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Mota DCGD, Ferreira ÉC, Ferraz FN, Souza MVFD, Simões BL, Aleixo DL, Teixeira JJV, Araújo SMD. Effects of Highly Diluted Drugs on Experimental Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi In Vivo: Systematic Review. J Altern Complement Med 2020; 26:866-883. [PMID: 32551918 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2019.0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate, through a systematic review, the effects of the use of highly diluted drugs in the treatment of experimental infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. Design: The authors searched for scientific publications in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, LILACS, and the Google Scholar search system, from 2000 to 2018, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement. According to the criteria established, a total of 22 studies were included. Settings/Location: The study took place at the State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil. Subjects: Male mice (Mus musculus) or rats (Rattus norvegicus). Interventions: Highly diluted drugs. Outcome measures: The parameters evaluated in the studies were parasitological, clinical, immunological, histopathological and hematological. Results: The studies demonstrated that the effects of highly diluted drugs are related to their dynamizations, treatment regimen, and host susceptibility to T. cruzi infection, and depend on the initial information transmitted to the treated organism, making this information the "model" of how the treated organism will react. Regardless of the mechanism of action, these drugs provide a decrease in inflammation, which is one of the central phenomena of the pathogenesis of T. cruzi infection. Conclusions: This systematic review brings out the importance of the T. cruzi infection model as a reliable and valid model for studying different effects produced by highly diluted drugs. Considering the findings and in a broader perspective, this study contributes to considering these drugs as a possible way of dealing with "treatment" in general, presents the need to reexamine the biochemical model and develop a model for the effect of high dilutions in general, as well as for the treatment of parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bruna Lauton Simões
- Department of Biosciences and Pathophysiology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
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Pupulin ÁRT, Bracht L, de Oliveira Dalalio MM, de Souza Silva-Comar FM, da Rocha BA, Ames FQ, Cuman RKN, Bersani-Amado CA. Canova medication changes TNF-α and IL-10 serum levels in mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi Y strain. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:860-865. [PMID: 27633299 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify whether Canova medication changes TNF-α and IL-10 serum levels in mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi Y strain. METHODS Animals were divided into five groups: non-treated infected animals (I); benznidazole-treated infected animals (Bz; 100 mg/kg body weight, single daily dose by gavage); Canova medication (CM) treated infected animals (CM; 0.2 mL/animal, single daily dose by gavage); benznidazole- and Canova medication-treated infected animals with the above-mentioned dose (Bz+CM); and non-infected animals (C). TNF-α and IL-10 levels were determined in serum aliquots after 4, 7, 10, 13, and 29 days of infection. An ELISA technique was employed with R&D System Inc. antibody pairs. RESULTS A high increase in TNF-α and IL-10 levels occurred in the infected and CM-treated groups within the treatment employed on the 10th day after infection, coupled with a IL-10 decrease on the 13th day after infection when compared with the other experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS CM may change the balance between plasma cytokine levels (TNF-α and IL-10) in mice infected with Y strain T. cruzi, with important consequences leading towards a more severe infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Áurea Regina Telles Pupulin
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Basic Sciences of Health, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lívia Bracht
- Laboratory of Hepatic Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | - Bruno Ambrósio da Rocha
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Franciele Queiroz Ames
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Roberto Kenji Nakamura Cuman
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Highly diluted medication reduces tissue parasitism and inflammation in mice infected by Trypanosoma cruzi. HOMEOPATHY 2016; 105:186-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Homeopathic remedy made from Toxoplasma gondii reduces the number of bradyzoites in mice infected by the protozoan. Eur J Integr Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Trypanosoma cruzi: Biotherapy made from trypomastigote modulates the inflammatory response. HOMEOPATHY 2015; 104:48-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Moreira NM, Zanoni JN, de Oliveira Dalálio MM, de Almeida Araújo EJ, Braga CF, de Araújo SM. Physical exercise protects myenteric neurons and reduces parasitemia in Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Exp Parasitol 2014; 141:68-74. [PMID: 24667137 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the parasitemia, nitrergic neurons, and cytokines in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected mice subjected to moderate physical exercise, forty male Swiss mice, 30days of age, were divided: Trained Control (TC), Trained Infected (TI), Sedentary Control (SC), and Sedentary Infected (SI). The moderate physical exercise program on a treadmill lasted 8weeks. Three days after completing the moderate physical exercise program, the