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Shah H, Liong C, Levy OA, Waters C, Fahn S, Marder K, Kang UJ, Wolf P, Oliva P, Zhang K, Alcalay RN, Gutierrez J. Association of Low Lysosomal Enzymes Activity With Brain Arterial Dilatation. Stroke 2019; 49:1977-1980. [PMID: 29986930 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.118.021964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- Absent or diminished α-galactosidase A (GLA) and acid α-glucosidase (GAA) enzyme activity are core features of Fabry and Pompe disease, respectively. Patients with Fabry or Pompe disease may have dilated intracranial arteries but whether lower GLA or GAA enzyme activity relates to brain arterial dilatation in other populations is unknown. Methods- Participants included Parkinson disease patients and nonblood-related controls, whose GLA and GAA enzymatic activities were measured in dried blood spots. Independent readers measured the axial arterial diameter of the ascending portion of the cavernous internal carotid arteries and the most proximal segment of the basilar artery in T2 black voids. Linear regression models were built to investigate the relationship between brain arterial diameters and lysosomal enzymatic activities. Results- The cohort included 107 participants (mean age, 66.5±10.3; 67% men). In an adjusted linear regression model, lower GLA activity was associated with larger brain arterial diameters (B=0.50±0.23, P=0.03). The strength of association was the greatest for the basilar artery diameter (B=0.80±0.33, P=0.02). Similarly, lower GAA activity was associated with an increased basilar arterial diameter (B=0.73±0.35, P=0.04). Conclusions- Lower GLA and GAA enzymatic activities were associated with larger brain arterial diameters, particularly the basilar artery diameter. Lower lysosomal enzymatic function in patients without Fabry or Pompe disease may play a role in brain arterial dilatation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Shah
- From the College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville (H.S.)
| | - Christopher Liong
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.L., O.A.L., C.W., S.F., K.M., U.J.K., R.N.A., J.G.)
| | - Oren A Levy
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.L., O.A.L., C.W., S.F., K.M., U.J.K., R.N.A., J.G.)
| | - Cheryl Waters
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.L., O.A.L., C.W., S.F., K.M., U.J.K., R.N.A., J.G.)
| | - Stanley Fahn
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.L., O.A.L., C.W., S.F., K.M., U.J.K., R.N.A., J.G.)
| | - Karen Marder
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.L., O.A.L., C.W., S.F., K.M., U.J.K., R.N.A., J.G.)
| | - Un J Kang
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.L., O.A.L., C.W., S.F., K.M., U.J.K., R.N.A., J.G.)
| | - Pavlina Wolf
- Global Translational Science, Sanofi, Framingham, MA (P.W., P.O., K.Z.)
| | - Petra Oliva
- Global Translational Science, Sanofi, Framingham, MA (P.W., P.O., K.Z.)
| | - Kate Zhang
- Global Translational Science, Sanofi, Framingham, MA (P.W., P.O., K.Z.)
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.L., O.A.L., C.W., S.F., K.M., U.J.K., R.N.A., J.G.)
| | - Jose Gutierrez
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (C.L., O.A.L., C.W., S.F., K.M., U.J.K., R.N.A., J.G.)
