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Vashisth S, Kumar P, Chandel VGS, Kumar R, Verma SC, Chandel RS. Unraveling the enigma of root-knot nematodes: from origins to advanced management strategies in agriculture. PLANTA 2024; 260:36. [PMID: 38922545 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04464-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Integrated management strategies, including novel nematicides and resilient cultivars, offer sustainable solutions to combat root-knot nematodes, crucial for safeguarding global agriculture against persistent threats. Root-knot nematodes (RKN) pose a significant threat to a diverse range of host plants, with their obligatory endoparasitic nature leading to substantial agricultural losses. RKN spend much of their lives inside or in contact by secreting plant cell wall-modifying enzymes resulting in the giant cell development for establishing host-parasite relationships. Additionally, inflicting physical harm to host plants, RKN also contributes to disease complexes creation with fungi and bacteria. This review comprehensively explores the origin, history, distribution, and physiological races of RKN, emphasizing their economic impact on plants through gall formation. Management strategies, ranging from cultural and physical to biological and chemical controls, along with resistance mechanisms and marker-assisted selection, are explored. While recognizing the limitations of traditional nematicides, recent breakthroughs in non-fumigant alternatives like fluensulfone, spirotetramat, and fluopyram offer promising avenues for sustainable RKN management. Despite the success of resistance mechanisms like the Mi gene, challenges persist, prompting the need for integrative approaches to tackle Mi-virulent isolates. In conclusion, the review stresses the importance of innovative and resilient control measures for sustainable agriculture, emphasizing ongoing research to address evolving challenges posed by RKN. The integration of botanicals, resistant cultivars, and biological controls, alongside advancements in non-fumigant nematicides, contributes novel insights to the field, laying the ground work for future research directions to ensure the long-term sustainability of agriculture in the face of persistent RKN threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Vashisth
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vishav Gaurav Singh Chandel
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Subhash Chander Verma
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajeshwar Singh Chandel
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Zinovieva SV, Udalova ZV, Seiml-Buchinger VV, Khasanov FK. Gene Expression of Protease Inhibitors in Tomato Plants with Invasion by Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita and Modulation of Their Activity with Salicylic and Jasmonic Acids. BIOL BULL+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359021020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract—
The expression of the genes encoding the inhibitors of serine (ISP) and cysteine proteinases (ICP) was studied in the roots of tomato plants resistant and susceptible to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita during infection and under the effects of signaling molecules: salicylic (SA) and jasmonic (JA) acids. It was shown that, upon infection, resistant plants are characterized by an increased accumulation of transcripts of the ICP and ISP genes at the stages of penetration and development in the roots, while the level of transcription does not change in susceptible plants. There was a significant decrease in nematode invasion in susceptible plants after treatment with SA or JA compared to untreated plants, which makes it possible to determine the role of the studied proteinase inhibitors in resistance induced by signaling molecules. It was revealed that an increase in expression of the genes of proteinase inhibitors is accompanied by inhibition of the reproductive potential and size of M. incognita females, as well as by a decrease in plant infection.
