normal, (2) sham, (3) 0.5 T, (4) 1.0 T, and (5) 1.5 T. Cells were stimulated for 20 min/day. The levels of p62, LC3-II/I, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK), ERK, phosphorylated-AKT (p-AKT), AKT, phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR), mTOR, phosphorylated protein kinase A (p-PKA), PKA, phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (p-EGFR), EGFR, Nanog, Oct4, Sox2, and NMDA receptor (NMDAR1) were investigated by western blotting. Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) levels were quantified by flow cytometry. p62 and LC3 expression was also assessed by immunofluorescence analysis. Results In the 0.5 T group, rTMS increased the expression of LC3-II/I, p-ERK/ERK, and NMDAR1 and decreased the levels of p62 and p-mTOR/mTOR than in the normal group. The ratio of p-AKT/AKT, p-PKA/PKA, and p-EGFR/EGFR and the expression of Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2 remained unchanged. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed colocalization of p62 with LC3 puncta, and flow cytometry analysis displayed that Ca2+ levels were elevated. However, in the 1.0 and 1.5 T groups, no changes in the expression of these autophagy markers were observed. Conclusion In the 0.5 T group, high-frequency rTMS can induce autophagy through NMDAR–Ca2+–ERK–mTOR signaling in BMSCs. In the 1.0 and 1.5 T groups, autophagy is not activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Wang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Children's Health Care Center, Wuxi Children's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Jie Bao
- Sport Rehabilitation Center of Physical and Education School, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiguo Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jingzhao Tang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Community Health Service Center of Yangming Street, Wuxi, China
| | - Xueyang Gong
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, Wuxi Tongren Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Jing Ni
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Geriatric Rehabilitation, Jiangsu Rongjun Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Qi Fang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yaobo Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Min Su
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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18
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Tu Q, Li Y, Jin J, Jiang X, Ren Y, He Q. Curcumin alleviates diabetic nephropathy via inhibiting podocyte mesenchymal transdifferentiation and inducing autophagy in rats and MPC5 cells. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2019; 57:778-786. [PMID: 31741405 PMCID: PMC6882478 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2019.1688843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Context: Curcumin could ameliorate diabetic nephropathy (DN), but the mechanism remains unclear.Objective: The efficacy of curcumin on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of podocyte and autophagy in vivo and in vitro was explored.Materials and methods: Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the normal, model and curcumin (300 mg/kg/d, i.g., for 8 weeks) groups. Rats received streptozotocin (50 mg/kg, i.p.) and high-fat-sugar diet to induce DN. Biochemical indicators and histomorphology of renal tissues were observed. In addition, cultured mouse podocytes (MPC5) was induced to EMT with serum from DN rats, and then exposed to curcumin (40 µM) with or without fumonisin B1, an Akt specific activator or 3BDO, the mTOR inducer. Western blot analysed the levels of EMT and autophagy associated proteins.Results: Administration of curcumin obviously reduced the levels of blood glucose, serum creatinine, urea nitrogen and urine albumen (by 28.4, 37.6, 33.5 and 22.4%, respectively), and attenuated renal histomorphological changes in DN rats. Podocytes were partially fused and autophagic vacuoles were increased in curcumin-treated rats. Furthermore, curcumin upregulated the expression of E-cadherin and LC3 proteins and downregulated the vimentin, TWIST1, p62, p-mTOR, p-Akt and P13K levels in DN rats and MPC5 cells. However, fumonisin B1 or 3BDO reversed the effects of curcumin on the expression of these proteins in cells.Discussion and conclusions: The protection against development of DN by curcumin treatment involved changes in inducing autophagy and alleviating podocyte EMT, through the PI3k/Akt/mTOR pathway, providing the scientific basis for further research and clinical applications of curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiudi Tu
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Li
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juan Jin
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Ren
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang He