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Kovalchuke L, Mosharov EV, Levy OA, Greene LA. Stress-induced phospho-ubiquitin formation causes parkin degradation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11682. [PMID: 31406131 PMCID: PMC6690910 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47952-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin are the most common known cause of autosomal recessive Parkinson’s disease (PD), and parkin depletion may play a role in sporadic PD. Here, we sought to elucidate the mechanisms by which stress decreases parkin protein levels using cultured neuronal cells and the PD-relevant stressor, L-DOPA. We find that L-DOPA causes parkin loss through both oxidative stress-independent and oxidative stress-dependent pathways. Characterization of the latter reveals that it requires both the kinase PINK1 and parkin’s interaction with phosphorylated ubiquitin (phospho-Ub) and is mediated by proteasomal degradation. Surprisingly, autoubiquitination and mitophagy do not appear to be required for such loss. In response to stress induced by hydrogen peroxide or CCCP, parkin degradation also requires its association with phospho-Ub, indicating that this mechanism is broadly generalizable. As oxidative stress, metabolic dysfunction and phospho-Ub levels are all elevated in PD, we suggest that these changes may contribute to a loss of parkin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugene V Mosharov
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Pharmacology, Columbia University: Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Oren A Levy
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lloyd A Greene
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Alcalay RN, Mallett V, Vanderperre B, Tavassoly O, Dauvilliers Y, Wu RY, Ruskey JA, Leblond CS, Ambalavanan A, Laurent SB, Spiegelman D, Dionne-Laporte A, Liong C, Levy OA, Fahn S, Waters C, Kuo SH, Chung WK, Ford B, Marder KS, Kang UJ, Hassin-Baer S, Greenbaum L, Trempe JF, Wolf P, Oliva P, Zhang XK, Clark LN, Langlois M, Dion PA, Fon EA, Dupre N, Rouleau GA, Gan-Or Z. SMPD1 mutations, activity, and α-synuclein accumulation in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2019; 34:526-535. [PMID: 30788890 PMCID: PMC6469643 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SMPD1 (acid-sphingomyelinase) variants have been associated with Parkinson's disease in recent studies. The objective of this study was to further investigate the role of SMPD1 mutations in PD. METHODS SMPD1 was sequenced in 3 cohorts (Israel Ashkenazi Jewish cohort, Montreal/Montpellier, and New York), including 1592 PD patients and 975 controls. Additional data were available for 10,709 Ashkenazi Jewish controls. Acid-sphingomyelinase activity was measured by a mass spectrometry-based assay in the New York cohort. α-Synuclein levels were measured in vitro following CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout and siRNA knockdown of SMPD1 in HeLa and BE(2)-M17 cells. Lysosomal localization of acid-sphingomyelinase with different mutations was studied, and in silico analysis of their effect on acid-sphingomyelinase structure was performed. RESULTS SMPD1 mutations were associated with PD in the Ashkenazi Jewish cohort, as 1.4% of PD patients carried the p.L302P or p.fsP330 mutation, compared with 0.37% in 10,709 Ashkenazi Jewish controls (OR, 3.7; 95%CI, 1.6-8.2; P = 0.0025). In the Montreal/Montpellier cohort, the p.A487V variant was nominally associated with PD (1.5% versus 0.14%; P = 0.0065, not significant after correction for multiple comparisons). Among PD patients, reduced acid-sphingomyelinase activity was associated with a 3.5- to 5.8-year earlier onset of PD in the lowest quartile versus the highest quartile of acid-sphingomyelinase activity (P = 0.01-0.001). We further demonstrated that SMPD1 knockout and knockdown resulted in increased α-synuclein levels in HeLa and BE(2)-M17 dopaminergic cells and that the p.L302P and p.fsP330 mutations impair the traffic of acid-sphingomyelinase to the lysosome. CONCLUSIONS Our results support an association between SMPD1 variants, acid-sphingomyelinase activity, and PD. Furthermore, they suggest that reduced acid-sphingomyelinase activity may lead to α-synuclein accumulation. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy N. Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victoria Mallett
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Benoît Vanderperre
- McGill Parkinson Program and Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Omid Tavassoly
- McGill Parkinson Program and Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- Sleep Unit, National Reference Network for Narcolepsy, Department of Neurology Hôpital-Gui-de Chauliac, CHU Montpellier, INSERM U1061, France
| | - Richard Y.J. Wu
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer A. Ruskey
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Claire S. Leblond
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Amirthagowri Ambalavanan
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sandra B. Laurent
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Dan Spiegelman
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Dionne-Laporte
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Christopher Liong
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Oren A. Levy
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stanley Fahn
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cheryl Waters
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wendy K. Chung
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Blair Ford
