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Cooze B, Neal J, Vineed A, Oliveira JC, Griffiths L, Allen KH, Hawkins K, Yadanar H, Gerhards K, Farkas I, Reynolds R, Howell O. Digital Pathology Identifies Associations between Tissue Inflammatory Biomarkers and Multiple Sclerosis Outcomes. Cells 2024; 13:1020. [PMID: 38920650 PMCID: PMC11201856 DOI: 10.3390/cells13121020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a clinically heterogeneous disease underpinned by inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative processes, the extent of which varies between individuals and over the course of the disease. Recognising the clinicopathological features that most strongly associate with disease outcomes will inform future efforts at patient phenotyping. AIMS We used a digital pathology workflow, involving high-resolution image acquisition of immunostained slides and opensource software for quantification, to investigate the relationship between clinical and neuropathological features in an autopsy cohort of progressive MS. METHODS Sequential sections of frontal, cingulate and occipital cortex, thalamus, brain stem (pons) and cerebellum including dentate nucleus (n = 35 progressive MS, females = 28, males = 7; age died = 53.5 years; range 38-98 years) were immunostained for myelin (anti-MOG), neurons (anti-HuC/D) and microglia/macrophages (anti-HLA). The extent of demyelination, neurodegeneration, the presence of active and/or chronic active lesions and quantification of brain and leptomeningeal inflammation was captured by digital pathology. RESULTS Digital analysis of tissue sections revealed the variable extent of pathology that characterises progressive MS. Microglia/macrophage activation, if found at a higher level in a single block, was typically elevated across all sampled blocks. Compartmentalised (perivascular/leptomeningeal) inflammation was associated with age-related measures of disease severity and an earlier death. CONCLUSION Digital pathology identified prognostically important clinicopathological correlations in MS. This methodology can be used to prioritise the principal pathological processes that need to be captured by future MS biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Cooze
- Faculty of Medicine, Health & Life and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (B.C.); (A.V.); (J.C.O.); (L.G.); (K.H.A.); (K.H.); (H.Y.); (K.G.); (O.H.)
| | - James Neal
- Faculty of Medicine, Health & Life and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (B.C.); (A.V.); (J.C.O.); (L.G.); (K.H.A.); (K.H.); (H.Y.); (K.G.); (O.H.)
| | - Alka Vineed
- Faculty of Medicine, Health & Life and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (B.C.); (A.V.); (J.C.O.); (L.G.); (K.H.A.); (K.H.); (H.Y.); (K.G.); (O.H.)
| | - J. C. Oliveira
- Faculty of Medicine, Health & Life and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (B.C.); (A.V.); (J.C.O.); (L.G.); (K.H.A.); (K.H.); (H.Y.); (K.G.); (O.H.)
| | - Lauren Griffiths
- Faculty of Medicine, Health & Life and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (B.C.); (A.V.); (J.C.O.); (L.G.); (K.H.A.); (K.H.); (H.Y.); (K.G.); (O.H.)
| | - K. H. Allen
- Faculty of Medicine, Health & Life and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (B.C.); (A.V.); (J.C.O.); (L.G.); (K.H.A.); (K.H.); (H.Y.); (K.G.); (O.H.)
| | - Kristen Hawkins
- Faculty of Medicine, Health & Life and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (B.C.); (A.V.); (J.C.O.); (L.G.); (K.H.A.); (K.H.); (H.Y.); (K.G.); (O.H.)
| | - Htoo Yadanar
- Faculty of Medicine, Health & Life and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (B.C.); (A.V.); (J.C.O.); (L.G.); (K.H.A.); (K.H.); (H.Y.); (K.G.); (O.H.)
| | - Krisjanis Gerhards
- Faculty of Medicine, Health & Life and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (B.C.); (A.V.); (J.C.O.); (L.G.); (K.H.A.); (K.H.); (H.Y.); (K.G.); (O.H.)
| | - Ildiko Farkas
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (I.F.); (R.R.)
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (I.F.); (R.R.)
| | - Owain Howell
- Faculty of Medicine, Health & Life and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (B.C.); (A.V.); (J.C.O.); (L.G.); (K.H.A.); (K.H.); (H.Y.); (K.G.); (O.H.)
