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Costa BF, de Queiroz Filho TN, da Cruz Carneiro AL, Falcão ASC, da Silva Kataoka MS, Pinheiro JDJV, Rodrigues APD. Detection and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania braziliensis promastigotes. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:223. [PMID: 37587436 PMCID: PMC10428646 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02973-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are remarkable zinc-dependent endopeptidases, critical for degrading components of the extracellular matrix, thus actively influencing cell migration. Their impact on intracellular parasites, such as the enigmatic protozoan Leishmania, elicits intriguing queries. This study explores into the untapped territory of MMP-2 and MMP-9 within Leishmania spp. promastigotes. Notably, we successfully detected and quantified these MMPs, while also evaluating their activity in two distinct Leishmania species-L. amazonensis (La) and L. braziliensis (Lb)-at various growth stages and isolated from distinct clinical tegumentar disease forms. The results unveiled the presence of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in both species, albeit with distinct localization patterns. Specifically, MMP-9 exhibited significantly higher gelatinolytic activity in La when compared to Lb. Moreover, our data cleverly illustrated the presence and release of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by La and Lb promastigotes, exposing their ability to invade and migrate within a collagen matrix. This pioneering study establishes a compelling correlation between MMP-2 and MMP-9 and their potential role in the dynamics of La and Lb infection. Suggesting their potential as prognostic markers for severe leishmaniasis and promising target molecules for therapeutic interventions, this research opens new avenues for combatting this debilitating parasitic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Furtado Costa
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Section of Hepatology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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2
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Ramírez-Flores CJ, Cruz-Mirón R, Arroyo R, Mondragón-Castelán ME, Nopal-Guerrero T, González-Pozos S, Ríos-Castro E, Mondragón-Flores R. Characterization of metalloproteases and serine proteases of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites and their effect on epithelial cells. Parasitol Res 2018; 118:289-306. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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3
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Ribeiro FAP, Pontes C, Machado ADMV, Bruna-Romero O, Quintana HT, De Oliveira F, De Vasconcelos JRC, Ribeiro DA. Therapeutical effects of vaccine from Trypanosoma cruzi amastigote surface protein 2 by simultaneous inoculation with live parasites. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:3373-3383. [PMID: 30246366 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of vaccine using replication-deficient human recombinant Type 5 replication-defective adenoviruses (AdHu5) carrying sequences of the amastigote surface protein 2 (ASP2) (AdASP2) in mice infected with the Trypanosoma cruzi ( T cruzi) Y strain. A total of 16 A/Sn mice female were distributed into four groups, as follows (n = 4 per group): Group 1 - Control Group (CTRL); Group 2 - Infected Group (TC): animals were infected by subcutaneous route with 150 bloodstream trypomastigotes of T cruzi Y strain; Group 3 - Immunized Group (AdASP-2): animals were immunized by intramuscular injection (im) route with 50 µL of AdSP-2 (2 × 10 8 plaque forming units [pfu]/cam) at day 0; Group 4-Immunized and Infected Group (AdASP-2+TC): animals were immunized by im route with 50 µL of ASP-2 (2 × 10 8 pfu/cam) and infected by T cruzi at the same day (day 0). It was observed a significant decrease of nests in the group that was immunized with AdASP-2 and infected on the same day. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expressions showed a significant increase in the AdASP-2+TC group when compared to TC group, but it was noted that Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) was increased in TC group when compared to AdASP-2+TC group. Increase of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) and decrease of MMP-9 immunoexpression in the AdASP-2+TC group was noticed as well. Oxidative DNA damage was present in myocardium for AdASP-2+TC group as a result of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine immunoexpression. Taken together, our results highlighted an increased oxidative stress, MMP-2 activity and inflammatory host response promoted by AdASP-2 against T cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camila Pontes
- Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular (CTCMol), Universidade Federal de São Paulo-Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | | | - Hananiah T Quintana
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista, Santos, Brasil
| | - Flávia De Oliveira
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista, Santos, Brasil
| | | | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista, Santos, Brasil
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4
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Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes store cholesteryl esters in lipid droplets after cholesterol endocytosis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2018; 224:6-16. [PMID: 30016698 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Chagas disease agent Trypanosoma cruzi proliferates in the insect vector as highly endocytic epimastigotes that store nutrients, including lipids in reservosomes (lysosome related compartments). Although nutrient storage is important for epimastigote transformation into infective metacyclics, the epimastigote lipid droplets (LDs) remain uncharacterized. Here, we characterized the epimastigote LDs and examined their relationship with the endocytic pathway. Fluorescence microscopy using BODIPY showed that LDs have high neutral lipid content and harbor Rab18, differently from other lipid-rich organelles (such as reservosomes). Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we observed a close relationship between LDs and the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and glycosomes. We developed a reproducible protocol to isolate LDs, and showed (by HTPLC and GC/MS analyses) that they have 89% neutral lipids and 11% phospholipids, which are likely to form the LD monolayer seen by TEM. The LD neutral lipids were mostly sterols, although triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, monoacylglycerol and free fatty acids (FFA) were also found. Endocytosis of 3H-labeled cholesterol-BSA showed that internalized cholesterol is stored in LDs mostly in the cholesteryl ester form. Together, these results suggest that exogenous cholesterol internalized by endocytosis reaches the reservosomes and is then stored into LDs after esterification.