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karen S. Marder
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Un Jung Kang
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sharon Hassin-Baer
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Neurology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Movement Disorders Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomerf, Israel
| | - Lior Greenbaum
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Jean-Francois Trempe
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pavlina Wolf
- Translational Science, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Petra Oliva
- Translational Science, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, USA
| | | | - Lorraine N. Clark
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Personalized Genomic Medicine, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melanie Langlois
- Axe neurosciences du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick A. Dion
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Edward A. Fon
- McGill Parkinson Program and Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Dupre
- Axe neurosciences du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Guy A. Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Hall D, Stong N, Lippa N, Pitman MJ, Pullman SL, Levy OA. Spasmodic Dysphonia in Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Type 7. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2019; 5:221-222. [PMID: 30746405 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Devin Hall
- Department of Neurology Columbia University Medical Center New York NY
| | - Nicholas Stong
- Institute of Genomic Medicine Columbia University Medical Center New York NY
| | - Natalie Lippa
- Institute of Genomic Medicine Columbia University Medical Center New York NY
| | - Michael J Pitman
- Department of Otolaryngology Columbia University Medical Center New York NY
| | - Seth L Pullman
- Department of Neurology Columbia University Medical Center New York NY
| | - Oren A Levy
- Department of Neurology Columbia University Medical Center New York NY
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5
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Alcalay RN, Wolf P, Levy OA, Kang UJ, Waters C, Fahn S, Ford B, Kuo SH, Vanegas N, Shah H, Liong C, Narayan S, Pauciulo MW, Nichols WC, Gan-Or Z, Rouleau GA, Chung WK, Oliva P, Keutzer J, Marder K, Zhang XK. Alpha galactosidase A activity in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 112:85-90. [PMID: 29369793 PMCID: PMC5811339 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocerebrosidase (GCase, deficient in Gaucher disease) enzymatic activity measured in dried blood spots of Parkinson's Disease (PD) cases is within healthy range but reduced compared to controls. It is not known whether activities of additional lysosomal enzymes are reduced in dried blood spots in PD. To test whether reduction in lysosomal enzymatic activity in PD is specific to GCase, we measured GCase, acid sphingomyelinase (deficient in Niemann-Pick disease types A and B), alpha galactosidase A (deficient in Fabry), acid alpha-glucosidase (deficient in Pompe) and galactosylceramidase (deficient in Krabbe) enzymatic activities in dried blood spots of PD patients (n = 648) and controls (n = 317) recruited from Columbia University. Full sequencing of glucocerebrosidase (GBA) and the LRRK2 G2019S mutation was performed. Enzymatic activities were compared between PD cases and controls using t-test and regression models adjusted for age, gender, and GBA and LRRK2 G2019S mutation status. Alpha galactosidase A activity was lower in PD cases compared to controls both when only non-carriers were included (excluding all GBA and LRRK2 G2019S carriers and PD cases with age-at-onset below 40) [2.85 μmol/l/h versus 3.12 μmol/l/h, p = 0.018; after controlling for batch effect, p = 0.006 (468 PD cases and 296 controls)], and when including the entire cohort (2.89 μmol/l/h versus 3.10 μmol/l/h, p = 0.040; after controlling for batch effect, p = 0.011). Because the alpha galactosidase A gene is X-linked, we stratified the analyses by sex. Among women who were non-carriers of GBA and LRRK2 G2019S mutations (PD, n = 155; control, n = 194), alpha galactosidase A activity was lower in PD compared to controls (2.77 μmol/l/h versus 3.10 μmol/l/h, p = 0.044; after controlling for a batch effect, p = 0.001). The enzymatic activity of acid sphingomyelinase, acid alpha-glucosidase and galactosylceramidase was not significantly different between PD and controls. In non-carriers, most lysosomal enzyme activities were correlated, with the strongest association in GCase, acid alpha-glucosidase, and alpha galactosidase A (Pearson correlation coefficient between 0.382 and 0.532). In a regression model with all five enzymes among non-carriers (adjusted for sex and age), higher alpha galactosidase A activity was associated with lower odds of PD status (OR = 0.54; 95% CI:0.31-0.95; p = 0.032). When LRRK2 G2019S PD carriers (n = 37) were compared to non-carriers with PD, carriers had higher GCase, acid sphingomyelinase and alpha galactosidase A activity. We conclude that alpha galactosidase A may have a potential independent role in PD, in addition to GCase.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - P Wolf
- Translational Sciences, Sanofi R&D, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - O A Levy
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - U J Kang
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Waters
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Fahn
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - B Ford