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Alshehri A, Koussis N, Al-Iedani O, Khormi I, Lea R, Ramadan S, Lechner-Scott J. Improvement of the thalamocortical white matter network in people with stable treated relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis over time. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 37:e5119. [PMID: 38383137 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.5119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Advanced imaging techniques (tractography) enable the mapping of white matter (WM) pathways and the understanding of brain connectivity patterns. We combined tractography with a network-based approach to examine WM microstructure on a network level in people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (pw-RRMS) and healthy controls (HCs) over 2 years. Seventy-six pw-RRMS matched with 43 HCs underwent clinical assessments and 3T MRI scans at baseline (BL) and 2-year follow-up (2-YFU). Probabilistic tractography was performed, accounting for the effect of lesions, producing connectomes of 25 million streamlines. Network differences in fibre density across pw-RRMS and HCs at BL and 2-YFU were quantified using network-based statistics (NBS). Longitudinal network differences in fibre density were quantified using NBS in pw-RRMS, and were tested for correlations with disability, cognition and fatigue scores. Widespread network reductions in fibre density were found in pw-RRMS compared with HCs at BL in cortical regions, with more reductions detected at 2-YFU. Pw-RRMS had reduced fibre density at BL in the thalamocortical network compared to 2-YFU. This effect appeared after correction for age, was robust across different thresholds, and did not correlate with lesion volume or disease duration. Pw-RRMS demonstrated a robust and long-distance improvement in the thalamocortical WM network, regardless of age, disease burden, duration or therapy, suggesting a potential locus of neuroplasticity in MS. This network's role over the disease's lifespan and its potential implications in prognosis and treatment warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Alshehri
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- Department of Radiology, King Fahd University Hospital, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nikitas Koussis
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Oun Al-Iedani
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Ibrahim Khormi
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rodney Lea
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Saadallah Ramadan
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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3
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He J, Wang Y, Zhao ZH, He JY, Gao MY, Wang JQ, Wang LB, Zhang Y, Li X. Exosome-specific loading Sox10 for the treatment of Cuprizone-induced demyelinating model. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116128. [PMID: 38218078 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Demyelination is a pathological feature commonly observed in various central nervous system diseases. It is characterized by the aggregation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in the lesion area, which face difficulties in differentiating into mature oligodendrocytes (OLGs). The differentiation of OPCs requires the presence of Sox10, but its expression decreases under pathological conditions. Therefore, we propose a therapeutic strategy to regulate OPCs differentiation and achieve myelin repair by endogenously loading Sox10 into exosomes. To accomplish this, we generated a lentivirus-armed Sox10 that could anchor to the inner surface of the exosome membrane. We then infected HEK293 cells to obtain exosomes with high expression of Sox10 (exosomes-Sox10, ExoSs). In vitro, experiments confirmed that both Exos and ExoSs can be uptaken by OPCs, but only ExoSs exhibit a pro-differentiation effect on OPCs. In vivo, we administered PBS, Exos, and ExoSs to cuprizone-induced demyelinating mice. The results demonstrated that ExoSs can regulate the differentiation of PDGFRα+ OPCs into APC+ OLGs and reduce myelin damage in the corpus callosum region of the mouse brain compared to other groups. Further testing suggests that Sox10 may have a reparative effect on the myelin sheath by enhancing the expression of MBP, possibly facilitated by the exosome delivery of the protein into the lesion. This endogenously loaded technology holds promise as a strategy for protein-based drugs in the treatment of demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin He
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Yan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Zhuo-Hua Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Jia-Yi He
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Jia-Qi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Li-Bin Wang
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Xing Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China.
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Lin D, Liu H, Song H, Chen B, Fu J, Sun M, Zhou H, Bai W, Wei S, Li H. Upregulation of C-X-C motif chemokine 12 in the spinal cord alleviated the symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1105530. [PMID: 37008218 PMCID: PMC10060838 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1105530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundC-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12) is a chemokine that performs many functions. Studies have shown that CXCL12 can aggravate inflammatory symptoms in the central nervous system (CNS). Evidence also indicates that CXCL12 can promote the repair of myelin sheaths in the CNS in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Here, we investigated the function of CXCL12 in CNS inflammation by upregulating CXCL12 in the spinal cord and subsequently inducing EAE.Materials and methodsCXCL12 upregulation in the spinal cords of Lewis rats was induced by the injection of adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9)/eGFP-P2A-CXCL12 after intrathecal catheter implantation. Twenty-one days after AAV injection, EAE was induced and clinical score was collected; Immunofluorescence staining, WB and LFB-PAS staining were used to evaluate the effect of CXCL12 upregulation. In the in vitro study, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) were harvested, cultured with CXCL12 and AMD3100, and subjected to immunofluorescence staining for functional assessment.ResultsCXCL12 was upregulated in the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord by AAV injection. In each stage of EAE, upregulation of CXCL12 significantly alleviated clinical scores by inhibiting leukocyte infiltration and promoting remyelination. In contrast, the addition of AMD3100, which is a CXCR4 antagonist, inhibited the effect of CXCL12. In vitro, 10 ng/ml CXCL12 promoted the differentiation of OPCs into oligodendrocytes.ConclusionAAV-mediated upregulation of CXCL12 in the CNS can alleviate the clinical signs and symptoms of EAE and significantly decrease the infiltration of leukocytes in the peak stage of EAE. CXCL12 can promote the maturation and differentiation of OPCs into oligodendrocytes in vitro. These data indicate that CXCL12 effectively promotes remyelination in the spinal cord and decreases the signs and symptoms of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahe Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Medical Center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecology-Toxicological Effects and Control for Emerging Contaminants, College of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Putian University, Putian, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Information Atlas, Fujian Provincial University (Putian University), Putian, Fujian, China
- *Correspondence: Dahe lin,
| | - Hongjuan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Medical Center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Honglu Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Medical Center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 980th Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Biyue Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Medical Center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junxia Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Medical Center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mingming Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huanfen Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Medical Center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhao Bai
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Medical Center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shihui Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Medical Center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Shihui Wei,
| | - Hongen Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Medical Center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Hongen Li,
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Elkjaer ML, Röttger R, Baumbach J, Illes Z. A Systematic Review of Tissue and Single Cell Transcriptome/Proteome Studies of the Brain in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:761225. [PMID: 35309325 PMCID: PMC8924618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.761225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating and degenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Although inflammatory responses are efficiently treated, therapies for progression are scarce and suboptimal, and biomarkers to predict the disease course are insufficient. Cure or preventive measures for MS require knowledge of core pathological events at the site of the tissue damage. Novelties in systems biology have emerged and paved the way for a more fine-grained understanding of key pathological pathways within the CNS, but they have also raised questions still without answers. Here, we systemically review the power of tissue and single-cell/nucleus CNS omics and discuss major gaps of integration into the clinical practice. Systemic search identified 49 transcriptome and 11 proteome studies of the CNS from 1997 till October 2021. Pioneering molecular discoveries indicate that MS affects the whole brain and all resident cell types. Despite inconsistency of results, studies imply increase in transcripts/proteins of semaphorins, heat shock proteins, myelin proteins, apolipoproteins and HLAs. Different lesions are characterized by distinct astrocytic and microglial polarization, altered oligodendrogenesis, and changes in specific neuronal subtypes. In all white matter lesion types, CXCL12, SCD, CD163 are highly expressed, and STAT6- and TGFβ-signaling are increased. In the grey matter lesions, TNF-signaling seems to drive cell death, and especially CUX2-expressing neurons may be susceptible to neurodegeneration. The vast heterogeneity at both cellular and lesional levels may underlie the clinical heterogeneity of MS, and it may be more complex than the current disease phenotyping in the clinical practice. Systems biology has not solved the mystery of MS, but it has discovered multiple molecules and networks potentially contributing to the pathogenesis. However, these results are mostly descriptive; focused functional studies of the molecular changes may open up for a better interpretation. Guidelines for acceptable quality or awareness of results from low quality data, and standardized computational and biological pipelines may help to overcome limited tissue availability and the “snap shot” problem of omics. These may help in identifying core pathological events and point in directions for focus in clinical prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Elkjaer
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Richard Röttger
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jan Baumbach
- Chair of Computational Systems Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Zsolt Illes
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Amiri M, Mokhtari MJ, Bayat M, Safari A, Dianatpuor M, Tabrizi R, Borhani-Haghighi A. Expression and diagnostic values of MIAT, H19, and NRON long non-coding RNAs in multiple sclerosis patients. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease. Various long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) appear to have an important role in the pathophysiology of MS. This study aimed at evaluating the expression levels of lncRNAs, MIAT, H19, and NRON in peripheral blood of MS cases to a healthy control group. We collected blood samples of 95 MS cases (76 relapsing–remitting (RR) and 19 secondary progressive (SP) MS) and 95 controls. We used quantitative real-time PCR for the evaluation of gene expression. The correlation between expression with clinical parameters was analyzed by a multiple linear regression model. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was carried out to detect the diagnostic potential of lncRNAs levels according to the area under the curve (AUC).
