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Velut G, Grau M, Valois A, Holterbach L, François M, Le Gall P, Aigle L, Pommier de Santi V, Bologna MA. Blister Beetle Dermatitis Outbreaks in Mali. Mil Med 2023; 188:3066-3070. [PMID: 35446414 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usac101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Meloidae are distributed in temperate and arid regions but are also common in subtropical and tropical savannahs. These insects contain cantharidin, a vesicant substance that can cause poisoning by ingestion and dermatitis by direct contact. MATERIAL AND METHODS We describe recurrent Meloidae-related dermatitis outbreaks and their health impact by analyzing medical consultation records and meteorological data. RESULTS Between 2015 and 2019, dermatitis outbreaks took place at a French military base at the end of the rainy season, from July to August, with 100 cases reported in 2015, 74 in 2017, 100 in 2018, and 36 in 2019. In 2017, the incidence rate was 4.4% for the base's population. Initial medical consultations represented 31.5% of total medical care activity. Meloidae were identified as Cyaneolytta fryi. CONCLUSIONS These outbreaks of burn-like lesions, although clinically benign, can place a considerable burden on the medical activity of health care facilities. The diagnosis of Meloidae dermatitis is exclusively anamnestic and clinical and requires reported contact with the insect. The treatment protocol is that of standard burn care, and the best preventive measure is to avoid bright white lights. Military personnel, foreign workers, and travelers venturing into the Sahel should be warned of the risks associated with these beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Velut
- French Armed Forces Center for Epidemiology and Public Health (CESPA), Marseille 13568, France
| | - Martin Grau
- French Armed Forces Center for Epidemiology and Public Health (CESPA), Marseille 13568, France
| | - Aude Valois
- Sainte Anne Military Teaching Hospital, Toulon 83000, France
| | - Lise Holterbach
- French Armed Forces Center for Epidemiology and Public Health (CESPA), Marseille 13568, France
| | | | - Philippe Le Gall
- UMR EGCE (Evolution, Genomes, Comportement, Ecologie), CNRS IRD-Paris-Sud University, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Luc Aigle
- French Military Health Service Academy, École du Val de Grâce, Paris 75230, France
| | - Vincent Pommier de Santi
- French Armed Forces Center for Epidemiology and Public Health (CESPA), Marseille 13568, France
- IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille 13005, France
- University Hospital Institute "Méditerranée Infection", Marseille 13005, France
| | - Marco A Bologna
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Roma 00146, Italy
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Ranjbar R, Shayanfar P, Maniati M. In Vitro Antileishmanial Effects of Saffron Compounds, Crocin and Stigmasterol, on Iranian Strain of Leishmania major (MHOM/IR/75/ER). IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 16:151-158. [PMID: 33786057 PMCID: PMC7988674 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v16i1.5535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Due to numerous side effects of common drugs in treatment of leishmaniasis, new therapeutic approaches focus on herbal compounds. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effect of crocin and stigmasterol on in-vitro growth of promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania major in the Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute, Tehran, Iran in 2018. Methods: The effect of different concentrations of crocin and stigmasterol were evaluated by determining their in-vitro inhibitory effects on promastigotes and amastigotes of the L. major using MTT assay. Results: The fatality rate was 65.27% and 71.96% for crocin and stigmasterol respectively at 24 h post-culture in concentration of 50 μg/mL. The mean inhibitory effect of crocin and stigmasterol on L major amastigotes after 72 h were 52.22% and 38.96%. Conclusion: The crocin and stigmasterol had efficient adverse effects on promastigote and amastigotes of L. major, hence, further studies on the anti-leishmanial effects of these herbal compounds in human and animal models are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peyman Shayanfar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Maniati
- English Department, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Antiparasitic Properties of Cantharidin and the Blister Beetle Berberomeloe majalis (Coleoptera: Meloidae). Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11040234. [PMID: 31013660 PMCID: PMC6521026 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cantharidin (CTD) is a toxic monoterpene produced by blister beetles (Fam. Meloidae) as a chemical defense against predators. Although CTD is highly poisonous to many predator species, some have evolved the ability to feed on poisonous Meloidae, or otherwise beneficially use blister beetles. Great Bustards, Otis tarda, eat CTD-containing Berberomeloe majalis blister beetles, and it has been hypothesized that beetle consumption by these birds reduces parasite load (a case of self-medication). We examined this hypothesis by testing diverse organisms against CTD and extracts of B. majalis hemolymph and bodies. Our results show that all three preparations (CTD and extracts of B. majalis) were toxic to a protozoan (Trichomonas vaginalis), a nematode (Meloidogyne javanica), two insects (Myzus persicae and Rhopalosiphum padi) and a tick (Hyalomma lusitanicum). This not only supports the anti-parasitic hypothesis for beetle consumption, but suggests potential new roles for CTD, under certain conditions.