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5
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Jasmin, de Souza GT, Louzada RA, Rosado-de-Castro PH, Mendez-Otero R, Campos de Carvalho AC. Tracking stem cells with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: perspectives and considerations. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:779-793. [PMID: 28182122 PMCID: PMC5279820 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s126530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been used for diagnoses in biomedical applications, due to their unique properties and their apparent safety for humans. In general, SPIONs do not seem to produce cell damage, although their long-term in vivo effects continue to be investigated. The possibility of efficiently labeling cells with these magnetic nanoparticles has stimulated their use to noninvasively track cells by magnetic resonance imaging after transplantation. SPIONs are attracting increasing attention and are one of the preferred methods for cell labeling and tracking in preclinical and clinical studies. For clinical protocol approval of magnetic-labeled cell tracking, it is essential to expand our knowledge of the time course of SPIONs after cell incorporation and transplantation. This review focuses on the recent advances in tracking SPION-labeled stem cells, analyzing the possibilities and limitations of their use, not only focusing on myocardial infarction but also discussing other models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin
- NUMPEX-Bio, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, RJ
- Correspondence: Jasmin, Estrada de Xerém, 27, NUMPEX-Bio – UFRJ, Xerém, Duque de Caxias, RJ, 25245-390, Brazil, Tel +55 21 2679 1018, Email
| | - Gustavo Torres de Souza
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, MG
- Laboratory of Genetics, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Ruy Andrade Louzada
- Institute Gustave-Roussy of Oncology, Paris-Sud University, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Rosalia Mendez-Otero
- Institute Carlos Chagas Filho of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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6
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de Menezes DDR, Calvet CM, Rodrigues GC, de Souza Pereira MC, Almeida IR, de Aguiar AP, Supuran CT, Vermelho AB. Hydroxamic acid derivatives: a promising scaffold for rational compound optimization in Chagas disease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:964-73. [PMID: 26327246 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1077330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This work describes the antitrypanocidal activity of two hydroxamic acid derivatives containing o-ethoxy (HAD1) and p-ethoxy (HAD2) as substituent in the aromatic ring linked to the isoxazoline ring. HAD1 and HAD2 induced a significant reduction in the number of intracellular parasites and consequently showed activity on the multiplication of the parasite. Treatment of cardiomyocytes and macrophages with the compounds revealed no significant loss in cell viability. Ultrastructural alterations after treatment of cardiomyocytes or macrophages infected by Trypanosoma cruzi with the IC50 value of HAD1 revealed alterations to amastigotes, showing initial damage seen as swelling of the kinetoplast. This gave a good indication of the ability of the drug to permeate through the host cell membrane as well as its selectivity to the parasite target. Both compounds HAD1 and 2 were able to reduce the cysteine peptidases and decrease the activity of metallopeptidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayanne da Rocha de Menezes
- a BIOINOVAR - Biotechnology Laboratories: Biocatalysis, Bioproducts and Bioenergy, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil .,b Faculdade São Francisco de Barreiras (FASB) , Barreiras , BA , Brazil
| | - Claudia Magalhães Calvet
- c Laboratório de Ultra-estrutura Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | - Giseli Capaci Rodrigues
- d Escola de Ciência e Tecnologia e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino das Ciências, Universidade do Grande Rio , Duque de Caxias , RJ , Brazil
| | | | - Igor Rodrigues Almeida
- e Departamento de Produtos Naturais e Alimentos , Faculdade de Farmácia, UFRJ , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | - Alcino Palermo de Aguiar
- f Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica, Departamento de Química , Instituto Militar de Engenharia , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , and
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- g Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica , Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico , Sesto Fiorentino (Florence) , Italy
| | - Alane Beatriz Vermelho
- a BIOINOVAR - Biotechnology Laboratories: Biocatalysis, Bioproducts and Bioenergy, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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7
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Jasmin, Jelicks LA, Tanowitz HB, Peters VM, Mendez-Otero R, de Carvalho ACC, Spray DC. Molecular imaging, biodistribution and efficacy of mesenchymal bone marrow cell therapy in a mouse model of Chagas disease. Microbes Infect 2014; 16:923-935. [PMID: 25218054 PMCID: PMC4360918 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chagasic cardiomyopathy, resulting from infection with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, was discovered more than a century ago and remains an incurable disease. Due to the unique properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) we hypothesized that these cells could have therapeutic potential for chagasic cardiomyopathy. Recently, our group pioneered use of nanoparticle-labeled MSC to correlate migration with its effect in an acute Chagas disease model. We expanded our investigation into a chronic model and performed more comprehensive assays. Infected mice were treated with nanoparticle-labeled MSC and their migration was correlated with alterations in heart morphology, metalloproteinase activity, and expression of several proteins. The vast majority of labeled MSC migrated to liver, lungs and spleen whereas a small number of cells migrated to chagasic hearts. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated that MSC therapy reduced heart dilatation. Additionally metalloproteinase activity was higher in heart and other organs of infected mice. Protein expression analyses revealed that connexin 43, laminin γ1, IL-10 and INF-γ were affected by the disease and recovered after cell therapy. Interestingly, MSC therapy led to upregulation of SDF-1 and c-kit in the hearts. The beneficial effect of MSC therapy in Chagas disease is likely due to an indirect action of the cells of the heart, rather than the incorporation of large numbers of stem cells into working myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Linda A Jelicks