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Shen Y, Li J, Schwarzschild M, Pavlova M, He S, Ascherio A, Wu S, Cui L, Gao X. Plasma urate concentrations and possible REM sleep behavior disorder. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:2368-2376. [PMID: 31714690 PMCID: PMC6917330 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.50929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine how urate concentrations are related to the risk of having possible REM sleep behavior disorder (pRBD) in a community‐based cohort. Methods The study included 12,923 Chinese adults of the Kailuan Study, free of Parkinson disease (PD) and dementia. Plasma urate concentrations were measured in 2006, 2008, and 2010. Cumulative average urate concentration was used as primary exposure. In 2012, we determined pRBD status using a validated RBD questionnaire‐Hong Kong (RBDQ‐HK). Logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the association between urate concentrations during 2006–2010 and odds of having pRBD in 2012 or pRBD case with symptom onset within 1 year. Results Higher average urate concentrations were associated with a lower odds of pRBD (P‐trend <0.001). The adjusted odds ratio (OR), for the highest versus lowest urate quintiles, was 0.43 (95% confidence intervals (CIs) 0.32–0.57). Significant association was consistently observed when we examined the association of a single urate assessment (2006 or 2010) or the rate of change in urate concentrations during 2006–2010 with pRBD (P‐trend <0.001 for all). However, restricting to pRBD onset during 2011–2012, we observed a nonsignificant trend between high urate concentration and high odds of pRBD (P‐trend = 0.09). Interpretation Higher average urate concentrations were associated with a lower likelihood of having pRBD, but not new‐onset pRBD. Because of its observational study design, the result should be interpreted with caution due to the possibility of residual confounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Junjuan Li
- Department of Nephrology, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Michael Schwarzschild
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Milena Pavlova
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Songbin He
- Department of Neurology, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Alberto Ascherio
- Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shouling Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Liufu Cui
- Department of Rheumatology, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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20
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Parekh P, Sharma N, Gadepalli A, Shahane A, Sharma M, Khairnar A. A Cleaning Crew: The Pursuit of Autophagy in Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:3914-3926. [PMID: 31385687 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disorder, neuropathologically characterized by the aggregation of misfolded α-synuclein (α-syn) protein, which appears to be central to the onset and progression of PD pathology. Evidence from pioneering studies has highly advocated the existence of impaired autophagy pathways in the brains of PD patients. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved, homeostatic mechanism for minimizing abnormal protein aggregates and facilitating organelle turnover. Any aberration in constitutive autophagy activity results in the aggregation of misfolded α-syn, which, in turn, may further inhibit their own degradation-leading to a vicious cycle of neuronal death. Despite the plethora of available literature, there are still lacunas existing in our understanding of the exact cellular interplay between autophagy impairment and α-syn accumulation-mediated neurotoxicity. In this context, clearance of aggregated α-syn via up-regulation of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway could provide a pharmacologically viable approach to the treatment of PD. The present Review highlights the basics of autophagy and detrimental cross-talk between α-syn and chaperone-mediated autophagy, and α-syn and macroautophagy. It also depicts the interaction between α-syn and novel targets, LRRK2 and mTOR, followed by the role of autophagy in PD from a therapeutic perspective. More importantly, it further updates the reader's understanding of various newer therapeutic avenues that may accomplish disease modification via promoting clearance of toxic α-syn through activation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pathik Parekh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat India
| | - Nishant Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat India
| | - Anagha Gadepalli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat India
| | - Abhishekh Shahane
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat India
| | - Monika Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat India
| | - Amit Khairnar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat India
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21
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Pourhanifeh MH, Shafabakhsh R, Reiter RJ, Asemi Z. The Effect of Resveratrol on Neurodegenerative Disorders: Possible Protective Actions Against Autophagy, Apoptosis, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:2178-2191. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190717110932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the loss of neuronal function is rapidly
increasing. The pathogenesis of the majority of these diseases is not entirely clear, but current evidence has