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Biswas B, Sundaram EN, Jhansi S, Patel S, Khurana A, Manchanda R. A review on animal-based homoeopathic drugs and their applications in biomedicine. INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN HOMOEOPATHY 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/ijrh.ijrh_20_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Khalili S, Mohebali M, Ebrahimzadeh E, Shayan E, Mohammadi-Yeganeh S, Moosazadeh Moghaddam M, Elikaee S, Akhoundi B, Sharifi-Yazdi MK. Antimicrobial activity of an antimicrobial peptide against amastigote forms of Leishmania major. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2018; 9:323-328. [PMID: 30713610 PMCID: PMC6346494 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2018.33107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major is a most common type of vector-borne disease in Iran. The pentavalent antimonial drugs have been used in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis for a long time, but drug resistance and some of serious side effects have been reported. Thus, discovery and development of new therapeutic candidates are needed. The CM11 peptide is one of these peptides that its anti-bacterial activity has been proven. This peptide is a short cecropin–melittin hybrid peptide obtained through a sequence combination approach. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro anti-leishmanial activity of CM11 peptide against amastigote forms of Leishmania major. In this study, amastigote forms of Iranian strain of L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) were cultured in the presence of different concentrations of meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime®) to find the most appropriate in vitro concentration of Glucantime® against L. major amastigotes. Then, the anti-leishmanial activities of various concentrations of CM11 peptide (8, 16, 32 and 64 µM) were evaluated for 24, 48 and 72 hr by DAPI staining. In addition, MTT assay was used to determine the cytotoxic effects of CM11 peptide on murine fibroblast cell line. The results showed that CM11 peptide has antimicrobial activity against Iranian isolate of L. major in the laboratory conditions. It seems that the CM11 peptide has significant potential to be used as a new anti-leishmanial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Khalili
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elaheh Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ebrahimzadeh Shayan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Samira Elikaee
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Akhoundi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Noormohammadi H, Maroufi Y, Dabirzadeh M, Abdolhossein M. Anti-leishmanial Activity of Methanolic Extract of Nerium oleander L. against Leishmania major. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.11.6.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Meyer-Rochow VB. Therapeutic arthropods and other, largely terrestrial, folk-medicinally important invertebrates: a comparative survey and review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2017; 13:9. [PMID: 28173820 PMCID: PMC5296966 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-017-0136-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Traditional healing methods involving hundreds of insect and other invertebrate species are reviewed. Some of the uses are based on the tenet of "similia similibus" (let likes be cured by likes), but not all non-conventional health promoting practices should be dismissed as superstition or wishful thinking, for they have stood the test of time. Two questions are addressed: how can totally different organ systems in a human possibly benefit from extracts, potions, powders, secretions, ashes, etc. of a single species and how can different target organs, e.g. bronchi, lungs, the urinary bladder, kidneys, etc. apparently respond to a range of taxonomically not even closely related species? Even though therapeutically used invertebrates are generally small, they nevertheless possess organs for specific functions, e.g. digestion, gas exchange, reproduction. They have a nervous system, endocrine glands, a heart and muscle tissue and they contain a multitude of different molecules like metabolites, enzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters, secretions, etc. that have come under increased scientific scrutiny for pharmacological properties. Bearing that in mind it seems likely that a single species prepared and used in different ways could have a multitude of uses. But how, for example, can there be remedies for breathing and other problems, involving earthworms, molluscs, termites, beetles, cockroaches, bugs, and dragonflies? Since invertebrates themselves can suffer from infections and cancers, common defence reactions are likely to have evolved in all invertebrates, which is why it would be far more surprising to find that each species had evolved its own unique disease fighting system. To obtain a more comprehensive picture, however, we still need information on folk medicinal uses of insects and other invertebrates from a wider range of regions and ethnic groups, but this task is hampered by western-based medicines becoming increasingly dominant and traditional healers being unable and sometimes even unwilling to transmit their knowledge to the younger generation. However, collecting and uncontrolled uses of therapeutic invertebrates can put undue pressure on certain highly sought after species and this is something that has to be borne in mind as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Benno Meyer-Rochow
- Department of Genetics and Physiology, Oulu University, Oulu, SF-90140, Finland.