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - S H Kuo
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - N Vanegas
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - H Shah
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Liong
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Narayan
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - M W Pauciulo
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - W C Nichols
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Z Gan-Or
- Montréal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - G A Rouleau
- Montréal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - W K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - P Oliva
- Translational Sciences, Sanofi R&D, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - J Keutzer
- Translational Sciences, Sanofi R&D, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - K Marder
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - X K Zhang
- Translational Sciences, Sanofi R&D, Framingham, MA, USA
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Sun X, Aimé P, Dai D, Ramalingam N, Crary JF, Burke RE, Greene LA, Levy OA. Guanabenz promotes neuronal survival via enhancement of ATF4 and parkin expression in models of Parkinson disease. Exp Neurol 2018; 303:95-107. [PMID: 29432724 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reduced function of parkin appears to be a central pathogenic event in Parkinson disease (PD). Increasing parkin levels enhances survival in models of PD-related neuronal death and is a promising therapeutic objective. Previously, we demonstrated that the transcription factor ATF4 promotes survival in response to PD-mimetic stressors by maintaining parkin levels. ATF4 translation is up-regulated by phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2α. The small molecule guanabenz enhances eIF2α phosphorylation by blocking the function of GADD34, a regulatory protein that promotes eIF2α dephosphorylation. We tested the hypothesis that guanabenz, by inhibiting GADD34 and consequently increasing eIF2α phosphorylation and elevating ATF4, would improve survival in models of PD by up-regulating parkin. We found that GADD34 is strongly induced by 6-OHDA, and that GADD34 localization is dramatically altered in dopaminergic substantia nigra neurons in PD cases. We further demonstrated that guanabenz attenuates 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced cell death of differentiated PC12 cells and primary ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons in culture, and of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of mice. In culture models, guanabenz also increases eIF2α phosphorylation and ATF4 and parkin levels in response to 6-OHDA. Furthermore, if either ATF4 or parkin is silenced, then the protective effect of guanabenz is lost. We also found similar results in a distinct model of neuronal death: primary cultures of cortical neurons treated with the topoisomerase I inhibitor camptothecin, in which guanabenz limited camptothecin-induced neuronal death in an ATF4- and parkin-dependent manner. In summary, our data suggest that guanabenz and other GADD34 inhibitors could be used as therapeutic agents to boost parkin levels and thereby slow neurodegeneration in PD and other neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Sun
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pascaline Aimé
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Dai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nagendran Ramalingam
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - John F Crary
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert E Burke
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lloyd A Greene
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Oren A Levy
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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Dettmer U, Ramalingam N, von Saucken VE, Kim TE, Newman AJ, Terry-Kantor E, Nuber S, Ericsson M, Fanning S, Bartels T, Lindquist S, Levy OA, Selkoe D. Loss of native α-synuclein multimerization by strategically mutating its amphipathic helix causes abnormal vesicle interactions in neuronal cells. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:3466-3481. [PMID: 28911198 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (αS) forms round cytoplasmic inclusions in Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Evidence suggests a physiological function of αS in vesicle trafficking and release. In contrast to earlier tenets, recent work indicates that αS normally exists in cells in a dynamic equilibrium between monomers and tetramers/multimers. We engineered αS mutants incapable of multimerization, leading to excess monomers at vesicle membranes. By EM, such mutants induced prominent vesicle clustering, leading to round cytoplasmic inclusions. Immunogold labeling revealed abundant αS intimately associated with vesicles of varied size. Fluorescence microscopy with marker proteins showed that the αS-associated vesicles were of diverse endocytic and secretory origin. An αS '3K' mutant (E35K + E46K + E61K) that amplifies the PD/DLB-causing E46K mutation induced αS-rich vesicle clusters resembling the vesicle-rich areas of Lewy bodies, supporting pathogenic relevance. Mechanistically, E46K can increase αS vesicle binding via membrane-induced amphipathic helix formation, and '3K' further enhances this effect. Another engineered αS variant added hydrophobicity to the hydrophobic half of αS helices, thereby stabilizing αS-membrane interactions. Importantly, substituting charged for uncharged residues within the hydrophobic half of the stabilized helix not only reversed the strong membrane interaction of the multimer-abolishing αS variant but also restored multimerization and prevented the aberrant vesicle interactions. Thus, reversible αS amphipathic helix formation and dynamic multimerization regulate a normal function of αS at vesicles, and abrogating multimers has pathogenic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Dettmer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nagendran Ramalingam
