1
|
Nomdedeu-Sancho G, Alsina B. Wiring the senses: Factors that regulate peripheral axon pathfinding in sensory systems. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:81-103. [PMID: 35972036 PMCID: PMC10087148 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory neurons of the head are the ones that transmit the information about the external world to our brain for its processing. Axons from cranial sensory neurons sense different chemoattractant and chemorepulsive molecules during the journey and in the target tissue to establish the precise innervation with brain neurons and/or receptor cells. Here, we aim to unify and summarize the available information regarding molecular mechanisms guiding the different afferent sensory axons of the head. By putting the information together, we find the use of similar guidance cues in different sensory systems but in distinct combinations. In vertebrates, the number of genes in each family of guidance cues has suffered a great expansion in the genome, providing redundancy, and robustness. We also discuss recently published data involving the role of glia and mechanical forces in shaping the axon paths. Finally, we highlight the remaining questions to be addressed in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Nomdedeu-Sancho
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Berta Alsina
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li P, Qian T, Sun S. Spatial architecture of the cochlear immune microenvironment in noise-induced and age-related sensorineural hearing loss. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109488. [PMID: 36470117 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cochlea encodes sound stimuli and transmits them to the central nervous system, and damage to sensory cells and synapses in the cochlea leads to hearing loss. The inner ear was previously considered to be an immune privileged organ to protect the auditory organ from reactions with the immune system. However, recent studies have revealed the presence of resident macrophages in the cochlea, especially in the spiral ligament, spiral ganglion, and stria vascularis. The tissue-resident macrophages are responsible for the detection, phagocytosis, and clearance of cellular debris and pathogens from the tissues, and they initiate inflammation and influence tissue repair by producing inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Insult to the cochlea can activate the cochlear macrophages to initiate immune responses. In this review, we describe the distribution and functions of cochlear macrophages in noise-induced hearing impairment and age-related hearing disabilities. We also focus on potential therapeutic interventions concerning hearing loss by modulating local immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peifan Li
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine of NHFPC, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Tingting Qian
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine of NHFPC, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Shan Sun
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine of NHFPC, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Emotional stress has accompanied humans since the dawn of time and has played an essential role not only in positive selection and adaptation to an ever-changing environment, but also in the acceleration or even initiation of many illnesses. The three main somatic mechanisms induced by stress are the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis), the sympathetic-adreno-medullar (SAM) axis, and the immune axis. In this chapter, the stress-induced mechanisms that can affect cochlear physiology are presented and discussed in the context of tinnitus generation and auditory neurobiology. It is concluded that all of the presented mechanisms need to be further investigated. It is advised that clinical practitioners ask patients about stressful events or chronic stress preceding the tinnitus onset and measure the vital signs. Finally, taking into account that tinnitus itself acts as a stressor, the implementation of anti-stress therapies for tinnitus treatment is recommended.
Collapse
|
4
|
Jiang N, Ni Q, Fan Y, Wu S, Zhou Y, Liu W, Si K, Zhang H, Robert J, Zeng L. Characterization and expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (mif) in Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:9-16. [PMID: 32344024 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) is one of the critically endangered aquatic species in China. It is also among the oldest extant actinopterygian fish species. To advance the characterization of the Chinese sturgeon immune system, we identified the gene encoding the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a multifunctional cytokine that contributes to both innate and adaptive immune responses. Molecular and phylogenic analysis indicates the Chinese sturgeon (cs) MIF share a high degree of structural conservation with other MIF sequences and is closely related to other bony fish MIF. At steady state, cs-mif gene is expressed at relatively high levels in the brain, and to a lesser but significant level in liver, spleen, kidney, gut and skin. The spatial expression patterns determined by in situ hybridization indicates a preferential distribution of cs-mif transcripts in the cerebral cortex, the gut epithelium, hematopoietic tissues of kidney, spleen and liver parenchyma, and skin epidermis. Marked increase of cs-mif gene expression was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation and Aeromonas hydrophila infection in all tested tissues. Furthermore, higher cs-mif transcript levels were detected in the liver, spleen, kidney, gut and skin during stress response resulting from hyperthermia. These results are not only consistent with the expected role of cs-mif gene in innate immunity but also suggest a potential role of this gene in stress response to hyperthermia in the Chinese sturgeon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430223, PR China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, 14642, USA
| | - Qi Ni
- Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Yuding Fan
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430223, PR China
| | - Shuwang Wu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430223, PR China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430223, PR China
| | - Wenzhi Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430223, PR China
| | - Kaige Si
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430223, PR China
| | - Haigeng Zhang
- Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, 14642, USA.