Results
MIAT, H19, and NRON were significantly increased in the RRMS and SPMS subgroups compared to the controls. We found that the H19 and MIAT expression significantly were higher in SPMS compared with RRMS. Patients with RRMS had a greater level of the average NRON expression is compared with SPMS patients. The expression level of H19 significantly was higher in females relative to male patients. Based on the area under curve (AUC) values, NRON had the best performance in the differentiation of MS patients from controls (AUC = 0.95, P < 0.0001). A combination of MIAT, H19, and NRON expression levels could be useful in differentiating MS patients with 93.6% sensitivity, 98.9% specificity, and diagnostic power of 0.96 (P < 0.0001).
Conclusions
The levels of MIAT, H19, and NRON in peripheral blood could be important biomarkers for MS diagnosis.
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Shi Y, Ding Y, Li G, Wang L, Osman RA, Sun J, Qian L, Zheng G, Zhang G. Discovery of Novel Biomarkers for Diagnosing and Predicting the Progression of Multiple Sclerosis Using TMT-Based Quantitative Proteomics. Front Immunol 2021; 12:700031. [PMID: 34489947 PMCID: PMC8417809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.700031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Here, we aimed to identify protein biomarkers that could rapidly and accurately diagnose multiple sclerosis (MS) using a highly sensitive proteomic immunoassay. Methods Tandem mass tag (TMT) quantitative proteomic analysis was performed to determine the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples collected from 10 patients with MS and 10 non-inflammatory neurological controls (NINCs). The DEPs were analyzed using bioinformatics tools, and the candidate proteins were validated using the ELISA method in another cohort comprising 160 samples (paired CSF and plasma of 40 patients with MS, CSF of 40 NINCs, and plasma of 40 healthy individuals). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine the diagnostic potential of this method. Results Compared to NINCs, we identified 83 CSF-specific DEPs out of a total of 343 proteins in MS patients. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that these DEPs are mainly involved in platelet degranulation, negative regulation of proteolysis, and post-translational protein modification. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the complement and coagulation cascades, Ras signaling pathway, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway are the main components. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7), insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), and somatostatin (SST) were identified as the potential proteins with high scores, degree, and centrality in the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. We validated the expression of these three proteins using ELISA. Compared to NINCs, the level of CSF IGFBP7 was significantly upregulated, and the level of CSF SST was significantly downregulated in the MS group. Conclusion Our results suggest that SST and IGFBP7 might be associated with the pathogenesis of MS and would be helpful in diagnosing MS. Since IGFBP7 was used to classify relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) and secondary progressive MS (SPMS) patients, therefore, it may act as a potential key marker and therapeutic target in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Shi
- Laboratory of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaowei Ding
- Laboratory of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoge Li
- Laboratory of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Laboratory of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of In Vitro Diagnostics , Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Immunological Reagents Clinical Research, Beijing, China
| | - Rasha Alsamani Osman
- Laboratory of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jialu Sun
- Laboratory of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingye Qian
- Laboratory of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghui Zheng
- Laboratory of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of In Vitro Diagnostics , Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Immunological Reagents Clinical Research, Beijing, China
| | - Guojun Zhang
- Laboratory of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of In Vitro Diagnostics , Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Immunological Reagents Clinical Research, Beijing, China
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Bakhtiari M, Ghasemi N, Salehi H, Amirpour N, Kazemi M, Mardani M. Evaluation of Edaravone effects on the differentiation of human adipose derived stem cells into oligodendrocyte cells in multiple sclerosis disease in rats. Life Sci 2021; 282:119812. [PMID: 34265362 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Among all the treatments for Multiple Sclerosis, stem cell transplantation, such as ADSCs, has attracted a great deal of scientific attention. On the other hand, Edaravone, as an antioxidant component, in combination with stem cells, could increase the survival and differentiation potential of stem cells. MAIN METHODS 42 rats were divided into: Control, Cuprizone (CPZ), Sham, Edaravone (Ed), hADSCs, and Ed/hADSCs groups. Following induction of cuprizone, induced MS model, behavioral tests were designed to evaluate motor function during. Luxal fast blue staining was done to measure the level of demyelination and remyelination. Immunofluorescent staining was used to evaluate the amount of MBP, OLIG2, and MOG proteins. The mRNA levels of human MBP, MOG, and OLIG2 and rat Mbp, Mog, and Olig2 were determined via RT-PCR. KEY FINDINGS Flow cytometry analysis exhibited that the extracted cells were positive for CD73 (93.8 ± 3%) and CD105 (91.6 ± 3%), yet negative for CD45 (2.06 ± 0.5%). Behavioral tests, unveiled a significant improvement in the Ed (P < 0.001), hADSCs (P < 0.001), and Ed/hADSCs (P < 0.001) groups compared to the others. In the Ed/hADSCs group, the myelin density was significantly higher than that in the Ed treated and hADSCs treated groups (P < 0.01). Edaravone and hADSCs increased the expression of Mbp, Mog, and Olig2 genes in the cuprizone rat models. Moreover, significant differences were seen between the Ed treated and hADSCs treated groups and the Ed/hADSCs group (P < 0.05 for Mbp and Olig2 and P < 0.01 for Mog). SIGNIFICANCE Edaravone in combination with hADSCs reduced demyelination and increased oligodendrogenesis in the cuprizone rat models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bakhtiari
- Department of Anatomical Science, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nazem Ghasemi
- Department of Anatomical Science, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Salehi
- Department of Anatomical Science, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Noushin Amirpour
- Department of Anatomical Science, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mardani
- Department of Anatomical Science, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran.