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Victoria E von Saucken
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tae-Eun Kim
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew J Newman
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth Terry-Kantor
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Silke Nuber
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maria Ericsson
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Saranna Fanning
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Tim Bartels
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Susan Lindquist
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- HHMI, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Oren A Levy
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Dennis Selkoe
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Chan RB, Perotte AJ, Zhou B, Liong C, Shorr EJ, Marder KS, Kang UJ, Waters CH, Levy OA, Xu Y, Shim HB, Pe’er I, Di Paolo G, Alcalay RN. Elevated GM3 plasma concentration in idiopathic Parkinson's disease: A lipidomic analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172348. [PMID: 28212433 PMCID: PMC5315374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease whose pathological hallmark is the accumulation of intracellular α-synuclein aggregates in Lewy bodies. Lipid metabolism dysregulation may play a significant role in PD pathogenesis; however, large plasma lipidomic studies in PD are lacking. In the current study, we analyzed the lipidomic profile of plasma obtained from 150 idiopathic PD patients and 100 controls, taken from the 'Spot' study at Columbia University Medical Center in New York. Our mass spectrometry based analytical panel consisted of 520 lipid species from 39 lipid subclasses including all major classes of glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, glycerolipids and sterols. Each lipid species was analyzed using a logistic regression model. The plasma concentrations of two lipid subclasses, triglycerides and monosialodihexosylganglioside (GM3), were different between PD and control participants. GM3 ganglioside concentration had the most significant difference between PD and controls (1.531±0.037 pmol/μl versus 1.337±0.040 pmol/μl respectively; p-value = 5.96E-04; q-value = 0.048; when normalized to total lipid: p-value = 2.890E-05; q-value = 2.933E-03). Next, we used a collection of 20 GM3 and glucosylceramide (GlcCer) species concentrations normalized to total lipid to perform a ROC curve analysis, and found that these lipids compare favorably with biomarkers reported in previous studies (AUC = 0.742 for males, AUC = 0.644 for females). Our results suggest that higher plasma GM3 levels are associated with PD. GM3 lies in the same glycosphingolipid metabolic pathway as GlcCer, a substrate of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase, which has been associated with PD. These findings are consistent with previous reports implicating lower glucocerebrosidase activity with PD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin B. Chan
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Adler J. Perotte
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Bowen Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher Liong
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Evan J. Shorr
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Karen S. Marder
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Un J. Kang
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Cheryl H. Waters
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Oren A. Levy
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yimeng Xu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hong Bin Shim
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Itsik Pe’er
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gilbert Di Paolo
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RNA); (GDP)
| | - Roy N. Alcalay
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RNA); (GDP)
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9
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Robakis D, Cortes E, Clark LN, Vonsattel JPG, Virmani T, Alcalay RN, Crary JF, Levy OA. The effect of MAPT haplotype on neocortical Lewy body pathology in Parkinson disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:583-8. [PMID: 27098667 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1552-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The H1 haplotype of the microtubule-associated protein tau gene (MAPT) is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson disease (PD) compared with the H2 haplotype, but its effect on Lewy body (LB) formation is unclear. In this study, we compared the MAPT haplotype frequency between pathologically confirmed PD patients (n = 71) and controls (n = 52). We analyzed Braak LB stage, Braak neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) stage, and CERAD amyloid score by haplotype. We further tested the association between MAPT haplotype and semi-quantitative counts of LBs, NFTs, and neuritic plaques (NPs) in multiple neocortical regions. Consistent with previous reports, PD cases had an increased likelihood of carrying an H1/H1 genotype compared to controls (OR = 5.72, 95 % CI 1.80-18.21, p = 0.003). Braak LB, Braak NFT and CERAD scores did not differ by haplotype. However, H1/H1 carriers had higher LB counts in parietal cortex (p = 0.02) and in overall neocortical LBs (p = 0.03) compared to non-H1/H1 cases. Our analyses suggest that PD patients homozygous for the H1 haplotype have a higher burden of neocortical LB pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Robakis