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Mani V, Reddy CS, Lee SK, Park S, Ko HR, Kim DG, Hahn BS. Chitin Biosynthesis Inhibition of Meloidogyne incognita by RNAi-Mediated Gene Silencing Increases Resistance to Transgenic Tobacco Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6626. [PMID: 32927773 PMCID: PMC7555284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Meloidogyne incognita is a devastating plant parasitic nematode that causes root knot disease in a wide range of plants. In the present study, we investigated host-induced RNA interference (RNAi) gene silencing of chitin biosynthesis pathway genes (chitin synthase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, and trehalase) in transgenic tobacco plants. To develop an RNAi vector, ubiquitin (UBQ1) promoter was directly cloned, and to generate an RNAi construct, expression of three genes was suppressed using the GATEWAY system. Further, transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana lines expressing dsRNA for chitin synthase (CS), glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), and trehalase 1 (TH1) were generated. Quantitative PCR analysis confirmed endogenous mRNA expression of root knot nematode (RKN) and revealed that all three genes were more highly expressed in the female stage than in eggs and in the parasitic stage. In vivo, transformed roots were challenged with M. incognita. The number of eggs and root knots were significantly decreased by 60-90% in RNAi transgenic lines. As evident, root galls obtained from transgenic RNAi lines exhibited 0.01- to 0.70-fold downregulation of transcript levels of targeted genes compared with galls isolated from control plants. Furthermore, phenotypic characteristics such as female size and width were also marginally altered, while effect of egg mass per egg number in RNAi transgenic lines was reduced. These results indicate the relevance and significance of targeting chitin biosynthesis genes during the nematode lifespan. Overall, our results suggest that further developments in RNAi efficiency in commercially valued crops can be applied to employ RNAi against other plant parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimalraj Mani
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (V.M.); (C.S.R.); (S.-K.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Chinreddy Subramanyam Reddy
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (V.M.); (C.S.R.); (S.-K.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Seon-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (V.M.); (C.S.R.); (S.-K.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Soyoung Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (V.M.); (C.S.R.); (S.-K.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Hyoung-Rai Ko
- Crop Protection Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea;
| | - Dong-Gwan Kim
- Department of Bio-Industry and Bio-Resource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
| | - Bum-Soo Hahn
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea
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Tomato Natural Resistance Genes in Controlling the Root-Knot Nematode. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10110925. [PMID: 31739481 PMCID: PMC6896013 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The root-knot nematode (RKN) is one of the most dangerous and widespread types of nematodes affecting tomatoes. There are few methods for controlling nematodes in tomatoes. Nature resistance genes (R-genes) are important in conferring resistance against nematodes. These genes that confer resistance to the RKN have already been identified as Mi-1, Mi-2, Mi-3, Mi-4, Mi-5, Mi-6, Mi-7, Mi-8, Mi-9, and Mi-HT. Only five of these genes have been mapped. The major problem is that their resistance breaks down at high temperatures. Some of these genes still work at high temperatures. In this paper, the mechanism and characteristics of these natural resistance genes are summarized. Other difficulties in using these genes in the resistance and how to improve them are also mentioned.
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Huang X, Xu CL, Chen WZ, Chen C, Xie H. Cloning and characterization of the first serine carboxypeptidase from a plant parasitic nematode, Radopholus similis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4815. [PMID: 28684768 PMCID: PMC5500496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Radopholus similis is an important parasitic nematode of plants. Serine carboxypeptidases (SCPs) are peptidases that hydrolyse peptides and proteins and play critical roles in the development, invasion, and pathogenesis of certain parasitic nematodes and other animal pathogens. In this study, we obtained the full-length sequence of the SCP gene from R. similis (Rs-scp-1), which is 1665 bp long and includes a 1461-bp open reading frames encoding 486 amino acids with an 18-aa signal peptide. This gene is a double-copy gene in R. similis. Rs-scp-1 was expressed in the procorpus, esophageal glands and intestines of females and in the esophageal glands and intestines of juveniles. Rs-scp-1 expression levels were highest in females, followed by juveniles and males, and lowest in eggs. Rs-scp-1 expression levels were significantly suppressed after R. similis was soaked in Rs-scp-1 dsRNA for 12 h. Nematodes were then inoculated into Anthurium andraeanum after RNAi treatment. Compared with water treatment, R. similis treated with RNAi were reduced in number and pathogenicity. In summary, we obtained the first SCP gene from a plant parasitic nematode and confirmed its role in the parasitic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Ling Xu
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan-Zhu Chen
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Chen
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xie