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Dynamics of Central Remyelination and Treatment Evolution in a Model of Multiple Sclerosis with Optic Coherence Tomography. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052440. [PMID: 33671012 PMCID: PMC7957639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The need for remyelinating drugs is essential for healing disabling diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). One of the reasons for the lack of this class of therapies is the impossibility to monitor remyelination in vivo, which is of utmost importance to perform effective clinical trials. Here, we show how optical coherence tomography (OCT), a cheap and non-invasive technique commonly used in ophthalmology, may be used to assess remyelination in vivo in MS patients. Our pioneer approach validates OCT as a technique to study remyelination of the optic nerve and reflects what is occurring in non-accessible central nervous system (CNS) structures, like the spinal cord. In this study we used the orally bioavailable small molecule VP3.15, confirming its therapeutical potential as a neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and probably remyelinating drug for MS. Altogether, our results confirm the usefulness of OCT to monitor the efficacy of remyelinating therapies in vivo and underscore the relevance of VP3.15 as a potential disease modifying drug for MS therapy.
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10
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Baulina N, Kiselev I, Favorova O. Imprinted Genes and Multiple Sclerosis: What Do We Know? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1346. [PMID: 33572862 PMCID: PMC7866243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system that arises from interplay between non-genetic and genetic risk factors. The epigenetics functions as a link between these factors, affecting gene expression in response to external influence, and therefore should be extensively studied to improve the knowledge of MS molecular mechanisms. Among others, the epigenetic mechanisms underlie the establishment of parent-of-origin effects that appear as phenotypic differences depending on whether the allele was inherited from the mother or father. The most well described manifestation of parent-of-origin effects is genomic imprinting that causes monoallelic gene expression. It becomes more obvious that disturbances in imprinted genes at the least affecting their expression do occur in MS and may be involved in its pathogenesis. In this review we will focus on the potential role of imprinted genes in MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Baulina
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.K.); (O.F.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Kiselev
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.K.); (O.F.)
| | - Olga Favorova
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.K.); (O.F.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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11
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Chen Y, Zheng Z, Mei A, Huang H, Lin F. Claudin-1 and Claudin-3 as Molecular Regulators of Myelination in Leukoaraiosis Patients. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2021; 76:e2167. [PMID: 34008771 PMCID: PMC8101689 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2021/e2167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Leukoaraiosis is described as white matter lesions that are associated with cognitive dysfunction, neurodegenerative disorders, etc. Myelin depletion is a salient pathological feature of, and the loss of oligodendrocytes is one of the most robust alterations evident in, white matter degeneration. Recent studies have revealed that claudin proteins are aberrantly expressed in leukoaraiosis and regulate oligodendrocyte activity. However, the roles of claudin-1 and claudin-3 in oligodendrocytes and leukoaraiosis are still not well-defined. METHODS Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the expression of claudin-1 (CLDN1), claudin-3 (CLDN3), and myelinogenesis-related genes such as myelin basic protein (MBP), proteolipid protein (PLP), oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (OLIG2), and SRY-box transcription factor 10 (SOX10) in leukoaraiosis patients (n=122) and healthy controls (n=122). The expression of claudin-1 and claudin-3 was either ectopically silenced or augmented in Oli-neu oligodendrocytes, and colony formation, apoptosis, and migration assays were performed. Finally, the expression of myelin proteins was evaluated by western blotting. RESULTS Our results revealed that in addition to SOX10, the expression levels of claudin-1, claudin-3, and myelinogenesis-related proteins were prominently downregulated in leukoaraiosis patients, compared to those in healthy controls. Furthermore, the growth and migration of Oli-neu cells were downregulated upon silencing claudin-1 or claudin-3. However, the overexpression of claudin-1 or claudin-3 resulted in the reduction of the degree of apoptosis in Oli-neu cells. In addition, claudin-1 and claudin-3 promoted the expression of MBP, OLIG2, PLP, and SOX10 at the translational level. CONCLUSION Our data has demonstrated that the abnormal expression of claudin-1 and claudin-3 regulates the pathological progression of leukoaraiosis by governing the viability and myelination of oligodendrocytes. These findings provide novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying the roles of claudin-1 and claudin-3 in leukoaraiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
- Fujian Provincial center for Geriatrics, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Zheng
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Ainong Mei
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
- Fujian Provincial center for Geriatrics, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
| | - Huan Huang
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
- Fujian Provincial center for Geriatrics, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
| | - Fan Lin
- Shengli Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
- Fujian Provincial center for Geriatrics, Fuzhou, 350001, P.R. China
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12
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Andrés-Benito P, Povedano M, Domínguez R, Marco C, Colomina MJ, López-Pérez Ó, Santana I, Baldeiras I, Martínez-Yelámos S, Zerr I, Llorens F, Fernández-Irigoyen J, Santamaría E, Ferrer I. Increased C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 12 Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid as a Candidate Biomarker in Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228680. [PMID: 33213069 PMCID: PMC7698527 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS) is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting upper and lower motor neurons. Biomarkers are useful to facilitate the diagnosis and/or prognosis of patients and to reveal possible mechanistic clues about the disease. This study aimed to identify and validate selected putative biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of sALS patients at early disease stages compared with age-matched controls and with other neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer disease (AD), spinal muscular atrophy type III (SMA), frontotemporal dementia behavioral variant (FTD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). SWATH acquisition on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for protein quantitation, and ELISA for validation, were used in CSF samples of sALS cases at early stages of the disease. Analysis of mRNA and protein expression was carried out in the anterior horn of the lumbar spinal cord in post-mortem tissue of sALS cases (terminal stage) and controls using RTq-PCR, and Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry, respectively. SWATH acquisition on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) revealed 51 differentially expressed proteins in the CSF in sALS. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves showed CXCL12 to be the most valuable candidate biomarker. We validated the values of CXCL12 in CSF with ELISA in two different cohorts. Besides sALS, increased CXCL12 levels were found in MS but were not altered in AD, SMA, and FTD. Therefore, increased CXCL12 levels in the CSF can be useful in the diagnoses of MS and sALS in the context of the clinical settings. CXCL12 immunoreactivity was localized in motor neurons in control and sALS, and in a few glial cells in sALS at the terminal stage; CXCR4 was in a subset of oligodendroglial-like cells and axonal ballooning of motor neurons in sALS; and CXCR7 in motor neurons in control and sALS, and reactive astrocytes in the pyramidal tracts in terminal sALS. CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis in the spinal cord probably plays a complex role in inflammation, oligodendroglial and astrocyte signaling, and neuronal and axonal preservation in sALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pol Andrés-Benito