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Etty Cortes
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lorraine N Clark
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean Paul G Vonsattel
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tuhin Virmani
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - John F Crary
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Oren A Levy
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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10
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Alcalay RN, Levy OA, Waters CC, Fahn S, Ford B, Kuo SH, Mazzoni P, Pauciulo MW, Nichols WC, Gan-Or Z, Rouleau GA, Chung WK, Wolf P, Oliva P, Keutzer J, Marder K, Zhang X. Glucocerebrosidase activity in Parkinson's disease with and without GBA mutations. Brain 2015; 138:2648-58. [PMID: 26117366 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocerebrosidase (GBA) mutations have been associated with Parkinson's disease in numerous studies. However, it is unknown whether the increased risk of Parkinson's disease in GBA carriers is due to a loss of glucocerebrosidase enzymatic activity. We measured glucocerebrosidase enzymatic activity in dried blood spots in patients with Parkinson's disease (n = 517) and controls (n = 252) with and without GBA mutations. Participants were recruited from Columbia University, New York, and fully sequenced for GBA mutations and genotyped for the LRRK2 G2019S mutation, the most common autosomal dominant mutation in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. Glucocerebrosidase enzymatic activity in dried blood spots was measured by a mass spectrometry-based assay and compared among participants categorized by GBA mutation status and Parkinson's disease diagnosis. Parkinson's disease patients were more likely than controls to carry the LRRK2 G2019S mutation (n = 39, 7.5% versus n = 2, 0.8%, P < 0.001) and GBA mutations or variants (seven homozygotes and compound heterozygotes and 81 heterozygotes, 17.0% versus 17 heterozygotes, 6.7%, P < 0.001). GBA homozygotes/compound heterozygotes had lower enzymatic activity than GBA heterozygotes (0.85 µmol/l/h versus 7.88 µmol/l/h, P < 0.001), and GBA heterozygotes had lower enzymatic activity than GBA and LRRK2 non-carriers (7.88 µmol/l/h versus 11.93 µmol/l/h, P < 0.001). Glucocerebrosidase activity was reduced in heterozygotes compared to non-carriers when each mutation was compared independently (N370S, P < 0.001; L444P, P < 0.001; 84GG, P = 0.003; R496H, P = 0.018) and also reduced in GBA variants associated with Parkinson's risk but not with Gaucher disease (E326K, P = 0.009; T369M, P < 0.001). When all patients with Parkinson's disease were considered, they had lower mean glucocerebrosidase enzymatic activity than controls (11.14 µmol/l/h versus 11.85 µmol/l/h, P = 0.011). Difference compared to controls persisted in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (after exclusion of all GBA and LRRK2 carriers; 11.53 µmol/l/h, versus 12.11 µmol/l/h, P = 0.036) and after adjustment for age and gender (P = 0.012). Interestingly, LRRK2 G2019S carriers (n = 36), most of whom had Parkinson's disease, had higher enzymatic activity than non-carriers (13.69 µmol/l/h versus 11.93 µmol/l/h, P = 0.002). In patients with idiopathic Parkinson's, higher glucocerebrosidase enzymatic activity was associated with longer disease duration (P = 0.002) in adjusted models, suggesting a milder disease course. We conclude that lower glucocerebrosidase enzymatic activity is strongly associated with GBA mutations, and modestly with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. The association of lower glucocerebrosidase activity in both GBA mutation carriers and Parkinson's patients without GBA mutations suggests that loss of glucocerebrosidase function contributes to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. High glucocerebrosidase enzymatic activity in LRRK2 G2019S carriers may reflect a distinct pathogenic mechanism. Taken together, these data suggest that glucocerebrosidase enzymatic activity could be a modifiable therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy N Alcalay
- 1 Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA 2 Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Oren A Levy
- 1 Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA 2 Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cheryl C Waters
- 1 Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stanley Fahn
- 1 Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Blair Ford
- 1 Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- 1 Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pietro Mazzoni
- 1 Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael W Pauciulo
- 3 Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the Department of Pediatrics; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - William C Nichols
- 3 Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the Department of Pediatrics; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- 4 Montréal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- 4 Montréal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Wendy K Chung