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Herbert B Tanowitz
- Dept. of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA
- Dept. of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Vera Maria Peters
- Centro de Biologia da Reprodução, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Rosalia Mendez-Otero
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Campos de Carvalho
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - David C Spray
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA
- Dept. of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA
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8
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Garcia-Saldivia M, Lopez-Mendez G, Berrueta L, Salmen S, Donis JH, Davila DF. Left ventricular geometry and matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in chronic Chagas heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2014; 176:565-6. [PMID: 25070381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Garcia-Saldivia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Universidad de Los Andes, Hospital Universitario de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Gabriel Lopez-Mendez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Universidad de Los Andes, Hospital Universitario de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Lisbeth Berrueta
- Instituto de Inmunologia Clinica, Universidad de Los Andes, Hospital Universitario de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela; Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Siham Salmen
- Instituto de Inmunologia Clinica, Universidad de Los Andes, Hospital Universitario de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Jose H Donis
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Universidad de Los Andes, Hospital Universitario de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Diego F Davila
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Universidad de Los Andes, Hospital Universitario de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela.
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9
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Rodrigues GC, Feijó DF, Bozza MT, Pan P, Vullo D, Parkkila S, Supuran CT, Capasso C, Aguiar AP, Vermelho AB. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Hydroxamic Acid Derivatives as Promising Agents for the Management of Chagas Disease. J Med Chem 2013; 57:298-308. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400902y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giseli Capaci Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica,
Departamento de Química, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, IME, Rio
de Janeiro, Brasil
- Laboratório Proteases
de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, IMPG, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Escola de
Ciência e Tecnologia e Programa de Pós-Graduação
em Ensino das Ciências, Universidade do Grande Rio, Unigranrio, Duque
de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Daniel Ferreira Feijó
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade,
Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, IMPPG, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio
de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Torres Bozza
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade,
Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, IMPPG, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio
de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Peiwen Pan
- Institute of Biomedical
Technology, Fimlab Ltd., School of Medicine and BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Medisiinarinkatu 3, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Daniela Vullo
- Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, Rm. 188, Polo Scientifico, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Institute of Biomedical
Technology, Fimlab Ltd., School of Medicine and BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Medisiinarinkatu 3, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, Rm. 188, Polo Scientifico, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
- Dipartimento NEIROFARBA, Sezione di Scienze
Farmaceutiche, Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff
6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alcino Palermo Aguiar
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica,
Departamento de Química, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, IME, Rio
de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Alane Beatriz Vermelho
- Laboratório Proteases
de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, IMPG, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Biotecnologia −
BIOINOVAR: Unidade de Bioenergia, Biocatalise e Bioprodutos, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, IMPG, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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10