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain;
- Biomedical Network Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain;
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- International Initiative for Treatment and Research Initiative to Cure ALS (TRICALS), Bellvitge University Hospital, 08907 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (M.P.); (R.D.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: (P.A.-B.); (I.F.); Tel./Fax: +34-94-403-5808 (P.A.-B. & I.F.)
| | - Mònica Povedano
- International Initiative for Treatment and Research Initiative to Cure ALS (TRICALS), Bellvitge University Hospital, 08907 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (M.P.); (R.D.); (C.M.)
- Functional Unit of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (UFELA), Service of Neurology, Bellvitge University Hospital, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- International Initiative for Treatment and Research Initiative to Cure ALS (TRICALS), Bellvitge University Hospital, 08907 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (M.P.); (R.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Carla Marco
- International Initiative for Treatment and Research Initiative to Cure ALS (TRICALS), Bellvitge University Hospital, 08907 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (M.P.); (R.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Maria J. Colomina
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Department, Bellvitge University Hospital-University of Barcelona, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Óscar López-Pérez
- Biomedical Network Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Isabel Santana
- Neurology Department, CHUC—Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Inês Baldeiras
- Neurology Department, CHUC—Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Sergio Martínez-Yelámos
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Service of Neurology, Bellvitge University Hospital, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franc Llorens
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain;
- Biomedical Network Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain;
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Fernández-Irigoyen
- IDISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.F.-I.); (E.S.)
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Proteored-ISCIII, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique Santamaría
- IDISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.F.-I.); (E.S.)
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Proteored-ISCIII, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain;
- Biomedical Network Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain;
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- International Initiative for Treatment and Research Initiative to Cure ALS (TRICALS), Bellvitge University Hospital, 08907 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; (M.P.); (R.D.); (C.M.)
- Neuropathology, Pathologic Anatomy Service, Bellvitge University Hospital, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.A.-B.); (I.F.); Tel./Fax: +34-94-403-5808 (P.A.-B. & I.F.)
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13
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Jäkel S, Williams A. What Have Advances in Transcriptomic Technologies Taught us About Human White Matter Pathologies? Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:238. [PMID: 32848627 PMCID: PMC7418269 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, post-mortem analysis of human brain pathologies has been purely descriptive, limiting insight into the pathological mechanisms. However, starting in the early 2000s, next-generation sequencing (NGS) and the routine application of bulk RNA-sequencing and microarray technologies have revolutionized the usefulness of post-mortem human brain tissue. This has allowed many studies to provide novel mechanistic insights into certain brain pathologies, albeit at a still unsatisfying resolution, with masking of lowly expressed genes and regulatory elements in different cell types. The recent rapid evolution of single-cell technologies has now allowed researchers to shed light on human pathologies at a previously unreached resolution revealing further insights into pathological mechanisms that will open the way for the development of new strategies for therapies. In this review article, we will give an overview of the incremental information that single-cell technologies have given us for human white matter (WM) pathologies, summarize which single-cell technologies are available, and speculate where these novel approaches may lead us for pathological assessment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jäkel
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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14
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Shao Y, Ding J, He QX, Ma QR, Liu Q, Zhang C, Lv HW, Liu J. Effect of Sox10 on remyelination of the hippocampus in cuprizone-induced demyelinated mice. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01623. [PMID: 32363773 PMCID: PMC7303379 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The low number of oligodendrocytes (OLs) in the hippocampus of patients with schizophrenia suggests that hippocampal demyelination is changed in this condition. Sox10 is expressed throughout OL development. The effect of Sox10 on myelin regeneration is unknown. This study aimed to analyze changes in Sox10 expression in the hippocampus and its regulatory role in hippocampal myelin regeneration in a mouse model of demyelination. METHODS Mice were fed 0.2% cuprizone (CPZ) for six weeks to establish the acute demyelinating model (CPZ mice). Behavioral changes of these mice were assessed via open field and tail suspension tests. The ultrastructure of the myelin sheaths in the hippocampus was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The expression levels of myelin sheath-related proteins and the transcription factor Sox10 were detected via immunohistochemistry and Western blots. Furthermore, Sox10-overexpressing adeno-associated virus was injected into the hippocampus after establishing the demyelinating model to investigate effects of Sox10 on remyelination. RESULTS CPZ mice showed abnormal behavioral changes, a large number of pathological changes in the myelin sheaths, and significantly reduced protein expression of the myelin sheath markers myelin basic protein and proteolipid protein. This confirmed that the demyelinating model was successfully established. Meanwhile, the protein expression of the oligodendrocyte precursor cell marker neural/glial antigen 2 (NG2) increased, whereas Sox10 expression decreased. After Sox10 overexpression in the hippocampus, the abnormal behavior was improved, the ultrastructure of the myelin sheaths was restored, and the expression of myelin sheath protein was reversed. NG2 expression was upregulated. CONCLUSION Overexpression of Sox10 promotes hippocampal remyelination after CPZ-induced acute demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Juan Ding
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Qian-Xiong He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Quan-Rui Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hao-Wen Lv