- 5 Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pavlina Wolf
- 6 Global BioTherapeutics, Genzyme, a Sanofi company, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Petra Oliva
- 6 Global BioTherapeutics, Genzyme, a Sanofi company, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Joan Keutzer
- 6 Global BioTherapeutics, Genzyme, a Sanofi company, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Karen Marder
- 1 Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA 2 Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA 7 Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaokui Zhang
- 6 Global BioTherapeutics, Genzyme, a Sanofi company, Framingham, MA, USA
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11
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Sternberg EJ, Alcalay RN, Levy OA, Louis ED. Postural and Intention Tremors: A Detailed Clinical Study of Essential Tremor vs. Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2013; 4:51. [PMID: 23717300 PMCID: PMC3650675 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2013.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: An estimated 30–50% of essential tremor (ET) diagnoses are incorrect, and the true diagnosis in those patients is often Parkinson’s disease (PD) or other tremor disorders. There are general statements about the tremor in these ET and PD, but published data on the more subtle characteristics of tremor are surprisingly limited. Postural tremor may occur in both disorders, adding to the difficulty. There are several anecdotal impressions regarding specific features of postural tremor in ET vs. PD, including joint distribution (e.g., phalanges, metacarpal-phalangeal joints, wrist), tremor directionality (e.g., flexion-extension vs. pronation-supination), and presence of intention tremor. However, there is little data to support these impressions. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 100 patients (ET, 50 PD) underwent detailed videotaped neurological examinations. Arm tremor was rated by a movement disorder neurologist who assessed severity and directionality across multiple joints. Results: During sustained arm extension, ET patients exhibited more wrist than metacarpal-phalangeal and phalangeal joint tremor than did PD patients (p < 0.001), and more wrist flexion-extension tremor than wrist pronation-supination tremor (p < 0.001). During the finger-nose-finger maneuver, intention tremor was present in approximately one in four (28%) ET patients vs. virtually none (4%) of the Parkinson’s patients (p < 0.001). Conclusions: We evaluated the location, severity, and directionality of postural tremor in ET and PD, and the presence of intention tremor, observing several clinical differences. We hope that detailed phenomenological data on tremor in ET and PD will help practicing physicians delineate the two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliezer J Sternberg
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University New York, NY, USA ; Tufts University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA
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Sternberg EJ, Alcalay RN, Levy OA, Louis ED. The "head snap": a subtle clinical feature during the finger-nose-finger maneuver in essential tremor. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2013; 3. [PMID: 23724360 PMCID: PMC3636493 DOI: 10.7916/d8m0444k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential tremor is characterized by several hyperkinetic movements, including arm and head tremors. We report another movement of the head in patients with essential tremor, which we term the "head snap." This was observed as a jerking motion of the head in some patients while they performed the finger-nose-finger maneuver. METHODS We compared the prevalence of the head snap in essential tremor patients vs. Parkinson's disease patients. We also assessed the clinical correlates of the head snap. RESULTS Ten (20%) of 50 essential tremor patients exhibited a head snap of any severity (rating ≥0.5) vs. 0 of 50 Parkinson's disease patients (p = 0.001). Patients with head snap had more severe arm tremor on Archimedes spiral drawings (p = 0.019) and were more likely to have head tremor (p = 0.03) than those without it. CONCLUSIONS This sign could be a useful aid in the clinical diagnosis of tremor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliezer J Sternberg
- GH Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America ; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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14
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Poulopoulos M, Levy OA, Alcalay RN. The neuropathology of genetic Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2012; 27:831-42. [PMID: 22451330 DOI: 10.1002/mds.24962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological data from autopsies genotyped for Parkinson's disease (PD)-related mutations in alpha-synuclein, Parkin, PINK1, DJ1, LRRK2, and glucocerebrosidase have accumulated in recent years. The aim of this review is to systematically review all pathological reports of mutation carriers and to identify pathological patterns and gaps in the currently available data. A systematic review of the English literature was done using the terms "Parkinson's disease," "brain pathology," "autopsy," the specific gene nomenclature, and any combination of the above. Most studies included reports of convenience samples: either cases that were preidentified as mutation carriers before autopsy or screens of Lewy body brain banks. Nineteen autopsies of