TI and SI groups were inoculated with 1300 blood trypomastigotes of the Y strain of T. cruzi, and parasitemia was evaluated from day 4 to day 22 after inoculation. After 75days of infection, cytokines were measured and colonic neurons were quantified using immunofluorescence to identify neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). The results were analyzed using analysis of variance - Tukey and Kruskal-Wallis tests, to 5% significance. Moderate physical exercise reduced the parasite peak on day 8 of infection and total parasitemia (p<0.05), contributed to survival of number of nNOS-immunoreactive neurons (p<0.01) and promoted neuronal hypertrophy of the neurons (p<0.05), increased the synthesis of tumor necrosis factor-α (p<0.01) and transforming growth factor-β (p>0.05), providing beneficial effects to the host by acting on the immune system to preserve nitrergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neide Martins Moreira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringa, Columbus Avenue, 5790, Zone 07, Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Jacqueline Nelisis Zanoni
- Department of Morphological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Columbus Avenue, 5790, Zone 07, Maringá, PR 08020-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Eduardo José de Almeida Araújo
- Department of Histology, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, University Campus, PO Box 10011, Londrina, PR 08057-970, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Felício Braga
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringa, Columbus Avenue, 5790, Zone 07, Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Silvana Marques de Araújo
- Department of Basic Health Sciences-Parasitology, State University of Maringa, Columbus Avenue, 5790, Zone 07, Maringa, PR 87020-900, Brazil.
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Moreira NM, de Moraes SMF, Dalálio MMO, Gomes ML, Sant'ana DMG, de Araújo SM. Moderate physical exercise protects myenteric metabolically more active neurons in mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:307-14. [PMID: 24185679 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2901-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma cruzi causes neuronal myenteric depopulation compromising intestinal function. AIM The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of moderate physical exercise on NADH diaphorase (NADH-d)-positive neurons in the myenteric plexus and intestinal wall of the colon in mice infected with T. cruzi. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty 30-day-old male Swiss mice were divided into the following groups: trained infected (TI), sedentary infected (SI), trained control (TC), and sedentary control. The TC and TI groups were subjected to a moderate physical exercise program on a treadmill for 8 weeks. Three days after finishing physical exercise, the TI and SI groups were intraperitoneally inoculated with 1,300 blood trypomastigotes of the Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasitemia was evaluated from days 4 to 61 after inoculation. On day 75 of infection, myenteric neurons in the colon were quantified (NADH-d), and inflammatory foci were counted. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) levels were evaluated in plasma. The results were compared using analysis of variance and the Kruskal-Wallis test at a 5 % significance level. RESULTS Moderate physical exercise reduced the parasite peak on day 8 of infection (p = 0.0132) and total parasitemia (p = 0.0307). It also prevented neuronal depopulation (p < 0.01), caused hypertrophy of these cells (p < 0.05), prevented the formation of inflammatory foci (p < 0.01), and increased the synthesis of TNF-α (p < 0.01) and TGF-β (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION These results reinforce the therapeutic benefits of moderate physical exercise for T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neide Martins Moreira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringa, Columbus Avenue, 5790, Zone 07, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil,
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Falkowski G, Sandri P, Tiyo R, Aleixo D, Araújo S. Parameters for evaluation of clinical trial in mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352012000600020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of clinical parameters in the evaluation of Trypanosoma cruzi infection was analyzed in male Swiss mice at 8 weeks old Animals were divided into HG (healthy) and IG (1400 trypomastigotes, intraperitoneally, Y strain - Trypanosoma cruzi). Quantitative and qualitative parameters were evaluated in non-consecutive days in the period, from 7th-11th and 15th-18th days of infection. There were significant differences (P<0.05) between both groups in both periods regarding water consumption, abdominal circumference and weight. The second group presented differences in amount of excreta, body temperature, move-up and mortality. There was no difference (P>0.05) between the groups in food consumption, exploration of self-cleaning and skin staining. The fecal feature differed between the groups in the second period. The occurrence of isolation was not practical. Differences were observed in the hair between groups, although the parameter had been interfered by fights between animals. The consumption of water, feed, excreta production, characteristic of the faeces, body temperature, abdominal circumference, move up, weight and mortality parameters are easy to be measured and effective in clinical differentiation of healthy mice infected with T. cruzi, elected in protocols for clinical study with mice, which is the first work to gather information of qualitative and quantitative clinical parameters evaluated in these animals.
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