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Nde PN, Lima MF, Johnson CA, Pratap S, Villalta F. Regulation and use of the extracellular matrix by Trypanosoma cruzi during early infection. Front Immunol 2012; 3:337. [PMID: 23133440 PMCID: PMC3490126 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, which was once thought to be confined to endemic regions of Latin America, has now gone global becoming a new worldwide challenge. For more than a century since its discovery, it has remained neglected with no effective drugs or vaccines. The mechanisms by which Trypanosoma cruzi regulates and uses the extracellular matrix (ECM) to invade cells and cause disease are just beginning to be understood. Here we critically review and discuss the regulation of the ECM interactome by T. cruzi, the use of the ECM by T. cruzi and analyze the molecular ECM/T. cruzi interphase during the early process of infection. It has been shown that invasive trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi use and modulate components of the ECM during the initial process of infection. Infective trypomastigotes up-regulate the expression of laminin γ-1 (LAMC1) and thrombospondin (THBS1) to facilitate the recruitment of trypomastigotes to enhance cellular infection. Silencing the expression of LAMC1 and THBS1 by stable RNAi dramatically reduces trypanosome infection. T. cruzi gp83, a ligand that mediates the attachment of trypanosomes to cells to initiate infection, up-regulates LAMC1 expression to enhance cellular infection. Infective trypomastigotes use Tc85 to interact with laminin, p45 mucin to interact with LAMC1 through galectin-3 (LGALS3), a human lectin, and calreticulin (TcCRT) to interact with TSB1 to enhance cellular infection. Silencing the expression of LGALS3 also reduces cellular infection. Despite the role of the ECM in T. cruzi infection, almost nothing is known about the ECM interactome networks operating in the process of T. cruzi infection and its ligands. Here, we present the first elucidation of the human ECM interactome network regulated by T. cruzi and its gp83 ligand that facilitates cellular infection. The elucidation of the human ECM interactome regulated by T. cruzi and the dissection of the molecular ECM/T. cruzi interphase using systems biology approaches are not only critically important for the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of T. cruzi infection but also for developing novel approaches of intervention in Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pius N Nde
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College Nashville, TN, USA
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11
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Calvet CM, Melo TG, Garzoni LR, Oliveira FOR, Neto DTS, N S L M, Meirelles L, Pereira MCS. Current understanding of the Trypanosoma cruzi-cardiomyocyte interaction. Front Immunol 2012; 3:327. [PMID: 23115558 PMCID: PMC3483718 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, exhibits multiple strategies to ensure its establishment and persistence in the host. Although this parasite has the ability to infect different organs, heart impairment is the most frequent clinical manifestation of the disease. Advances in knowledge of T. cruzi-cardiomyocyte interactions have contributed to a better understanding of the biological events involved in the pathogenesis of Chagas disease. This brief review focuses on the current understanding of molecules involved in T. cruzi-cardiomyocyte recognition, the mechanism of invasion, and on the effect of intracellular development of T. cruzi on the structural organization and molecular response of the target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Calvet
- Laboratório de Ultra-estrutura Celular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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12
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Castillo C, López-Muñoz R, Duaso J, Galanti N, Jaña F, Ferreira J, Cabrera G, Maya JD, Kemmerling U. Role of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in ex vivo Trypanosoma cruzi infection of human placental chorionic villi. Placenta 2012; 33:991-7. [PMID: 23107342 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas' disease is caused by the haemophlagelated protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi). During congenital transmission the parasite breaks down the placental barrier. In the present study we analyzed the participation of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) in the extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling during T. cruzi ex vivo infection of human placental chorionic villi explants. METHODS Chorionic villi from healthy woman placentas were incubated in the presence or absence of 10⁵ or 10⁶ T. cruzi trypomastigotes (Y strain) with or without the MMPs inhibitor doxycycline. Effective infection was tested measuring parasite DNA by real time PCR (qPCR). MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression were determined by western blotting and immunohistochemistry and their activities were measured by zymography. The effect of MMPs on ECM structure was analyzed histochemically. RESULTS T. cruzi induces the expression and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in chorionic villi. Inhibition of the MMPs prevents the tissue damage induced by T. cruzi and partially decreases the ex vivo infection of the chorionic villi. CONCLUSION MMPs are partially responsible for the ECM changes observed in human chorionic villi during T. cruzi infection and participate in tissue invasion. On the other hand, MMPs may be part of a local placental antiparasitic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Castillo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Region Metropolitana, Santiago de Chile 8380453, Chile
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13
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Trypanosoma cruzi heparin-binding proteins present a flagellar membrane localization and serine proteinase activity. Parasitology 2012; 140:171-80. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012001448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYHeparin-binding proteins (HBPs) play a key role in Trypanosoma cruzi-host cell interactions. HBPs recognize heparan sulfate (HS) at the host cell surface and are able to induce the cytoadherence and invasion of this parasite. Herein, we analysed the biochemical properties of the HBPs and also evaluated the expression and subcellular localization of HBPs in T. cruzi trypomastigotes. A flow cytometry analysis revealed that HBPs are highly expressed at the surface of trypomastigotes, and their peculiar localization mainly at the flagellar membrane, which is known as an important signalling domain, may enhance their binding to HS and elicit the parasite invasion. The plasmon surface resonance results demonstrated the stability of HBPs and their affinity to HS and heparin. Additionally, gelatinolytic activities of 70 kDa, 65·8 kDa and 59 kDa HBPs over a broad pH range (5·5–8·0) were revealed using a zymography assay. These proteolytic activities were sensitive to serine proteinase inhibitors, such as aprotinin and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, suggesting that HBPs have the properties of trypsin-like proteinases.