alpha-synuclein mutation carriers, 49 of LRRK2 mutation carriers, nine of Parkin mutation carriers, one of a PINK1 mutation carrier, and 86 of glucocerebrosidase mutation carriers were identified. Most autopsies of alpha-synuclein, LRRK2 G2019S, and glucocerebrosidase mutation carriers demonstrated Lewy body pathology, as opposed to Parkin and LRRK2 non-G2019S mutation carriers. However, there was a marked variability in pathological findings, even among carriers of identical mutations. Pathological data from DJ1 mutation carriers, nonmanifesting mutation carriers (e.g., of LRRK2 mutations), and carriers of a single Parkin mutation were lacking. In gathering together all studies of PD autopsies with an identified genetic risk, this review highlights the wealth of information generated as well as shortcomings in the available data. In particular, there is a need for larger, unbiased pathological studies. Differential association of Lewy pathology with specific mutations may reflect heterogeneity in pathogenic mechanisms among the different PD-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markos Poulopoulos
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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15
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Barrett MJ, Bressman SB, Levy OA, Fahn S, O'Dell MW. Functional electrical stimulation for the treatment of lower extremity dystonia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2011; 18:660-1. [PMID: 21975264 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder. Neuronal cell death in PD is still poorly understood, despite a wealth of potential pathogenic mechanisms and pathways. Defects in several cellular systems have been implicated as early triggers that start cells down the road toward neuronal death. These include abnormal protein accumulation, particularly of alpha-synuclein; altered protein degradation via multiple pathways; mitochondrial dysfunction; oxidative stress; neuroinflammation; and dysregulated kinase signaling. As dysfunction in these systems mounts, pathways that are more explicitly involved in cell death become recruited. These include JNK signaling, p53 activation, cell cycle re-activation, and signaling through bcl-2 family proteins. Eventually, neurons become overwhelmed and degenerate; however, even the mechanism of final cell death in PD is still unsettled. In this review, we will discuss cell death triggers and effectors that are relevant to PD, highlighting important unresolved issues and implications for the development of neuroprotective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren A Levy
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway has been implicated in the control of neurite extension, although the mechanisms are unknown. In this report, we studied the role of RBP-J/CBF-1 activation, the primary mediator of Notch signaling, in Notch-mediated regulation of neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. Expression of constitutively active Notch proteins decreased neurite length and number after NGF treatment. In contrast, an inactive Notch protein had no effect on neurite extension. A dominant negative RBP-J construct prevented the reduction of neurite outgrowth by Notch. Conversely, an activated form of RBP-J decreased neurite length but failed to reduce neurite number. In summary, Notch activation inhibited PC12 cell neurite outgrowth by both RBP-J-dependent and -independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren A Levy
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga 30322, USA.
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Killick R, Pollard CC, Asuni AA, Mudher AK, Richardson JC, Rupniak HT, Sheppard PW, Varndell IM, Brion JP, Levey AI, Levy OA, Vestling M, Cowburn R, Lovestone S, Anderton BH. Presenilin 1 independently regulates beta-catenin stability and transcriptional activity. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:48554-61. [PMID: 11606587 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108332200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Presenilin 1 (PS1) regulates beta-catenin stability; however, published data regarding the direction of the effect are contradictory. We examined the effects of wild-type and mutant forms of PS1 on the membrane, cytoplasmic, nuclear, and signaling pools of endogenous and exogenous beta-catenin by immunofluorescence microscopy, subcellular fractionation, and in a transcription assay. We found that PS1 destabilizes the cytoplasmic and nuclear pools of beta-catenin when stabilized by Wnt or Dvl but not when stabilized at lower levels of the Wnt pathway. The PS1 mutants examined were less able to reduce the stability of beta-catenin. PS1 also inhibited the transcriptional activity of endogenous beta-catenin, and the PS1 mutants were again less inhibitory at the level of Dvl but showed a different pattern of inhibition toward transcription below Dvl. The transcriptional activity of exogenously expressed wild-type beta-catenin and two mutants, DeltaN89beta-catenin and DeltaSTbeta-catenin, were also inhibited by wild-type and mutant PS1. We conclude that PS1 negatively regulates the stability and transcriptional activity of beta-catenin at different levels in the Wnt pathway, that the effect on transcriptional activity appears to be independent of the GSK-3beta mediated degradation of beta-catenin, and that mutations in PS1 differentially affect the stability and transcriptional activity of beta-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Killick
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
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