| | - Lingbing Zeng
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430223, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rosani U, Domeneghetti S, Gerdol M, Pallavicini A, Venier P. Expansion and loss events characterized the occurrence of MIF-like genes in bivalves. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:39-49. [PMID: 31306763 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) dynamically connects innate and adaptive immune systems in vertebrate animals, allowing highly orchestrated systemic responses to various insults. The occurrence of MIF-like genes in non-vertebrate organisms suggests its origin from an ancestral metazoan gene, whose function is still a matter of debate. In the present work, by analyzing available genomic and transcriptomic data from bivalve mollusks, we identified 137 MIF-like sequences, which were classified into three types, based on phylogeny and conservation of key residues: MIF, D-DT, and the lineage-specific type MDL. Comparative genomics revealed syntenic conservation of homologous genes at the family level, the loss of D-DT in the Ostreidae family as well as the expansion of MIF-like genes in the Mytilidae family, possibly underpinning the neofunctionalization of duplicated gene copies. In M. galloprovincialis, MIF and one D-DT were mostly expressed in haemocytes and mantle rim of untreated animals, while D-DT paralogs often showed very limited expression, suggesting an accessory role or their persistence as relict genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Rosani
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121, Padova, Italy; AWI Alfred Wegener Institute, Coastal Ecology, Hafenstraße 43, 25992, List auf Sylt, Germany.
| | - Stefania Domeneghetti
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgeri 5, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alberto Pallavicini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgeri 5, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paola Venier
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121, Padova, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sharma R, Shultz SR, Robinson MJ, Belli A, Hibbs ML, O'Brien TJ, Semple BD. Infections after a traumatic brain injury: The complex interplay between the immune and neurological systems. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 79:63-74. [PMID: 31029794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious global health issue, being the leading cause of death and disability for individuals under the age of 45, and one of the largest causes of global neurological disability. In addition to the brain injury itself, it is increasingly appreciated that a TBI may also alter the systemic immune response in a way that renders TBI patients more vulnerable to infections in the acute post-injury period. Such infections pose an additional challenge to the patient, increasing rates of mortality and morbidity, and worsening neurological outcomes. Hospitalization, surgical interventions, and a state of immunosuppression induced by injury to the central nervous system (CNS), may all contribute to the high rate of infections seen in the population with TBI. Ongoing research to better understand the immunomodulators that underlie TBI-induced immunosuppression may aid in the development of effective therapeutic strategies to improve the recovery trajectory for patients. This review first describes the clinical scenario, posing the question of whether TBI patients are more susceptible to infections such as pneumonia, and if so, why? We then consider how cross-talk between the injured brain and the systemic immune system occurs, and further, how the additional immune challenge of an acquired infection can contribute to ongoing neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration after a TBI. Experimental models combining TBI with infection are discussed, as well as current treatment options available for this double-barreled insult. The aims of this review are to summarize current understanding of the bidirectional relationship between the CNS and the immune system when faced with a mechanical trauma combined with a concomitant infection, and to highlight key outstanding questions that remain in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Sharma
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School at the Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School at the Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marcus J Robinson
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School at the Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Antonio Belli
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Margaret L Hibbs
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School at the Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School at the Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School at the Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Warchol ME. Interactions between Macrophages and the Sensory Cells of the Inner Ear. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a033555. [PMID: 30181352 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a033555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are present in most somatic tissues, where they detect and attack invading pathogens. Macrophages also participate in many nonimmune functions, particularly those related to tissue maintenance and injury response. The sensory organs of the inner ear contain resident populations of macrophages, and additional macrophages enter the ear after acoustic trauma or ototoxicity. As expected, such macrophages participate in the clearance of cellular debris. However, otic macrophages can also influence the long-term survival of both hair cells and afferent neurons after injury. The signals that recruit macrophages into the injured ear, as well as the precise contributions of macrophages to inner ear pathology, remain to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Warchol
- Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Johnson Chacko L, Wertjanz D, Sergi C, Dudas J, Fischer N, Eberharter T, Hoermann R, Glueckert R, Fritsch H, Rask-Andersen H, Schrott-Fischer A, Handschuh S. Growth and cellular patterning during fetal human inner ear development studied by a correlative imaging approach. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 19:11. [PMID: 31109306 PMCID: PMC6528216 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-019-0191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progressive transformation of the otic placode into the functional inner ear during gestational development in humans leads to the acquisition of hearing perception via the cochlea and balance and spatial orientation via the vestibular organ. RESULTS Using a correlative approach involving micro-computerized tomography (micro-CT), transmission electron microscopy and histological techniques we were able to examine both the morphological and cellular changes associated with human inner ear development. Such an evaluation allowed for the examination of 3D geometry with high spatial and temporal resolution. In concert with gestational progression and growth of the cochlear duct, an increase in the distance between some of the Crista ampullaris is evident in all the specimens examined from GW12 to GW36. A parallel increase in the distances between the macular organs - fetal utricle and saccule - is also evident across the gestational stages examined. The distances between both the utricle and saccule to the three cristae ampullares also increased across the stages examined. A gradient in hair cell differentiation is apparent from apex to base of the fetal cochlea even at GW14. CONCLUSION We present structural information on human inner ear development across multiple levels of biological organization, including gross-morphology of the inner ear, cellular and subcellular details of hearing and vestibular organs, as well as ultrastructural details in the developing sensory epithelia. This enabled the gathering of detailed information regarding morphometric changes as well in realizing the complex developmental patterns of the human inner ear. We were able to quantify the volumetric and linear aspects of selected gestational inner ear specimens enabling a better understanding of the cellular changes across the fetal gestational timeline. Moreover, these data could serve as a reference for better understanding disorders that arise during inner ear development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lejo Johnson Chacko
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Wertjanz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Consolato Sergi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jozsef Dudas
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natalie Fischer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Theresa Eberharter
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Romed Hoermann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rudolf Glueckert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helga Fritsch
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helge Rask-Andersen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anneliese Schrott-Fischer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stephan Handschuh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu F, Shi YH, Chen J. Characterization and immunologic functions of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor from Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:947-955. [PMID: 30586634 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a cytokine playing critical roles in inflammatory and immune responses. However, its functions have not been well studied in fish. In this study, we identified a MIF molecule from Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus; LjMIF). Multiple sequence alignment showed that LjMIF has the typical structural features of MIFs. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that LjMIF is most closely related to the yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), and red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) homologs. Constitutive mRNA expression of LjMIF was detected in all tested tissues, with the highest level in the liver. Upon Vibro harveyi infection, LjMIF transcripts were altered in the tested tissues, including the liver, spleen, and head kidney. Subsequently, we prepared recombinant LjMIF (rLjMIF) and the corresponding antibody (anti-LjMIF). The in vitro study showed that rLjMIF inhibited the trafficking of Japanese sea bass monocytes/macrophages (MO/MΦ) and lymphocytes, but not of neutrophils, while anti-LjMIF had the opposite effect. rLjMIF also enhanced phagocytosis and intracellular killing of V. harveyi by MO/MΦ, while anti-LjMIF only inhibited phagocytosis by MO/MΦ. The in vivo study showed that rLjMIF aggravated the course of V. harveyi infection in Japanese sea bass, but anti-LjMIF increased the survival rate of the fish and decreased the bacterial burden. In conclusion, our observation revealed that LjMIF is closely involved in the immune responses of Japanese sea bass for combating V. harveyi infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Yu-Hong Shi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Necroptosis and Apoptosis Contribute to Cisplatin and Aminoglycoside Ototoxicity. J Neurosci 2019; 39:2951-2964. [PMID: 30733218 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1384-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ototoxic side effects of cisplatin and aminoglycosides have been extensively studied, but no therapy is available to date. Sensory hair cells, upon exposure to cisplatin or aminoglycosides, undergo apoptotic and necrotic cell death. Blocking these cell death pathways has therapeutic potential in theory, but incomplete protection and lack of therapeutic targets in the case of necrosis, has hampered the development of clinically applicable drugs. Over the past decade, a novel form of necrosis, termed necroptosis, was established as an alternative cell death pathway. Necroptosis is distinguished from passive necrotic cell death, in that it follows a cellular program, involving the receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK) 1 and RIPK3. In this study, we used pharmacological and genetic interventions in the mouse to test the relative contributions of necroptosis and caspase-8-mediated apoptosis toward cisplatin and aminoglycoside ototoxicity. We find that ex vivo, only apoptosis contributes to cisplatin and aminoglycoside ototoxicity, while in vivo, necroptosis as well as apoptosis are involved in both sexes. Inhibition of necroptosis and apoptosis using pharmacological compounds is thus a viable strategy to ameliorate aminoglycoside and cisplatin ototoxicity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The clinical application of cisplatin and aminoglycosides is limited due to ototoxic side effects. Here, using pharmaceutical and genetic intervention, we present evidence that two types of programmed cell death, apoptosis and necroptosis, contribute to aminoglycoside and cisplatin ototoxicity. Key molecular factors mediating necroptosis are well characterized and druggable, presenting new avenues for pharmaceutical intervention.
Collapse
|
11
|
Interactions between the Immune and Nervous systems in Nervous System Development, Diseases and Repair Processes. Exp Neurol 2018; 301:81-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|