- Research Institute of Luminous Organisms, Hachijo, Nakanogo, Hachijojima, Tokyo, 100-1623, Japan.
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Jiang M, Lü S, Zhang Y. The Potential Organ Involved in Cantharidin Biosynthesis in Epicauta chinensis Laporte (Coleoptera: Meloidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2017; 17:3105946. [PMID: 28423415 PMCID: PMC5633858 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iex021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cantharidin, a terpenoid defensive toxin mainly produced by blister beetles, is among the most widely known insect natural products in the world. However, little is known about the site of cantharidin biosynthesis in vivo. Our previous research showed that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutary-CoA reductase (HMGR) is an essential enzyme in cantharidin biosynthesis. In this report, we further investigated cantharidin titer and HMGR mRNA expression levels in different tissues of male and female Epicauta chinensis, and performed a comparative analysis of HMGR transcript levels in male Tenebrio molitor, a Tenebrionidae beetle that cannot produce cantharidin. HMGR transcripts had a positive correlation with cantharidin production. Furthermore, the specifically high amounts of HMGR transcript and abundant cantharidin production in fat body of male E. chinensis indicated the process of cantharidin synthesis may occur in the fat body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, National Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (; ; )
| | - Shumin Lü
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, National Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (; ; )
| | - Yalin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, National Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (; ; )
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Abstract
For the purpose of this work, insect biotechnology, which is also known as yellow biotechnology, is the use of insects as well as insect-derived cells or molecules in medical (red biotechnology), agricultural (green biotechnology), and industrial (white) biotechnology. It is based on the application of biotechnological techniques on insects or their cells to develop products or services for human use. Such products are then applied in agriculture, medicine, and industrial biotechnology. Insect biotechnology has proven to be a useful resource in diverse industries, especially for the production of industrial enzymes including chitinases and cellulases, pharmaceuticals, microbial insecticides, insect genes, and many other substances. Insect cells (ICs), and particularly lepidopteran cells, constitute a competitive strategy to mammalian cells for the manufacturing of biotechnology products. Among the wide range of methods and expression hosts available for the production of biotech products, ICs are ideal for the production of complex proteins requiring extensive posttranslational modification. The progress so far made in insect biotechnology essentially derives from scientific breakthroughs in molecular biology, especially with the advances in techniques that allow genetic manipulation of organisms and cells. Insect biotechnology has grown tremendously in the last 30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrasekar Raman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas USA
| | - Marian R. Goldsmith
- Biological Sciences Department Center for Biotech. and Life Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island USA
| | - Tolulope A. Agunbiade
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut USA
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Hussain H, Al-Harrasi A, Al-Rawahi A, Green IR, Gibbons S. Fruitful decade for antileishmanial compounds from 2002 to late 2011. Chem Rev 2014; 114:10369-428. [PMID: 25253511 DOI: 10.1021/cr400552x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidayat Hussain
- UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa , P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
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Recent advances in developing insect natural products as potential modern day medicines. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:904958. [PMID: 24883072 PMCID: PMC4026837 DOI: 10.1155/2014/904958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Except for honey as food, and silk for clothing and pollination of plants, people give little thought to the benefits of insects in their lives. This overview briefly describes significant recent advances in developing insect natural products as potential new medicinal drugs. This is an exciting and rapidly expanding new field since insects are hugely variable and have utilised an enormous range of natural products to survive environmental perturbations for 100s of millions of years. There is thus a treasure chest of untapped resources waiting to be discovered. Insects products, such as silk and honey, have already been utilised for thousands of years, and extracts of insects have been produced for use in Folk Medicine around the world, but only with the development of modern molecular and biochemical techniques has it become feasible to manipulate and bioengineer insect natural products into modern medicines. Utilising knowledge gleaned from Insect Folk Medicines, this review describes modern research into bioengineering honey and venom from bees, silk, cantharidin, antimicrobial peptides, and maggot secretions and anticoagulants from blood-sucking insects into medicines. Problems and solutions encountered in these endeavours are described and indicate that the future is bright for new insect derived pharmaceuticals treatments and medicines.