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Lee YF, Cheng CC, Chen JS, Lin NN, Hung YW, Wang JM, Tu WC, Tung KC, Chiu YT. Evidence of intracellular stages in Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) theileri in non-phagocytic mammalian cells. Vet Parasitol 2012; 191:228-39. [PMID: 23021263 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma (subgenus Megatrypanum) theileri was first identified over one hundred years ago, and is a widespread parasite in cattle. Its life cycle within the mammalian host has rarely been reported. Whether there is an intracellular stage in tissues is unknown and such a stage has not been demonstrated experimentally. Intriguingly, using Giemsa staining with light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy examination, we found that the parasite was able not only to attach to cells but also to invade several phagocytic and non-phagocytic mammalian cells. Based on these findings, we conducted further investigations using a special antibody in immunofluorescence confocal images. Moreover, we examined a series of possible events of cell invasion in T. theileri. The results revealed that GM1, a marker of membrane rafts, was implicated in the mechanism of entry by this parasite. After incubation with tissue culture trypomastigotes, the gelatinolytic activity was significantly increased and accumulated at the attachment sites. Using ultrastructural localization detection by CytoTracker live imaging and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, we found that lysosome fusion and the autophagy pathway were engaged in invaginating processes. T. theileri amastigotes also invaded cells and were enclosed by the lysosomes. Furthermore, tissue-cultured trypomastigotes were found to be capable of triggering intracellular free Ca(2+) transients and TGF-β-signaling. Our findings that intracellular amastigote stages exist in mammalian cells infected with T. theileri and that the invasion processes involved various host cell components and cell signalings were extremely surprising and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Feng Lee
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 160, Sec. 3, Taichung 40705, Taiwan.
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Host-parasite interaction: parasite-derived and -induced proteases that degrade human extracellular matrix. J Parasitol Res 2012; 2012:748206. [PMID: 22792442 PMCID: PMC3390111 DOI: 10.1155/2012/748206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic protozoa are among the most important pathogens worldwide. Diseases such as malaria, leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis, and trypanosomiasis affect millions of people. Humans are constantly threatened by infections caused by these pathogens. Parasites engage a plethora of surface and secreted molecules to attach to and enter mammalian cells. The secretion of lytic enzymes by parasites into host organs mediates critical interactions because of the invasion and destruction of interstitial tissues, enabling parasite migration to other sites within the hosts. Extracellular matrix is a complex, cross-linked structure that holds cells together in an organized assembly and that forms the basement membrane lining (basal lamina). The extracellular matrix represents a major barrier to parasites. Therefore, the evolution of mechanisms for connective-tissue degradation may be of great importance for parasite survival. Recent advances have been achieved in our understanding of the biochemistry and molecular biology of proteases from parasitic protozoa. The focus of this paper is to discuss the role of protozoan parasitic proteases in the degradation of host ECM proteins and the participation of these molecules as virulence factors. We divide the paper into two sections, extracellular and intracellular protozoa.
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Talvani A, Teixeira MM. Inflammation and Chagas disease some mechanisms and relevance. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2011; 76:171-94. [PMID: 21884892 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385895-5.00008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chagas cardiomyopathy is caused by infection with flagellated protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. In patients, there is a fine balance between control of the replication and the intensity of the inflammatory response so that the host is unable to eliminate the parasite resulting in the parasite persisting as a lifelong infection in most individuals. However, the parasite persists in such a way that it causes no or little disease. This chapter reviews our understanding of many of the mediators of inflammation and cells which are involved in the inflammatory response of mammals to T. cruzi infection. Particular emphasis is given to the role of chemokines, endothelin and lipid mediators. Understanding the full range of mediators and cells present and how they interact with each other in Chagas disease may shed light on how we modulate disease pathogenesis and define new approaches to treat or prevent the disease.
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