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Antonino de Souza Júnior JD, Ramos Coelho R, Tristan Lourenço I, da Rocha Fragoso R, Barbosa Viana AA, Lima Pepino de Macedo L, Mattar da Silva MC, Gomes Carneiro RM, Engler G, de Almeida-Engler J, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Knocking-down Meloidogyne incognita proteases by plant-delivered dsRNA has negative pleiotropic effect on nematode vigor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e85364. [PMID: 24392004 PMCID: PMC3877404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita causes serious damage and yield losses in numerous important crops worldwide. Analysis of the M. incognita genome revealed a vast number of proteases belonging to five different catalytic classes. Several reports indicate that M. incognita proteases could play important roles in nematode parasitism, besides their function in ordinary digestion of giant cell contents for feeding. The precise roles of these proteins during parasitism however are still unknown, making them interesting targets for gene silencing to address protein function. In this study we have knocked-down an aspartic (Mi-asp-1), a serine (Mi-ser-1) and a cysteine protease (Mi-cpl-1) by RNAi interference to get an insight into the function of these enzymes during a host/nematode interaction. Tobacco lines expressing dsRNA for Mi-ser-1 (dsSER), Mi-cpl-1 (dsCPL) and for the three genes together (dsFusion) were generated. Histological analysis of galls did not show clear differences in giant cell morphology. Interestingly, nematodes that infected plants expressing dsRNA for proteases produced a reduced number of eggs. In addition, nematode progeny matured in dsSER plants had reduced success in egg hatching, while progeny resulting from dsCPL and dsFusion plants were less successful to infect wild-type host plants. Quantitative PCR analysis confirmed a reduction in transcripts for Mi-cpl-1 and Mi-ser-1 proteases. Our results indicate that these proteases are possibly involved in different processes throughout nematode development, like nutrition, reproduction and embryogenesis. A better understanding of nematode proteases and their possible role during a plant-nematode interaction might help to develop new tools for phytonematode control.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Dijair Antonino de Souza Júnior
- Graduate Program in Biology Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Roberta Ramos Coelho
- Graduate Program in Biology Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Isabela Tristan Lourenço
- Graduate Program in Biology Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Américo Barbosa Viana
- Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Gilbert Engler
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355 ISA/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7254 ISA/Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UMR ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Janice de Almeida-Engler
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355 ISA/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7254 ISA/Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UMR ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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Castagnone-Sereno P, Deleury E, Danchin EGJ, Perfus-Barbeoch L, Abad P. Data-mining of the Meloidogyne incognita degradome and comparative analysis of proteases in nematodes. Genomics 2010; 97:29-36. [PMID: 20951198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteases perform essential physiological functions in all living organisms. In parasitic helminths, they are of particular importance for tissue penetration, digestion of host tissues for nutrition, and evasion of host immune responses. The recent availability of the genome sequence of the nematode Meloidogyne incognita has allowed the analysis of the protease repertoire of this major crop pathogen. The M. incognita degradome consists of at least 334 proteases that are distributed into 43 families of the five known catalytic classes. Expression profiling identified protease genes with a differential transcript level between eggs and infective juveniles. Comparing the M. incognita degradome with those of five other nematodes showed discrepancies in the distribution of some protease families, including large expansion in some families, that could reflect specific aspects of the parasitic lifestyle of this organism. This comparative study should provide a framework for deciphering the diversity of protease-mediated functions in nematodes.
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Marra BM, Souza DSL, Aguiar JN, Firmino AAP, Sarto RPD, Silva FB, Almeida CDS, Cares JE, Continho MV, Martins-de-Sa C, Franco OL, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Protective effects of a cysteine proteinase propeptide expressed in transgenic soybean roots. Peptides 2009; 30:825-31. [PMID: 19428757 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 01/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes cause extensive damage to a large number of ornamental plants and food crops, with estimated economical losses over 100 billion US$ worldwide. Various efforts have put forth in order to minimize nematode damage, which typically involve the use of nematicides that have high cost and enhanced toxicity to humans and the environment. Additionally, different strategies have been applied in order to develop genetically modified plants with improved nematode resistance. Among the strategies are anti-invasion and migration, feeding-cell attenuation, and anti-nematode feeding. In the present study, we focus on anti-nematode feeding, which involves the evaluation and potential use of the cysteine proteinase (CPs) propeptide as a control alternative. The cysteine proteinase prodomain, isolated from Heterodera glycines (HGCP prodomain), is a natural inhibitory peptide used to transform soybean cotyledons using Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Genetically modified soybean roots expressing the propeptide were detected by Western blot and expression levels were measured by ELISA (around 0.3%). The transgenic roots expressing the propeptide were inoculated with a thousand H. glycines at the second juvenile stage, and a remarkable reduction in the number of females and eggs was observed. A reduction of female length and diameter was also observed after 35 days post-inoculation. Furthermore, the H. glycines mature protein was detected in females fed on soybean transformed root expressing or not expressing the propeptide. The data presented here indicate that the HGCP propeptide can reduce soybean cyst nematode infection and this strategy could be applied in the near future to generate resistant crop cultivars.