shown the possibility that autophagy, apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress are involved. The present
review summarizes the therapeutic effects of resveratrol on neurodegenerative disorders, based on the especially
molecular biology of these diseases. The PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science and Scopus databases were
searched for studies published in English until March 30th, 2019 that contained data for the role of inflammation,
oxidative stress, angiogenesis and apoptosis in the neurodegenerative disorders. There are also studies documenting
the role of molecular processes in the progression of central nervous system diseases. Based on current evidence,
resveratrol has potential properties that may reduce cell damage due to inflammation. This polyphenol
affects cellular processes, including autophagy and the apoptosis cascade under stressful conditions. Current
evidence supports the beneficial effects of resveratrol on the therapy of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H. Pourhanifeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Rana Shafabakhsh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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22
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Kovalchuke L, Mosharov EV, Levy OA, Greene LA. Stress-induced phospho-ubiquitin formation causes parkin degradation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11682. [PMID: 31406131 PMCID: PMC6690910 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47952-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin are the most common known cause of autosomal recessive Parkinson’s disease (PD), and parkin depletion may play a role in sporadic PD. Here, we sought to elucidate the mechanisms by which stress decreases parkin protein levels using cultured neuronal cells and the PD-relevant stressor, L-DOPA. We find that L-DOPA causes parkin loss through both oxidative stress-independent and oxidative stress-dependent pathways. Characterization of the latter reveals that it requires both the kinase PINK1 and parkin’s interaction with phosphorylated ubiquitin (phospho-Ub) and is mediated by proteasomal degradation. Surprisingly, autoubiquitination and mitophagy do not appear to be required for such loss. In response to stress induced by hydrogen peroxide or CCCP, parkin degradation also requires its association with phospho-Ub, indicating that this mechanism is broadly generalizable. As oxidative stress, metabolic dysfunction and phospho-Ub levels are all elevated in PD, we suggest that these changes may contribute to a loss of parkin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugene V Mosharov
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Pharmacology, Columbia University: Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Oren A Levy
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lloyd A Greene
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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23
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Guttuso T, Andrzejewski KL, Lichter DG, Andersen JK. Targeting kinases in Parkinson's disease: A mechanism shared by LRRK2, neurotrophins, exenatide, urate, nilotinib and lithium. J Neurol Sci 2019; 402:121-130. [PMID: 31129265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Several kinases have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), most notably leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), as LRRK2 mutations are the most common genetic cause of a late-onset parkinsonism that is clinically indistinguishable from sporadic PD. More recently, several other kinases have emerged as promising disease-modifying targets in PD based on both preclinical studies and clinical reports on exenatide, the urate precursor inosine, nilotinib and lithium use in PD patients. These kinases include protein kinase B (Akt), glycogen synthase kinases-3β and -3α (GSK-3β and GSK-3α), c-Abelson kinase (c-Abl) and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5). Activities of each of these kinases are involved either directly or indirectly in phosphorylating tau or increasing α-synuclein levels, intracellular proteins whose toxic oligomeric forms are strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. GSK-3β, GSK-3α and cdk5 are the principle kinases involved in phosphorylating tau at sites critical for the formation of tau oligomers. Exenatide analogues, urate, nilotinib and lithium have been shown to affect one or more of the above kinases, actions that can decrease the formation and increase the clearance of intraneuronal phosphorylated tau and α-synuclein. Here we review the current preclinical and clinical evidence supporting kinase-targeting agents as potential disease-modifying therapies for PD patients enriched with these therapeutic targets and incorporate LRRK2 physiology into this novel model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Guttuso
- Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America.
| | - Kelly L Andrzejewski
- Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America.
| | - David G Lichter
- Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America.
| | - Julie K Andersen
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States of America.