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Juan Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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15
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de Jong JM, Wang P, Oomkens M, Baron W. Remodeling of the interstitial extracellular matrix in white matter multiple sclerosis lesions: Implications for remyelination (failure). J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:1370-1397. [PMID: 31965607 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides protection, rigidity, and structure toward cells. It consists, among others, of a wide variety of glycoproteins and proteoglycans, which act together to produce a complex and dynamic environment, most relevant in transmembrane events. In the brain, the ECM occupies a notable proportion of its volume and maintains the homeostasis of central nervous system (CNS). In addition, remodeling of the ECM, that is transient changes in ECM proteins regulated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), is an important process that modulates cell behavior upon injury, thereby facilitating recovery. Failure of ECM remodeling plays an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), a neurodegenerative demyelinating disease of the CNS with an inflammatory response against protective myelin sheaths that surround axons. Remyelination of denuded axons improves the neuropathological conditions of MS, but this regeneration process fails over time, leading to chronic disease progression. In this review, we uncover abnormal ECM remodeling in MS lesions by discussing ECM remodeling in experimental demyelination models, that is when remyelination is successful, and compare alterations in ECM components to the ECM composition and MMP expression in the parenchyma of demyelinated MS lesions, that is when remyelination fails. Inter- and intralesional differences in ECM remodeling in the distinct white matter MS lesions are discussed in terms of consequences for oligodendrocyte behavior and remyelination (failure). Hence, the review will aid to understand how abnormal ECM remodeling contributes to remyelination failure in MS lesions and assists in developing therapeutic strategies to promote remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody M de Jong
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peng Wang
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michelle Oomkens
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wia Baron
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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16
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Enz LS, Zeis T, Schmid D, Geier F, van der Meer F, Steiner G, Certa U, Binder TMC, Stadelmann C, Martin R, Schaeren-Wiemers N. Increased HLA-DR expression and cortical demyelination in MS links with HLA-DR15. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2019; 7:7/2/e656. [PMID: 31882398 PMCID: PMC6943368 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate molecular changes in multiple sclerosis (MS) normal-appearing cortical gray matter (NAGM). METHODS We performed a whole-genome gene expression microarray analysis of human brain autopsy tissues from 64 MS NAGM samples and 42 control gray matter samples. We further examined our cases by HLA genotyping and performed immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent analysis of all human brain tissues. RESULTS HLA-DRB1 is the transcript with highest expression in MS NAGM with a bimodal distribution among the examined cases. Genotyping revealed that every case with the MS-associated HLA-DR15 haplotype also shows high HLA-DRB1 expression and also of the tightly linked HLA-DRB5 allele. Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the higher expression of HLA-DRB1 in HLA-DRB1*15:01 cases at the protein level. Analysis of gray matter lesion size revealed a significant increase of cortical lesion size in cases with high HLA-DRB1 expression. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that increased HLA-DRB1 and -DRB5 expression in the brain of patients with MS may be an important factor in how the HLA-DR15 haplotype contributes to MS pathomechanisms in the target organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Simon Enz
- From the Neurobiology (L.S.E., T.Z., D.S., N.S.-W.), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Zentrum für Lehre und Forschung, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine (F.G.), Bioinformatics Core Facility, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (F.G.), Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Neuropathology (F.v.d.M., C.S.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED) (G.S., U.C.), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine (T.M.C.B.), Hospital Braunschweig, Germany; and Neuroimmunology and MS Research (R.M.), Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Zeis
- From the Neurobiology (L.S.E., T.Z., D.S., N.S.-W.), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Zentrum für Lehre und Forschung, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine (F.G.), Bioinformatics Core Facility, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (F.G.), Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Neuropathology (F.v.d.M., C.S.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED) (G.S., U.C.), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine (T.M.C.B.), Hospital Braunschweig, Germany; and Neuroimmunology and MS Research (R.M.), Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Schmid
- From the Neurobiology (L.S.E., T.Z., D.S., N.S.-W.), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Zentrum für Lehre und Forschung, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine (F.G.), Bioinformatics Core Facility, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (F.G.), Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Neuropathology (F.v.d.M., C.S.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED) (G.S., U.C.), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine (T.M.C.B.), Hospital Braunschweig, Germany; and Neuroimmunology and MS Research (R.M.), Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Geier
- From the Neurobiology (L.S.E., T.Z., D.S., N.S.-W.), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Zentrum für Lehre und Forschung, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine (F.G.), Bioinformatics Core Facility, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (F.G.), Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Neuropathology (F.v.d.M., C.S.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED) (G.S., U.C.), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine (T.M.C.B.), Hospital Braunschweig, Germany; and Neuroimmunology and MS Research (R.M.), Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Franziska van der Meer
- From the Neurobiology (L.S.E., T.Z., D.S., N.S.-W.), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Zentrum für Lehre und Forschung, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine (F.G.), Bioinformatics Core Facility, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (F.G.), Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Neuropathology (F.v.d.M., C.S.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED) (G.S., U.C.), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine (T.M.C.B.), Hospital Braunschweig, Germany; and Neuroimmunology and MS Research (R.M.), Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guido Steiner
- From the Neurobiology (L.S.E., T.Z., D.S., N.S.-W.), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Zentrum für Lehre und Forschung, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine (F.G.), Bioinformatics Core Facility, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (F.G.), Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Neuropathology (F.v.d.M., C.S.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED) (G.S., U.C.), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine (T.M.C.B.), Hospital Braunschweig, Germany; and Neuroimmunology and MS Research (R.M.), Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Certa