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Fragoso RDR, Lourenço IT, Batista JAN, Oliveira-Neto OB, Silva MCM, Rocha TL, Coutinho MV, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Meloidogyne incognita: molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding a cathepsin D-like aspartic proteinase. Exp Parasitol 2008; 121:115-23. [PMID: 18952081 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe the cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding an aspartic proteinase from the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Using PCR techniques, a 1471-bp cDNA fragment encoding a cathepsin D-like (Mi-asp1) transcript was isolated from second-stage larvae mRNA. Its predicted amino acid sequence comprises a pro-region of 71 amino acid residues and a mature protease of 378 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 41.502kDa. Protein sequence comparisons of Mi-asp1 with GenBank (DQ360827) sequences showed 59-71% identity with nematode-specific cathepsin D-like aspartic proteinases. Southern blot analysis, RT-PCR amplification and EST mining suggest the existence of a developmentally expressed gene family encoding aspartic proteinases in M. incognita. Mi-asp1 may represent a potential target for molecular intervention for the purposes of plant-parasitic nematode control.
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Dubreuil G, Magliano M, Deleury E, Abad P, Rosso MN. Transcriptome analysis of root-knot nematode functions induced in the early stages of parasitism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 176:426-436. [PMID: 17692078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne are obligate biotrophic parasites able to infest > 2000 plant species. The nematode effectors responsible for disease development are involved in the adaptation of the parasite to its host environment and host response modulation. Here, the differences between the transcriptomes of preparasitic exophytic second-stage juveniles (J2) and parasitic endophytic third-stage juveniles (J3) of Meloidogyne incognita were investigated. Genes up-regulated at the endophytic stage were isolated by suppression subtractive hybridization and validated by dot blots and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Up-regulation was demonstrated for genes involved in detoxification and protein degradation, for a gene encoding a putative secreted protein and for genes of unknown function. Transcripts of the glutathione S-transferase gene Mi-gsts-1 were 27 times more abundant in J3 than in J2. The observed Mi-gsts-1 expression in the oesophageal secretory glands and the results of functional analyses based on RNA interference suggest that glutathione S-transferases are secreted during parasitism and are required for completion of the nematode life cycle in its host. Secreted glutathione S-transferases may protect the parasite against reactive oxygen species or modulate the plant responses triggered by pathogen attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dubreuil
- INRA-UNSA-CNRS, UMR 1064, Plant-Microbe Interactions and Plant Health, 400, Route des Chappes, BP 167, F-06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - M Magliano
- INRA-UNSA-CNRS, UMR 1064, Plant-Microbe Interactions and Plant Health, 400, Route des Chappes, BP 167, F-06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - E Deleury
- INRA-UNSA-CNRS, UMR 1064, Plant-Microbe Interactions and Plant Health, 400, Route des Chappes, BP 167, F-06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - P Abad
- INRA-UNSA-CNRS, UMR 1064, Plant-Microbe Interactions and Plant Health, 400, Route des Chappes, BP 167, F-06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - M N Rosso
- INRA-UNSA-CNRS, UMR 1064, Plant-Microbe Interactions and Plant Health, 400, Route des Chappes, BP 167, F-06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France
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