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24
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Lehtonen Š, Sonninen TM, Wojciechowski S, Goldsteins G, Koistinaho J. Dysfunction of Cellular Proteostasis in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:457. [PMID: 31133790 PMCID: PMC6524622 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research, current therapeutic interventions for Parkinson’s disease (PD) are insufficient as they fail to modify disease progression by ameliorating the underlying pathology. Cellular proteostasis (protein homeostasis) is an essential factor in maintaining a persistent environment for neuronal activity. Proteostasis is ensured by mechanisms including regulation of protein translation, chaperone-assisted protein folding and protein degradation pathways. It is generally accepted that deficits in proteostasis are linked to various neurodegenerative diseases including PD. While the proteasome fails to degrade large protein aggregates, particularly alpha-synuclein (α-SYN) in PD, drug-induced activation of autophagy can efficiently remove aggregates and prevent degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Therefore, maintenance of these mechanisms is essential to preserve all cellular functions relying on a correctly folded proteome. The correlations between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) that aims to restore proteostasis within the secretory pathway are well-established. However, while mild insults increase the activity of chaperones, prolonged cell stress, or insufficient adaptive response causes cell death. Modulating the activity of molecular chaperones, such as protein disulfide isomerase which assists refolding and contributes to the removal of unfolded proteins, and their associated pathways may offer a new approach for disease-modifying treatment. Here, we summarize some of the key concepts and emerging ideas on the relation of protein aggregation and imbalanced proteostasis with an emphasis on PD as our area of main expertise. Furthermore, we discuss recent insights into the strategies for reducing the toxic effects of protein unfolding in PD by targeting the ER UPR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Šárka Lehtonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuuli-Maria Sonninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sara Wojciechowski
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gundars Goldsteins
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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25
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Radiotracers for imaging of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 166:75-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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26
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Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA attenuates hyperuricemic nephropathy. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:2299-2322. [PMID: 30293967 PMCID: PMC6376616 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy has been identified as a cellular process of bulk degradation of cytoplasmic components and its persistent activation is critically involved in the renal damage induced by ureteral obstruction. However, the role and underlying mechanisms of autophagy in hyperuricemic nephropathy (HN) remain unknown. In the present study, we observed that inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) abolished uric acid-induced differentiation of renal fibroblasts to myofibroblasts and activation of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and Wnt signaling pathways in cultured renal interstitial fibroblasts. Treatment with 3-MA also abrogated the development of HN in vivo as evidenced by improving renal function, preserving renal tissue architecture, reducing the number of autophagic vacuoles, and decreasing microalbuminuria. Moreover, 3-MA was effective in attenuating renal deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and reducing renal epithelial cells arrested at the G2/M phase of cell cycle. Injury to the kidney resulted in increased expression of TGF-β1 and TGFβ receptor I, phosphorylation of Smad3 and TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), and activation of multiple cell signaling pathways associated with renal fibrogenesis, including Wnt, Notch, EGFR, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). 3-MA treatment remarkably inhibited all these responses. In addition, 3-MA effectively suppressed infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes as well as release of multiple profibrogenic cytokines/chemokines in the injured kidney. Collectively, these findings indicate that hyperuricemia-induced autophagy is critically involved in the activation of renal fibroblasts and development of renal fibrosis and suggest that inhibition of autophagy may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for HN.