- From the Neurobiology (L.S.E., T.Z., D.S., N.S.-W.), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Zentrum für Lehre und Forschung, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine (F.G.), Bioinformatics Core Facility, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (F.G.), Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Neuropathology (F.v.d.M., C.S.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED) (G.S., U.C.), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine (T.M.C.B.), Hospital Braunschweig, Germany; and Neuroimmunology and MS Research (R.M.), Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Martin Christian Binder
- From the Neurobiology (L.S.E., T.Z., D.S., N.S.-W.), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Zentrum für Lehre und Forschung, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine (F.G.), Bioinformatics Core Facility, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (F.G.), Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Neuropathology (F.v.d.M., C.S.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED) (G.S., U.C.), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine (T.M.C.B.), Hospital Braunschweig, Germany; and Neuroimmunology and MS Research (R.M.), Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christine Stadelmann
- From the Neurobiology (L.S.E., T.Z., D.S., N.S.-W.), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Zentrum für Lehre und Forschung, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine (F.G.), Bioinformatics Core Facility, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (F.G.), Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Neuropathology (F.v.d.M., C.S.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED) (G.S., U.C.), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine (T.M.C.B.), Hospital Braunschweig, Germany; and Neuroimmunology and MS Research (R.M.), Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland Martin
- From the Neurobiology (L.S.E., T.Z., D.S., N.S.-W.), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Zentrum für Lehre und Forschung, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine (F.G.), Bioinformatics Core Facility, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (F.G.), Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Neuropathology (F.v.d.M., C.S.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED) (G.S., U.C.), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine (T.M.C.B.), Hospital Braunschweig, Germany; and Neuroimmunology and MS Research (R.M.), Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Schaeren-Wiemers
- From the Neurobiology (L.S.E., T.Z., D.S., N.S.-W.), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Zentrum für Lehre und Forschung, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine (F.G.), Bioinformatics Core Facility, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (F.G.), Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Neuropathology (F.v.d.M., C.S.), University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED) (G.S., U.C.), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine (T.M.C.B.), Hospital Braunschweig, Germany; and Neuroimmunology and MS Research (R.M.), Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland.
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Elkjaer ML, Frisch T, Reynolds R, Kacprowski T, Burton M, Kruse TA, Thomassen M, Baumbach J, Illes Z. Molecular signature of different lesion types in the brain white matter of patients with progressive multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:205. [PMID: 31829262 PMCID: PMC6907342 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify pathogenetic markers and potential drivers of different lesion types in the white matter (WM) of patients with progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS), we sequenced RNA from 73 different WM areas. Compared to 25 WM controls, 6713 out of 18,609 genes were significantly differentially expressed in MS tissues (FDR < 0.05). A computational systems medicine analysis was performed to describe the MS lesion endophenotypes. The cellular source of specific molecules was examined by RNAscope, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. To examine common lesion specific mechanisms, we performed de novo network enrichment based on shared differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and found TGFβ-R2 as a central hub. RNAscope revealed astrocytes as the cellular source of TGFβ-R2 in remyelinating lesions. Since lesion-specific unique DEGs were more common than shared signatures, we examined lesion-specific pathways and de novo networks enriched with unique DEGs. Such network analysis indicated classic inflammatory responses in active lesions; catabolic and heat shock protein responses in inactive lesions; neuronal/axonal specific processes in chronic active lesions. In remyelinating lesions, de novo analyses identified axonal transport responses and adaptive immune markers, which was also supported by the most heterogeneous immunoglobulin gene expression. The signature of the normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) was more similar to control WM than to lesions: only 465 DEGs differentiated NAWM from controls, and 16 were unique. The upregulated marker CD26/DPP4 was expressed by microglia in the NAWM but by mononuclear cells in active lesions, which may indicate a special subset of microglia before the lesion develops, but also emphasizes that omics related to MS lesions should be interpreted in the context of different lesions types. While chronic active lesions were the most distinct from control WM based on the highest number of unique DEGs (n = 2213), remyelinating lesions had the highest gene expression levels, and the most different molecular map from chronic active lesions. This may suggest that these two lesion types represent two ends of the spectrum of lesion evolution in PMS. The profound changes in chronic active lesions, the predominance of synaptic/neural/axonal signatures coupled with minor inflammation may indicate end-stage irreversible molecular events responsible for this less treatable phase.
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18
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Combinatory Multifactor Treatment Effects on Primary Nanofiber Oligodendrocyte Cultures. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111422. [PMID: 31726669 PMCID: PMC6912369 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. Neurological deficits are attributed to inflammatory demyelination, which compromises axonal function and survival. These are mitigated in experimental models by rapid and often complete remyelination of affected axons, but in MS this endogenous repair mechanism frequently fails, leaving axons increasingly vulnerable to the detrimental effects of inflammatory and metabolic stress. Understanding the molecular basis of remyelination and remyelination failure is essential to develop improved therapies for this devastating disease. However, recent studies suggest that this is not due to a single dominant mechanism, but rather represents the biological outcome of multiple changes in the lesion microenvironment that combine to disrupt oligodendrocyte differentiation. This identifies a pressing need to develop technical platforms to investigate combinatory and/or synergistic effects of factors differentially expressed in MS lesions on oligodendrocyte proliferation and differentiation. Here we describe protocols using primary oligodendrocyte cultures from Bl6 mice on 384-well nanofiber plates to model changes affecting oligodendrogenesis and differentiation in the complex signaling environment associated with multiple sclerosis lesions. Using platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF–AA), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) as representative targets, we demonstrate that we can assess their combinatory effects across a wide range of concentrations in a single experiment. This in vitro model is ideal for assessing the combinatory effects of changes in availability of multiple factors, thus more closely modelling the situation in vivo and furthering high-throughput screening possibilities.