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Ebrahimisadr P, Ghaffarifar F, Hassan ZM, Sirousazar M, Mohammadnejad F. Effect of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Containing Artemether in Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania major in BALB/c Mice. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014; 7:e9696. [PMID: 25147717 PMCID: PMC4138637 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.9696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is one of the well-known polymers, which has been used in numerous biomedical applications because of its good biocompatibility. Objectives: Due to problems made by the therapeutics already used for leishmaniasis, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of PVA containing artemether in treating cutaneous leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice. Materials and Methods: Aqueous solution of PVA was prepared by mixing with Double Distilled Water. After preparation of PVA, 4.33 mg of each drug (main drug artemether and control drug 14% glucantime) was added to 100 g of prepared PVA-honey solution. The solution was incubated at 37°C and the release of artemether was evaluated by measuring absorbance at 260 nm wave length. In this study for treatment of mice lesion, we used PVA containing artemether and glucantime and this method was compared with ointment treatment. Results: Mean diameters of lesions in mice treated with artemether were smaller than the control group and the differences were significant (P < 0.05). The mean lesion size of mice treated with PVA containing artemether in comparison with the group treated with ointment of artemether were smaller and the differences were significant (P < 0.05). Conclusions: PVA containing artemether is a new method for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and according to the obtained results, artemether is an appropriate and effective drug, especially when used with PVA as a lesion dressing; thus we suggest that this method can be applied for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Ebrahimisadr
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghaffarifar
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Fatemeh Ghaffarifar, Department of Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2182884553, Fax: +98-2182884555, E-mail:
| | - Zuhir Mohammad Hassan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Sirousazar
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Urmia University of Technology, Urmia, IR Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohammadnejad
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
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Puerto Galvis CE, Vargas Méndez LY, Kouznetsov VV. Cantharidin-Based Small Molecules as Potential Therapeutic Agents. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 82:477-99. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E. Puerto Galvis
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Biomolecular; Escuela de Química; Universidad Industrial de Santander; A.A. 678; Bucaramanga; Colombia
| | - Leonor Y. Vargas Méndez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Ambientales; Facultad de Química Ambiental; Universidad Santo Tomás; A. A. 1076; Bucaramanga; Colombia
| | - Vladimir V. Kouznetsov
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Biomolecular; Escuela de Química; Universidad Industrial de Santander; A.A. 678; Bucaramanga; Colombia
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Guimarães TT, Pinto MDCF, Lanza JS, Melo MN, do Monte-Neto RL, de Melo IM, Diogo EB, Ferreira VF, Camara CA, Valença WO, de Oliveira RN, Frézard F, da Silva Júnior EN. Potent naphthoquinones against antimony-sensitive and -resistant Leishmania parasites: Synthesis of novel α- and nor-α-lapachone-based 1,2,3-triazoles by copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 63:523-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Lanthaler K, Bilsland E, Dobson PD, Moss HJ, Pir P, Kell DB, Oliver SG. Genome-wide assessment of the carriers involved in the cellular uptake of drugs: a model system in yeast. BMC Biol 2011; 9:70. [PMID: 22023736 PMCID: PMC3280192 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-9-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The uptake of drugs into cells has traditionally been considered to be predominantly via passive diffusion through the bilayer portion of the cell membrane. The recent recognition that drug uptake is mostly carrier-mediated raises the question of which drugs use which carriers. Results To answer this, we have constructed a chemical genomics platform built upon the yeast gene deletion collection, using competition experiments in batch fermenters and robotic automation of cytotoxicity screens, including protection by 'natural' substrates. Using these, we tested 26 different drugs and identified the carriers required for 18 of the drugs to gain entry into yeast cells. Conclusions As well as providing a useful platform technology, these results further substantiate the notion that the cellular uptake of pharmaceutical drugs normally occurs via carrier-mediated transport and indicates that establishing the identity and tissue distribution of such carriers should be a major consideration in the design of safe and effective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Lanthaler
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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