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27
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Zhao C, Mei Y, Chen X, Jiang L, Jiang Y, Song X, Xiao H, Zhang J, Wang J. Autophagy plays a pro-survival role against methamphetamine-induced apoptosis in H9C2 cells. Toxicol Lett 2018; 294:156-165. [PMID: 29763685 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a commonly abused psychostimulant that can induce severe neurotoxicity. Cardiovascular injury caused by METH has recently gained increasing attention; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. As autophagy has been shown to be associated with cell injury, the association between autophagy and METH-mediated cell apoptosis was investigated in the present study. METH treatment significantly increased the expression of two key autophagy proteins, i.e., Beclin-1 and LC3-II, in the cardiomyocyte cell line H9C2. Furthermore, according to western blot and flow cytometry analyses, METH contributed to cell injury and markedly enhanced cleaved-caspase 3 and PARP expression. In addition, the corresponding AKT-mTOR survival pathway axis was appeared deactivated. The autophagic activity was closely associated with METH-mediated cell injury because rapamycin, which is an autophagy inducer, markedly attenuated METH-induced cell injury, while 3-Methyladenine (3-MA), which is an autophagy inhibitor, and bafilomycinA1 (Baf-A1), which is a blocker of autophagosome-lysosome fusion, markedly exacerbated METH-induced cell injury. Notably, defective autophagosome-lysosome fusion might be partially involved in the METH-induced enhancement of LC3-II expression and cell injury. However, the underlying mechanisms require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Yong Mei
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Xufeng Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Yunfei Jiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Xu Song
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 818 Tian Yuan East Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 818 Tian Yuan East Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jingsong Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 818 Tian Yuan East Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
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28
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Zeng XS, Geng WS, Jia JJ, Chen L, Zhang PP. Cellular and Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration in Parkinson Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:109. [PMID: 29719505 PMCID: PMC5913322 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been 200 years since Parkinson disease (PD) was described by Dr. Parkinson in 1817. The disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Although the pathogenesis of PD is still unknown, the research findings from scientists are conducive to understand the pathological mechanisms. It is well accepted that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the onset of PD. In this review, we summarize the mutations of main seven genes (α-synuclein, LRRK2, PINK1, Parkin, DJ-1, VPS35 and GBA1) linked to PD, discuss the potential mechanisms for the loss of dopaminergic neurons (dopamine metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, impaired autophagy, and deregulation of immunity) in PD, and expect the development direction for treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Si Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Wen-Shuo Geng
- College of Life Sciences, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Jin-Jing Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Peng-Peng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
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29
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Xiao J, Zhang X, Fu C, Yang Q, Xie Y, Zhang Z, Ye Z. Impaired Na +-K +-ATPase signaling in renal proximal tubule contributes to hyperuricemia-induced renal tubular injury. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:e452. [PMID: 29497172 PMCID: PMC5898891 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia contributes to renal inflammation. We aimed to investigate the role of Na+–K+–ATPase (NKA) in hyperuricemia-induced renal tubular injury. Human primary proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) were incubated with uric acid (UA) at increasing doses or for increasing lengths of time. PTECs were then stimulated by pre-incubation with an NKA α1 expression vector or small interfering RNA before UA (100 μg ml−1, 48 h) stimulation. Hyperuricemic rats were induced by gastric oxonic acid and treated with febuxostat (Feb). ATP levels, the activity of NKA and expression of its α1 subunit, Src, NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) were measured both in vitro and in vivo. Beginning at concentrations of 100 μg ml−1, UA started to dose-dependently reduce NKA activity. UA at a concentration of 100 μg ml−1 time-dependently affected the NKA activity, with the maximal increased NKA activity at 24 h, but the activity started to decrease after 48 h. This inhibitory effect of UA on NKA activity at 48 h was in addition to a decrease in NKA α1 expression in the cell membrane, but an increase in lysosomes. This process also involved the subsequent activation of Src kinase and NLRP3, promoting IL-1β processing. In hyperuricemic rats, renal cortex NKA activity and its α1 expression were upregulated at the 7th week and both decreased at the 10th week, accompanied with increased renal cortex expression of Src, NLRP3 and IL-1β. The UA levels were reduced and renal tubular injuries in hyperuricemic rats were alleviated in the Feb group. Our data suggested that the impairment of NKA and its consequent regulation of Src, NLRP3 and IL-1β in the renal proximal tubule contributed to hyperuricemia-induced renal tubular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Huadong Hospital affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong hospital affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Huadong Hospital affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong hospital affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chensheng Fu
- Department of Nephrology, Huadong Hospital affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong hospital affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingmei Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Huadong Hospital affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong hospital affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xie
- Department of Nephrology, Huadong Hospital affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong hospital affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Huadong Hospital affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong hospital affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhibin Ye
- Department of Nephrology, Huadong Hospital affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong hospital affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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