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19
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Cord-Age-Gender Connections Shape the Pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis Progressive Forms. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205103. [PMID: 31618832 PMCID: PMC6834323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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20
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Mazdeh M, Noroozi R, Komaki A, Taheri M, Ghafouri-Fard S. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of lncRNA H19 are not associated with risk of multiple sclerosis in Iranian population. Meta Gene 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2019.100592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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21
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Elkjaer ML, Frisch T, Reynolds R, Kacprowski T, Burton M, Kruse TA, Thomassen M, Baumbach J, Illes Z. Unique RNA signature of different lesion types in the brain white matter in progressive multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:58. [PMID: 31023379 PMCID: PMC6482546 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0709-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis is reflected by dynamic changes of different lesion types in the brain white matter (WM). To identify potential drivers of this process, we RNA-sequenced 73 WM areas from patients with progressive MS (PMS) and 25 control WM. Lesion endophenotypes were described by a computational systems medicine analysis combined with RNAscope, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. The signature of the normal-appearing WM (NAWM) was more similar to control WM than to lesions: one of the six upregulated genes in NAWM was CD26/DPP4 expressed by microglia. Chronic active lesions that become prominent in PMS had a signature that were different from all other lesion types, and were differentiated from them by two clusters of 62 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). An upcoming MS biomarker, CHI3L1 was among the top ten upregulated genes in chronic active lesions expressed by astrocytes in the rim. TGFβ-R2 was the central hub in a remyelination-related protein interaction network, and was expressed there by astrocytes. We used de novo networks enriched by unique DEGs to determine lesion-specific pathway regulation, i.e. cellular trafficking and activation in active lesions; healing and immune responses in remyelinating lesions characterized by the most heterogeneous immunoglobulin gene expression; coagulation and ion balance in inactive lesions; and metabolic changes in chronic active lesions. Because we found inverse differential regulation of particular genes among different lesion types, our data emphasize that omics related to MS lesions should be interpreted in the context of lesion pathology. Our data indicate that the impact of molecular pathways is substantially changing as different lesions develop. This was also reflected by the high number of unique DEGs that were more common than shared signatures. A special microglia subset characterized by CD26 may play a role in early lesion development, while astrocyte-derived TGFβ-R2 and TGFβ pathways may be drivers of repair in contrast to chronic tissue damage. The highly specific mechanistic signature of chronic active lesions indicates that as these lesions develop in PMS, the molecular changes are substantially skewed: the unique mitochondrial/metabolic changes and specific downregulation of molecules involved in tissue repair may reflect a stage of exhaustion.
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22
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Altered human oligodendrocyte heterogeneity in multiple sclerosis. Nature 2019; 566:543-547. [PMID: 30747918 PMCID: PMC6544546 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-0903-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte pathology is increasingly implicated in neurodegenerative diseases as oligodendrocytes both myelinate and provide metabolic support to axons. In multiple sclerosis (MS), demyelination in the central nervous system thus leads to neurodegeneration, but the severity of MS between patients is very variable. Disability does not correlate well with the extent of demyelination1, which suggests that other factors contribute to this variability. One such factor may be oligodendrocyte heterogeneity. Not all oligodendrocytes are the same-those from the mouse spinal cord inherently produce longer myelin sheaths than those from the cortex2, and single-cell analysis of the mouse central nervous system identified further differences3,4. However, the extent of human oligodendrocyte heterogeneity and its possible contribution to MS pathology remain unknown. Here we performed single-nucleus RNA sequencing from white matter areas of post-mortem human brain from patients with MS and from unaffected controls. We identified subclusters of oligodendroglia in control human white matter, some with similarities to mouse, and defined new markers for these cell states. Notably, some subclusters were underrepresented in MS tissue, whereas others were more prevalent. These differences in mature oligodendrocyte subclusters may indicate different functional states of oligodendrocytes in MS lesions. We found similar changes in normal-appearing white matter, showing that MS is a more diffuse disease than its focal demyelination suggests. Our findings of an altered oligodendroglial heterogeneity in MS may be important for understanding disease progression and developing therapeutic approaches.
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Bribian A, Pérez-Cerdá F, Matute C, López-Mascaraque L. Clonal Glial Response in a Multiple Sclerosis Mouse Model. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:375. [PMID: 30405357 PMCID: PMC6205976 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease causing central nervous system (CNS) demyelination and axonal injury. In the last years the importance of astrocytes in MS is rapidly increasing, recognizing astrocytes as highly active players in MS pathogenesis. Usually the role assigned to astrocytes in MS lesions has been the formation of the glial scar, but now their implication during lesion formation and the immune response increasingly recognized. Since astrocytes are a heterogeneous cell population with diverse roles in the CNS, the aim of this study was to analyze the putative clonal response of astrocytes in a demyelinating scenario. To undertake this aim, we used the induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a murine model for MS in previously electroporated mice with in vivo multicolor lineage tracing system, the StarTrack methodology. Our data revealed a variety of morphological changes that were different among distinct clones. In many cases, cells of the same clone responded equally to the injury, while in other cases clonally-related cells responded differently to the injury. Therefore, whereas some clones exhibited a strong morphological alteration, other clones located at similar distances to the lesion were apparently unresponsive. Thus, at present there is no compelling evidences that clonal relationship influences the position or function of astrocytes in the EAE model. Further, the coexistence of different astroglial clonal responses to the bran injury reveals the significance of development to determine the astrocyte features that respond to brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bribian
- Departamento de Neurobiología Molecular, Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Pérez-Cerdá
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV)/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Carlos Matute
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV)/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Laura López-Mascaraque
- Departamento de Neurobiología Molecular, Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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